• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.479-486
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• 1999

A measurement method for the deposition amount of spray, using tracer and spectrophotometer was developed. Food colors was selected as tracer, because it was cheep and easily treatable. Using NIRS(Near Infrared Reflection Spectrophotometer), regression curves between absorbance spectrum and concentration of the tracer were obtained. Yellow food colors showed the peak of spectrum at 452nm, and absorbance of peak showed a tendency to increase as concentration increased. Also, the possibility of concentration control by heating was investigated.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.9-14
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• 1981

The influence of laundering conditions on calcium deposition on the fabric was studied by repeated laundering the cotton fabric with soap in the hard water of 200 P.P.M. $CaCO_3$. The experimental variables were: 1) soap concentrations ($0.06\%$, $0.13\%$, $0.25\%$), 2) water contents in the fabric after hydroextraction. ($65\%$, $150\%$, $315\%$), 3) builders (Na-EDTA, sodium carbonate, sodium metasilicate), 4) washing cycle (5, 10, 15, 20 cycles). The fabric was washed for 15 minutes at $23\pm1^{\circ}C$ in a washing machine (Model; Gold Star Wp-2005) under the similar conditions with those of home laundering, and rinsed 5 times for 5 minutes. The amount of calcium deposits on the fabric was determined by the EDTA-Back titration method described by Wasserman and Basch. Results of this study were follows: 1) The amount of calcium deposits on the fabric increased with increasing wash cycles. 2) During the rinsing process, residual calcium content on the fabric increased with water content in the fabric after hydroextraction. 3) The amount of calcium deposits on the fabric decreased with the increasing soap concentration above the equivalent amount of calcium ion content in the water. 4) Sequestering agents and alkaline builders influenced the amount of calcium deposits on the fabric. The amount of calcium deposits on the fabric was in the order of sodium metasilicate, sodium carbonate, nonbuilder, and EDTA.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.145-151
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• 2014

The objectives of this study are to investigate the effect of the concentration ratios of Ni and Fe ions on crud deposition onto the fuel cladding surface in the simulated primary environments of a pressurized water reactor. Crud deposition tests were conducted in the Ni and Fe concentration ratios of 20:20 ppm, 39:1 ppm and 1:39 ppm at $325^{\circ}C$ for 14 days. In the case of the same Ni and Fe ion ratio (20:20), nickel ferrite with a polyhedral shape was formed. Nickel oxide deposits with a needle shape were formed in the condition of high Ni to Fe ion ratio (39:1), While polyhedral iron oxide and needle-like nickel oxide formed in the condition of low Ni to Fe ion ratio (1:39). The amount of deposits increased, when Fe oxides were formed. This indicates that Fe rich oxides stimulated Ni oxide deposition.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 2002년도 하계학술대회 논문집 Vol.3 No.2
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• pp.1071-1074
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• 2002

This paper presents Bi thin films have been fabricated by atomic layer-by-layer deposition and co-deposition at an IBS method. The growth rates of the films was set in the region from 0.17 to 0.27 nm/min. MgO(100) was used as a substrate. In order to appreciate stable existing region of Bi 2212 phase with temperature and ozone pressure, the substrate temperature was varied between 655 and $820^{\circ}C$ and the highly condensed ozone gas pressure$(PO_3)$ in vacuum chamber was varied between $2.0{\times}10^{-6}$ and $2.3{\times}10^{-5}Torr$. Bi 2212 phase appeared in the temperature range of 750 and $795^{\circ}C$: and single phase of Bi 2201 existed in the lower region than $785^{\circ}C$. Whereas, $PO_3$ dependance on structural formation was scarcely observed regardless of the pressure variation. And high quality of c-axis oriented Bi 2212 thin film with $T_c$(onset) of about 90 K and $T_c$(zero) of about 45 K is obtained. Only a small amount of CuO in some films was observed as impurity, and no impurity phase such as $CaCuO_2$ was observed in all of the obtained films.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제29권12호
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• pp.1187-1192
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• 2006

The aims of this study were to encapsulate arbutin (AR) in liposome to enhance the skin-whitening activity, and to investigate the effect of liposome formulation on the entrapment efficiency (EE%), skin permeation rate and skin deposition. The liposomes were prepared by a film dispersion method with several different formulations and were separated from the solution by using the gel-filtration method. The physical (size distribution, morphology) and chemical (drug entrapment efficiency, hairless mouse skin permeation and deposition) properties of liposomes were characterized. The entrapment efficiency in all liposome formulations varied between 4.35% and 17.63%, and was dependent on the lipid content. The particle sizes of liposomes were in the range of $179.9{\sim}212.8\;nm$ in all liposome formulations. Although the permeation rate of AR in the liposome formulations decreased compared with AR solution, the deposition amount of AR in the epidermis/dermis layers increased in AR liposomal formulation. These results suggest that liposomal formulation could enhance the skin deposition of hydrophilic skin-whitening agents, thereby enhancing their activities.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제23권12호
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• pp.702-707
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• 2013

