• Applied Microscopy
• /
• v.9 no.1
• /
• pp.57-69
• /
• 1979

The ultrastructural changes of embryo and endosperm cells were observed during the green fruit with embryo about $250{\mu}$ long to germination. 1. In the embryo cells of green fruit with embryo about $250{\mu}$ long, mitochondrial cristae and plastid are undifferentiated and dictyosome are occasionally observed. There are electron-opaque globoids in the vacuole and a lot of spherosomes in the outer layer of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Endosperm is filled with spherosomes and electron-opaque protein bodies surrounded by spherosomes, and due to these, other organelle are not observed. 2. In the embryo cells of seeds with red seed coat, mitochondrial cristae are well developed, electron-opaque globoids increased, and vacuoles are enlarged. In the endosperm, however, spherosomes increased, protein bodies are enlarged, and electron-opaque globoidal crystals are dispersed within them. 3. In the procambium and epicotyl cells of dehiscent seed, Golgi vacuoles and vesicles are well developed, and mitochondrial cristae are also well differentiated. Spherosomes are numerously present and radicle cells, peripheral cells of hypocotyl, and vacuoles of cotyledon are well differentiated. Endosperm is filled with spherosomes containing electron-opaque granules and protein bodies are surrounded by a single membrane. There are acid phosphatase around globoids and spherosomes. 4. At the time of seeding, spherosomes markedly increased in the outer layer of cotyledon and protein bodies are also observed. Cell organelles are differentiated and plastids containing starch are also present. 5. In the outer $2{\sim}3$ layers of cotyledons, radicle cells, and peripheral cells of hypocotyl during post-seeding to germination, spherosomes and plastids with starch increased, and mitochondria and microbodies are also found around the nucleus of embryo cells. With approaching, the germination stage, in the endosperm contacting with embryo, vacuoles are well differentiated but spherosomes decreased. There increased electron-opaque materials within vacuoles. In other endosperm, with the decrease of spherosome, mitochondria increased and electro n-opaque globular bodies are formed and gradually increased. The outer layer of protein bodies are reduced while electron-transparent portions are enlarged and fused together to occupy the outer layer where small particles are formed. 6. In the endosperm of germination stage, spherosomes decreased while protein bodies, are fused together to form 2 or 3 within a cell.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 2003.04a
• /
• pp.40-44
• /
• 2003

Soil-borne infectious disease including Pythium aphanidermatum and Rhizoctonia solani causes severe damage to plants, such as cucumber. This soil-borne infectious disease was not controlled effectively by chemical pesticide. Since these diseases spread through the soil, chemical agents are usually ineffective. Instead, biological control, including antagonistic microbe can be used as a preferred control method. An efficient method was developed to select an antagonistic strain to be used as a biological control agent strain. In this new method, surface tension reduction potential of an isolate was included in the ‘decision factor’ in addition to the other factors, such as growth rate, and pathogen inhibition rate. Considering these 3 decision factors by a statistical method, an isolate from soil was selected and was identified as Bacillus sp. GB16. In the pot test, this strain showed the best performance among the isolated strains. The lowest disease incidence rate and fastest seed growth was observed when Bacillus sp. GB16 was used. Therefore this strain was considered as plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). The action of surface tension reducing component was deduced as the enhancement of wetting, spreading, and residing of antagonistic strain in the rhizosphere. This result showed that new selection method was significantly effective in selecting the best antagonistic strain for biological control of soil-borne infectious plant pathogen. The antifungal substances against P. aphanidermatum and R. solani were partially purified from the culture filtrates of Bacillus sp. GB16. In this study, lipopeptide possessing antifungal activity was isolated from Bacillus sp. GB16 cultures by various purification procedures and was identified as a surfactin-like lipopeptide based on the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), high performance liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy (HPLC-MS), and quadrupole time-of-flight (Q-TOF) ESI-MS/MS data. The lipopeptide, named GB16-BS, completely inhibited the growth of Pythium aphanidermatum, Rhizoctonia solani, Penicillium sp., and Botrytis cineria at concentrations of 10 and 50 mg/L, respectively. A novel method to prevent the foaming and to provide oxygen was developed. During the production of surface active agent, such as lipopeptide (surfactin), large amount of foam was produced by aeration. This resulted in the carryover of cells to the outside of the fermentor, which leads to the significant loss of cells. Instead of using cell-toxic antifoaming agents, low amount of hydrogen peroxide was added. Catalase produced by cells converted hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water. Also addition of corn oil as an oxygen vector as well as antifoaming agent was attempted. In addition, Ca-stearate, a metal soap, was added to enhance the antifoam activity of com oil. These methods could prevent the foaming significantly and maintained high dissolved oxygen in spite of lower aeration and agitation. Using these methods, high cell density, could be achieved with increased lipopeptide productivity. In conclusion to produce an effective biological control agent for soil-borne infectious disease, following strategies were attempted i) effective screening of antagonist by including surface tension as an important decision factor ii) identification of antifungal compound produced from the isolated strain iii) novel oxygenation by $H_2O_2-catalase$ with vegetable oil for antifungal lipopeptide production.

