• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.318-327
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• 1999

Oral medication is one of the most frequent treatment in clinical care. and frequently refused by children. Children's refusal spends unuseful time and require nurses'Patience. So this study was attempted to develop token economy Program which Promote children's medication. and to evaluate its' effect to construct the experimental ground. This study was a quasi experimental study under the nonequivalent control group non-synchronized design. The subjects of this study were 48 children who were aged 3-12 years and admitted pediatric ward because of their respiratory disease. Token economy program was consisted of cartoon record paper with stickers which expresses the better medication is taken the more germs die, and gift was given for back up reinforcer. To evaluate this Program. time spent for oral medication was measured six time to both experimental group and control group. and measured the perceived effectiveness of this program by nurses. To determine the effect of the program, the data were analyzed by the SAS 6.12 Program with t-test and mean, standard deviation. The results of this study were as follows: 1 In experimental group, time spent for oral medication was significantly shorter than in control group(t=5.24. p=0.0001). Therefore, the hypothesis of this study was strongly accepted. 2. Nurses perceived this program as an effective one(mean=3.125～3.792). The effectiveness occurred before. during and after medication as well as in parental responses, especially in using verbal dissatisfaction after medication. In conclusion. it was found that the token economy program for admitted children was effective in inducing the children's behavior of oral medication. There was no effectiveness in very highly anxious children Whereas, it is recommended that this program should not be used for such children until they settle down. If the token economy program was made in various situation with creative thinking, it will be very useful nursing measurement, especially in caring for children. To improve the qualify of nursing care, the various programs, which can give joyfulness to stressed patients should be developed.

• 한국산업정보학회논문지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.39-45
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• 2015

이 논문은 블라인드 오버샘플링(Blind Oversampling) 기법을 이용한 가변적인 속도 클록 데이터 복원 회로 설계에 관한 내용을 제시하고 있다. 클록 데이터 복원 회로는 기본적으로 클록 복원과 데이터 복원 회로로 구성되어 있다. 클록 복원 회로는 넓은 범위를 가지는 전압 제어 발진기(Wide Range VCO)와 밴드 선택(Band Selection) 기법을 복합적으로 사용하여 구현하였고 데이터 복원 회로는 머저리티 보팅(Majority Voting) 방식을 이용하는 디지털 회로로 제안하여 저전력 및 작은 면적으로 구성하였다. 넓은 범위를 가지는 전압 제어 발진기와 데이터 복원회로를 디지털로 구현함으로써 저전력으로 가변적인 속도 클록 데이터 복원회로 구현이 가능하였다. 설계된 회로는 약 10bps에서 2Mbps 범위에서 동작한다. 전체 전력 소비는 1MHz 클록에서 약 4.4mW의 전력을 소비한다. 공급전압은 1.2V 이며 제작된 코어의 면적은 $120{\mu}m{\times}75{\mu}m$ 이고 $0.13{\mu}m$ CMOS 공정에서 제작되었다.

• 열처리공학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.32-43
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• 1995

Ti-6Al-4V alloy are widely used in chemical and aircraft industries for their good corrosion resistance and high strength to weight ratio. Surface alloying of Ti alloy by $CO_2$ laser is able to produce few hundred micrometers thick TiN surface-alloyed layer with high hardness on the substrate very simplely by injecting reaction gas($N_2$) into a laser-generated melt pool and adjust the hardness to the specific requirements of the individual application by changing of laser processing parameters. This research has been investigated the effect of such parameters on TiN surface-alloying of Ti-6Al-4V alloy by $CO_2$ laser. The maximum hardness of TiN surface-alloyed zone waw obtained by injecting 100% $N_2$ gas and it was decreased as the amount of $N_2$ gas in Ar and $N_2$ gas mixture was decreased. As scanning speed was increased, the hardness and depth of TiN surface-alloyed zone was decreased at constant laser power. The surface hardness after double scanning laser treatment is higher than that of single scanning. At constant laser power, the surface roughness is increased after the surface alloying if laser scanning speed is decreased.