High-quality ${\beta}$-silicon carbide (SiC) coatings are expected to prevent the oxidation degradation of carbon fibers in carbon fiber/silicon carbide (C/SiC) composites at high temperature. Uniform and dense ${\beta}$-SiC coatings were deposited on carbon fibers by low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LP-CVD) using silane ($SiH_4$) and acetylene ($C_2H_2$) as source gases which were carried by hydrogen gas. SiC coating layers with nanometer scale microstructures were obtained by optimization of the processing parameters considering deposition mechanisms. The thickness and morphology of ${\beta}$-SiC coatings can be controlled by adjustment of the amount of source gas flow, the mean velocity of the gas flow, and deposition time. XRD and FE-SEM analyses showed that dense and crack-free ${\beta}$-SiC coating layers are crystallized in ${\beta}$-SiC structure with a thickness of around 2 micrometers depending on the processing parameters. The fine and dense microstructures with micrometer level thickness of the SiC coating layers are anticipated to effectively protect carbon fibers against the oxidation at high-temperatures.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.28-34
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• 2017

The authors derived the criteria on the process parameters of laser depositions with metal powers(SUS316L & IN718) by evaluating the surface and cross-section properties of the deposition layers. The surface characteristics of the deposition layer are investigated through optical microscopy by controlling the process parameters of laser output, powder feeding rate and gas feeding rate. The cross-section characteristics were also analyzed after polishing and chemical etching process. As the gas feeding rate increased, the amount of powder loss increased and the difference in the dilution ratio and heat affected zone depending on laser outputs was observed. In addition, the powder feeding rate used in the experiment did not interfere with the energy absorption of the base material.

• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.24-29
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• 1990

The TiN filmms were deposited on the stainless steel substrates by BARE techinique in order to investigate the effects of process parameters such as source-to-substate distance (15-35cm), N2 pressure(4$\times$10-10 -1$\times$10-3mb)and bias voltage(O-2000V), on the deposition rate, the concentration ratio [N/Ti] and the surface color of the films. The deposition rate was deduced from the weight measurement, the [N/ti] ratio by ESCA. The deposition rate decreased with a relationship of=40.2/D2 where D was source-to-substrate distance. The effect of the bias voltage and the N2pressure on the deposition rate, however, appeared negligble. The [N/Ti] ratio was in the narrow range of 0.7 tp 0.8 It increased slightly with the N2 partial pressure and deceased with the source-to-substrate distance. It was confired by ESCA that a significant amount of oxygen and carbon was contaminated after deposition in the top surface of TiN films. The surface color of TiN film was changed from light gold yellow to reddish gold yellow with increasing [N/Ti] ratio.

• 한국산업융합학회 논문집
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.25-32
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• 2020

Generally, high-temperature, high-pressure, high-priced sintering equipment is used for diamond sintering, and conductivity is a problem for improving the surface modification of the sintered body. In this study, to improve the efficiency of diamond sintering, we identified a new process and material that can be sintered at low temperature, and attempted to develop a composite thin film that can be discharged by doping boron gas to improve the surface modification of the sintered body. Sintered bodies were sintered by mixing Si and two diamonds in different particle sizes based on CIP molding and HIP molding. In CVD deposition, CVD was performed using WC-Co cemented carbide using CH₄ and H₂ gas, and the specimen was made conductive using boron gas. According to the experimental results of the sintered body, as the Si content is increased, the Vickers hardness decreases drastically, and the values of tensile strength, Young's modulus and fracture toughness greatly increase. Conductive CVD deposited diamond was boron deposited and discharged. As the amount of boron added increased, the strength of diamond peaks decreased and crystallinity improved. In addition, considering the release processability, tool life and adhesion of the deposition surface according to the amount of boron added, the appropriate amount of boron can be confirmed. Therefore, by solving the method of low temperature sintering and conductivity problem, the possibility of solving the existing sintering and deposition problem is presented.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제26권12호
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• pp.909-914
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• 2013

CIGS is one of thin film solar cell and has been studied so much, because of the possibility of low price and high efficiency. Until now, co-evaporation and sputtering were typical method to prepare CIGS absorption layer, and a few company commercialized solar cell by these method. However, non-vacuum process which has been studied for long time has not been progressed, though the merit of low price. Especially, aerosol deposition method has not been reported, because it is difficult to prepare a large quantity of various CIGS powder. In this study, CIGS powder was synthesized by mechanochemical method and CIGS absorption layer was deposited by aerosol deposition method. The thickness of the CIGS layer was controlled by the number of deposition and the surface roughness of it was affected by the amount of flow gas. And, also, I-V curve of it appeared metallic property in the case of 'as deposition'. After heat treatment in Se-rich atmosphere, the electrical property of it changed to a semiconductor. CdS and transparent conduction layer were formed by a typical method on it for solar cell. The efficiency of cell was appeared 0.19%. Though the efficiency was low because of the disharmony in the after-process, it was conformed that CIGS solar cell could be prepared by aerosol deposition.