• Herbal Formula Science
• /
• v.12 no.1
• /
• pp.1-27
• /
• 2004

The following are the conclusions obtained by the philological study of the prescriptions introduced in Dongeuybogam such as Pyungwuisan, Pyungwuisan-added prescriptions, Pyungwuisan blended prescriptions: 1. Pyungwuisan and drugs based on Pyungwuisan were prescribed for stomach diseases, food poisoning, indigestion, impaired spleen, symptoms developed by dampness, diseases caused by changing water, diarrhea, edema, malignant malaria, an intestinal convulsion, blood in excrement, malaria, abortion, sparrow eye. 2. Dual prescriptions using Pyungwuisan and other independent prescriptions were applied to internal diseases concerning digestion, diarrhea and dysentery, abscess, intestinal swelling jaundice, symptoms developed by dampness, malaria, vomit, etc. 3. Etiological factors and diseases for which Pyungwuisan and medicines based on Pyungwuisan, dual prescriptions using Pyungwuisan were prescribed, were surveyed to include indigestion, weak spleen and stomach, drying dampness of spleen and stomach, dysfunctioning gall bladder, infection, damaged internals, external sensitiveness and internal damage, hypochondria, chilliness due to lack of chi. 4. A prescription for each disease needed specially added medicines to Pyungwuisan as the following: 1) For indigestion and dyspepsia, Pyungwuisan were prescribed with optional addition of Hoisaengsan, Sagunjatang, Ryukgunjatang, Ijintang, Sosihotang, etc., according to the symptoms, and were most frequently used with aromatic and digestive medicines such as mawwa medivata fermentata, malt, natgrass galingale rhizome, vilous amomum fruit, aucklandia root, round cardamom seed etc. 2) For diseases originated from damage by coldness, Pyungwuisan was taken with suitable amount of Jichulhwan, Hyangsosan, Hyangyusan, according to the symptoms. 3) For diarrhea and dysentery, Pyungwuisan were prescribed with the recipes of Oryeongsan, Sambaektang, Ijintang. 4) For jaundice, prescriptions always included natgrass galingale rhizome in the recipe of Pyungwuisan. 5) For malaria, mostly added prescriptions to Pyungwuisan were Sagunjatang, Ryukgunjatang, Ijintang, with usual addition of antifebrile dichroa root, tsaoko, green tangerine orange peel. 6) Pyungwuisan was prescribed with Hoisaengsan for vomit, with Oryeongsan for edema, and with kinds of Ueolgukhwan for hypochondria.

• Research in Plant Disease
• /
• v.19 no.1
• /
• pp.36-44
• /
• 2013

Carnation is considered to be one of the top three cutting flowers in the world, which is a main crop with 21 billion annual volume of manufacture. The four carnation items such as cuttings, seed, plant and unrooted cuttings are imported and exported. Viruses can be easily transmitted during vegetative propagation of carnation. Carnation necrotic fleck virus (CNFV) and Carnation ringspot virus (CRSV) are designated as Korea plant quarantine viruses and inspected. This study was aimed to develop specific primer sets for easy and rapid detection of CNFV and CRSV. Two RT-PCR primer sets were efficiently amplified 288 and 447 bp fragments for CNFV and 503 549 bp fragments for CRSV. Furthermore, developed nested primer sets make possible to high sensitive detection and verification. CNFV nested PCR primer sets all produced band of 147 bp and CRSV nested PCR primer sets did bands of 395 and 347 bp. In addition, plasmid inserted 6 sequences in amplicon were used as a positive control to improve inspection confidence. The successful application of PCR module newly developed in this study will be highly useful for detect of CNFV and CRSV for quarantine inspections.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
• /
• v.32 no.6
• /
• pp.906-911
• /
• 2014