• 전기전자학회논문지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.578-583
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• 2021

본 논문에서는 반도체의 신뢰성을 테스트하기 위한 가속 시험에 대해 설명하고 자동차 반도체의 신뢰성 테스트 국제 표준인 AEC-Q100에 대해 다룬다. 반도체는 수십년 동안 사용할 수 있기 때문에 수명 전주기에서 발생하는 잠재적인 문제점을 테스트하기 위해서는 집중적으로 스트레스를 가하여 테스트 시간을 최소화하는 가속 시험이 필수적이다. 자동차 반도체에서 사용하는 대표적인 가속 시험인 AEC-Q100은 반도체에서 발생하는 각종 불량과 그 원인을 분석할 수 있도록 설계되었기 때문에 반도체의 수명과 신뢰성을 예측할 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 설계상, 제조상의 문제도 쉽게 찾아낼 수 있다. AEC-Q100은 가속 스트레스 시험, 가속 수명 시험, 패키지 적합성 시험, 공정 신뢰성 시험, 전기적 특성 시험, 결함 검출 시험, 기계적 특성 시험의 7개 테스트 그룹으로 구성되며 동작 온도에 따라 Grade 0에서 Grade 3까지 4개의 등급이 존재한다. 반도체 소자, 광전자 반도체, 센서 반도체, 멀티 칩 모듈, 수동 소자 분야에서는 각각 AEC-Q101, Q102, Q103, Q104, Q200이 사용된다.

• 산업경영시스템학회지
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.248-255
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• 2018

Ensuring the quality of molds is one of the major issues in mass production. In general, securing the quality of the molds is achieved by repeating grinding and die spotting after machining the molds based on engineer's decision. However, this heuristic method is affected by the engineer's skill and working environment. Therefore, a lot of time and resources are needed in order to ensure quality. In this study, ensuring the quality of molds using grinding map which is generated using automatic measurement is proposed. An automatic measuring system based on CMM (Coordinate Measuring Machine) is developed for measuring the molds. This system generates the measurement path automatically using the 3D CAD model of products. CAD (ComputerAided-Design), CAM (Computer-Aided-Manufacturing), and CAQ (Computer-Aided-Quality) technology is integrated using DMIS (Dimensional Measuring Interface Standard) format in the automatic measuring system. After measuring the molds, a grinding map is generated using the gap between the CAD model and measured values of mold. The grinding map displays the machining tendency and the required amount of grinding with values on a 3D map. Therefore, the quality of molds can be ensured with exactness and quickness based on the grinding map. This study shows that integrating the planning, measuring, and analyzing based on computer technology can solve the problem of quality assurance of mold using the proposed method, therefore the productivity can be increased.

• 식품과학과 산업
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• 제49권3호
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• pp.55-61
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• 2016

Even though the food safety system in the United States is one of the best in the world, many millions of people become sick and thousands die from foodborne illnesses caused by any of a number of microbial pathogens and other contaminants. Large recalls of United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the Food Drug and Administration (US FDA)-regulated food products due to findings of E. coli O157:H7, Listeria, Salmonella, and other problems occur each year. As the US FDA Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) passed in 2011, FSMA will require food processing, manufacturing, shipping, and other regulated entities to conduct an analysis of the most likely safety hazards and to design and implement risk-based controls to reduce or eliminate these hazards. FSMA also mandates increased scrutiny of food imports, which account for a growing share of U.S. food consumption; food import shipments will have to be accompanied by documentation showing that they can meet safety standards that are at least equivalent to those in the U.S. On September 17, 2015, the US FDA published final rules for Preventive Controls for Human and Animal Food and, continuing into 2016, the US FDA intends to finalize the remaining five rules it has proposed to implement FSMA. Among these rules, this article will review and discuss Preventive Controls for Human Food Rule and its components, and suggest how to comply with these FSMA rules as foreign human food and ingredients suppliers to the US.

• Design & Manufacturing
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.11-16
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• 2020

In this study, forming of carbon composite parts was performed using an injection/compression molding process. An impregnation of matrix is determined by ability of wet and flow rate between the matrix and reinforcement. The flow rate of matrix passing through the reinforcements is a function of permeability of reinforcement, a viscosity of matrix and pressure gradient on molding, and the viscosity of the matrix depends on the mold temperature, molding pressure and shear strain of matrix. Therefore, compression molding experiment was conducted using a heating mold in order to confirm the possibility of matrix impregnation. The impregnation of the matrix through the porosities between the woven yarns was confirmed by the cross-sectional SEM image of compression molded parts. An injection molding process was also performed at a short cycle time, high molding pressure and low mold temperature than those of compression experiment conditions. Deterioration of impregnation on the surface of molded parts were caused by these injection conditions and it could be the reason of decreasing the maximum tensile strength. In order to improve impregnation of matrix on the surface, injection/compression molding and insert-over molding were applied. As a result of applying injection/compression molding and insert-over molding, it was shown that the improvement of impregnation on the surface and the maximum tensile strength was increased about 2.8 times than the virgin matrix.