A new coreopsis cultivar, 'Uridream Pink', was developed by mutation breeding using gamma-ray irradiation. Rooted cuttings of 'Uridream 01', developed at Uriseed Company, were exposed to various gray ranges of gamma-rays from a $^{60}CO$ source for 24 h in 2009 at the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute. Using gamma-rays with the range of 10-100 Gy, a chimeric mutant with pastel pink flowers was induced at 30 Gy from 'Uridream 01', which blooms red-purple flowers (Red-purple group, 59A). Clones that produced flowers with modified pink color were separated from the chimeric mutant and fixed by more than three rounds of cutting back from 2009 to 2010. The separated mutant clones with modified pink color were found to bloom flowers with marketable color and be free of any abnormal plant characteristics. The typical color of the flowers was pastel pink (Red-purple group, 67B), and the clones were registered as 'Uridream Pink' at the Korea Seed and Variety Service (plant variety protection number: 4410). Although the size of flowers and leaves of 'Uridream Pink' are smaller than those of 'Uridream 01', the number of flowers per plant is greater. 'Uridream Pink' can be used as both a pot and a garden plant because of its long blooming period from late spring to late autumn.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
• /
• v.2 no.2
• /
• pp.1-8
• /
• 1996

The purpose of this study is to analyse the regional variation of tenancy system in later Yi-Dynasty in Korea. Materials for the analysis are acquired through materials(韓國土地農産調査報告), published in 1905 and agricultural census published in 1912. For the identification of difference of tenancy system between agricultural region, regionalization are conducted through by crop combination. Crop combination structure, using rank of LQ index, was clustered into five generic lesions through cluster analysis. In these contexts, this study has come to following conclusions. There are three types of tenancy system in materials; (1) Doji(賭地) system of which landrent was 1/3 agricultural products. Tenant healed the land tax and seeds. (2) Byoengjak(竝作) system of which landrent was 1/2 agricultural products. Landlords healed the land tax and seeds (3) Jeongaek(定額法) system of which landrent was fixed without relation to annual products. But through the analysis of relationship between agricultural region and tenancy system, a new tenancy system could be identified : Byeongjak(竝作) II system. In this system, landrent was 1/2 of agricultural products, but landlord and tenant shared the landtax and seed in common. In the distribution of these systems, relationship between tenancy system and agricultural regions could be identified. Doji system was distributed in the regions where rice and double cropping was specialized. But Byoeongjak(竝作) system was distributed in the regions where upland crops are specialized and ratio of Paddy field is comparatively low. Especially new types were emenged where ratio of paddy field was very low. These show that increase of productivity of land didn't induce the development of the right of ownership in land. The development of ownership was emerged only on the rice paddy fields. Barley cultivated through double-cropping passed into tenant's possessions. So nominal landrent in paddy field seemed to be raised, but actual landrent was maintained about 1/3 of Products through double cropping. On the contrary, rights of cultivation is developed through double cropping. As double cropping is developed, competition on paddy field between tenants was intensified. Consequently nominal land rent of Paddy fields should be raised.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.53 no.1
• /
• pp.15-20
• /
• 2008

Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) is a rapid and accurate analytical method for determining the composition of agricultural products and feeds. This study was conducted to measure anthocyanin contents in black colored soybean by using NIRS system. Total 300 seed coat of black colored soybean samples previously analyzed by HPLC were scanned by NIRS and over 250 samples were selected for calibration and validation equation. A calibration equation calculated by MPLS(modified partial least squares) regression technique was developed in which the coefficient of determination for anthocyanin pigment C3G, D3G and Pt3G content was 0.952, 0.936, and 0.833, respectively. Each calibration equation was applied to validation set that was performed with the remaining samples not included in the calibration set, which showed high positive correlation both in C3G and D3G content file. In case Pt3G, the prediction model was needed more accuracy because of low $R^2$ value in validation set. This results demonstrate that the developed NIRS equation can be practically used as a rapid screening method for quantification of C3G and D3G contents in black colored soybean.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
• /
• v.12 no.2
• /
• pp.107-119
• /
• 1999

In this study, the induction regeneration of callus from immature embryo in trifoliata orange (Poncirus trifoliata RAFIN.) were accomplished. The embryogenic calli were induced from the immature embryo derived from seed when the calli were irradiated for 16hr at about 2,000 Lux in $\frac{1}{2}$ MS medium supplemented with 3% sucrose, and 44.4$\mu$M BA. Regeneration to whole plants was the most successful in MS medium containing 5.0$\mu$M BA. The yellowish callus was developed at 2 to 3 weeks of culture and the callus was changed from yellow to green at 5 to 6 weeks culture. In vitro regeneration was directly induced from embryogenic callus in MS medium containing 3% sucrose and 5.0$\mu$M BA. Multishoot was formed at 16 weeks culture. Moreover, when the root-formed plantlet was transplanted to soil, they grew to a whole plant. The compact cultured-cells were observed by light microscope after 4 weeks of cultivation and the embryogenic clumps were formed about the 5 weeks. At the same time, the neighboring cells were liquefied. In addition, differentiation of leaf and stem from the callus was observed after 12 weeks. The developed oil sacs and the profacicular cambium of the immature leaf were observed after 18 weeks. Therefore, we can see the considerable changes of cell arrangements according to the developmental stages of calli from trifoliata orange.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.35 no.1
• /
• pp.52-59
• /
• 2011

Recently, new ginseng cultivars having superior agricultural traits have been developed in Korea. For newly developed plant cultivars, the identification of distinctiveness is very important factors not only in plant cultivar management but also in breeding programs. Thus, eighty-five inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) primers were applied to detect polymorphisms among six major Korean ginseng cultivars and two foreign ginsengs. A total of 197 polymorphic bands with an average 5.8 polymorphic bands and 2.9 banding patterns per assay unit across six Korean ginseng cultivars and foreign ginsengs from 236 amplified ISSR loci with an average 6.9 loci per assay unit were generated by 34 out of 85 ISSR primers. Three species of Panax ginseng including the Korean ginseng cultivars, P. quinquefolius, and P. notoginseng, could be readily discriminated using most tested primers. UBC-821, UBC-868, and UBC-878 generated polymorphic bands among the six Korean ginseng cultivars, and could distinguish them from foreign ginsengs. Sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) marker system was introduced in order to increase the reproducibility of the polymorphism. One SCAR marker, PgI821C650, was successfully converted from the randomly amplified polymorphism by UBC-821. It showed the expected dominant polymorphism among ginseng samples. In addition, the specific polymorphism for Sunwon was generated by treating Taq I restriction enzyme to polymerase chain reaction products of PgI821C650. These results will serve as useful DNA markers for identification of Korean ginseng, especially Sunwon cultivar, seed management, and molecular breeding program supplemented with marker-assisted selection.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.46 no.2
• /
• pp.235-242
• /
• 2004

A system for the production of transgenic plants has been developed for Italian ryegrass(Lolium mult리orum Lam.) via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of embryogenic callus. Mature seed-derived calli were infected and co-cultured with Agrobacterium EHA101 carrying standard binary vector pIG121Hm encoding the hygromycin phosphotransferase(HPT), neomycin phosphotransferase II (NPTII) and intron-oontaining $\beta$g1ucuronidase( intron-GUS) genes in the T-DNA region. The effects of several factors on transformation and the expression of the GUS gene were investigated. Inclusion of 200${\mu}M$ acetosyringone(AS) in inoculation and co-cultivation media lead to a significant increase in stable transformation efficiency. Increasing Agrobacterium cell density up to 1.0 in $OD_{600}$ during infection increased transfonnation efficiency of embryogenic calli. The highest transfonnation efficiency was obtained when embryogenic calli were incoulated with Agrobacterium in the presence of 0.1% Tween20 and 200${\mu}M$ AS. Hygromycin resistant calli were developed into complete plants via somatic embryogenesis. GUS histochemical assay and PCR analysis of transgenic plants demonstrated that transgenes were integrated into the genome of Italian ryegrass.