• Design & Manufacturing
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.17-24
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• 2020

Products for heating indoors in low temperature and dry winter are largely divided into products using fossil fuels and products using electricity. The fossil fuels can warm the entire space by convection, but there is a high risk of fire and the frequent ventilation due to the increase in carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. Heaters using electricity are mainly used because they are convenient to use and are cheap. However, these products can not efficiently warm the air because they use radiation energy. In other words, only the front part exposed to the heater is warm, and the rear part has no heating effect at all. Also, because it emits a large amount of light, fatigue of the eyes is very high. Another problem is that when using electric heaters, the room tends to be dry by high heat. Indoor humidity maintenance is a very important factor in the prevention and treatment of respiratory diseases. Especially, it is essential for health care for infants, bronchial organs and people with weak respiratory because humidity is low in winter. In this study, we conducted a study to develop a product that can improve heating efficiency while maintaining proper indoor humidity by combining heat energy and moisture particles. The concept of humidification and heating at the same time, moisture particles generated in the humidifier pass through the heater, include thermal energy, and the moisture particles with thermal energy are diffused into the space by forced convection, thereby warming the entire space. In addition, the heating time is shortened as the feeling temperature is increased with the high relative humidity, and this has the effect that the heating cost in winter is reduced.

• Design & Manufacturing
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.65-70
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• 2020

Partial reinforcement of sheet metal parts with CFRP patch is a technology that can realize ultra-lightweight body parts while overcoming the high material cost of carbon fiber. Performing these patchworks with highly productive press equipment solves another issue of CFRP: high process costs. The A-pillar is the main body part and has an undercut shape for fastening with other parts such as roof panels and doors. Therefore, it is difficult to bond CFRP patches to the A-pillar with a general press forming tool. In this paper, a flexible system that applies uniform pressure to complex shapes using ceramic particles and silicone rubber is proposed. By benchmarking various A-pillars, a reference model with an undercut shape was designed, and the system was configured to realize a uniform pressure distribution in the model. The ceramic spherical particles failed to realize the uniform distribution of high pressure due to their high hardness and point contact characteristics, which caused damage to the CFRP patch. Compression equipment made of silicone rubber was able to achieve the required pressure level for curing the epoxy. Non-adhesion defects between the metal and the CFRP patch were confirmed in the area where the bending deformation occurred. This defect could be eliminated by optimizing the process conditions suitable for the newly developed flexible system.

• Design & Manufacturing
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.26-31
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• 2021

As the aging ages, the disease also increases, and the development of AI technology and X-ray equipment used to treat patients' diseases is also progressing a lot. X-ray tube converts only 1% of electron energy into X-ray and 99% into thermal energy. Therefore, when the cooling time of the anode and the X-ray tube are frequently used in large hospitals, the amount of X-ray emission increases due to temperature rise, the image quality deteriorates due to the difference in X-ray dose, and the lifespan of the overheated X-ray tube may be shortened. Therefore, in this study, temperature rise and cooling time of 60kW, 75kW, and 90kW of X-ray tube anode input power were studied. In the X-ray Tube One shot 0.1s, the section where the temperature rises fastest is 0.03s from 0s, and it is judged that the temperature has risen by more than 50%. The section in which the temperature drop changes most rapidly at 20 seconds of cooling time for the X-ray tube is 0.1 seconds to 0.2 seconds, and it is judged that a high temperature drop of about 65% or more has occurred. After 20 seconds of cooling time from 0 seconds to 0.1 seconds of the X-ray tube, the temperature is expected to rise by more than 3.7% from the beginning. In particular, since 90kW can be damaged by thermal shock at high temperatures, it is necessary to increase the surface area of the anode or to require an efficient cooling system.