• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.9
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• pp.1310-1319
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• 2005

This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of cage density (CD) and humate supplementation (HS) on laying performance, metabolic profile, and egg quality during the peak production period in hens. Lohman layers (n = 180, 46 wks of age) were blocked according to the location of cages and then allocated randomly to two levels of CD (4 or 6 hens per cage or 540 vs. 360 $cm^2$/hen) and three levels of HS (0, 0.15, and 0.30%). Egg production (EP) and feed consumption (FC) were measured daily; egg weight was measured bi-weekly; and BW was measured before and after the experiment. Blood and additional egg samples were obtained at the end of the experiment for determination of metabolic profile and egg quality. The data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA as repeated measures. Except for FC, CD did not affect laying performance parameters. Hens placed in high-density cages had lower FC than hens placed in normal-density cages. Increasing HS level linearly increased FC, EP, and feed conversion ratio (FCR). There was a CD by HS interaction effect on FC and EP. Hens placed in high-density cages had greater serum glucose, total protein, albumin, globulin, Ca, and P concentrations and tended to have greater serum corticosterone concentration than hens placed in normaldensity cages. Increasing HS level linearly increased serum glucose, total protein, albumin, globulin, creatine, and Ca concentrations and linearly decreased serum triglyceride and very low-density lipoprotein concentrations. There was a CD by HS interaction effect on serum glucose and albumin concentrations. There were no alterations in egg quality parameters in response to increasing CD. Albumen index and Haugh unit decreased linearly and other egg quality parameters did not change as HS level increased. In conclusion, increased caging density adversely affected metabolic profile, despite insignificantly deteriorating laying performance. Moreover, benefits from humate supplementation seem to be more noteworthy for hens housed in stressing conditions than for hens housed in standard conditions.

• Journal of muscle and joint health
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.89-101
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• 2000

This study was carried out to compare the bone mineral density and risk factors of osteoporosis between normal and rheumatoid arthritis in postmenopausal women. Sixty-eight postmenopausal patients with rheumatoid arthritis(RA) were compared with 124 postmenopausal normal women. Data were collected from october, 1998 to April, 1999 at Dong-a university hospital in Pusan. From all subjects, individual characteristics such as age, body weight, height, age of menarche, duration of menopause, gravity, parity, and breast feeding period and factors of life style such as milk consumption, exercise, alcohol intake, cigarette smoking, coffee consumption were identified as influencing factors of osteoporosis by questionnaire. From RA patients, health assessment score, Ritchie articular index, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein and steroid dosage were measured by rheumatologist on measuring bone mineral density. Bone mineral density was measured at the Lumbar spine, femoral neck, femur Ward's triangle, and femur trochanter using dual x-ray absorptiometry. The data was analyzed by using a frequency, t-test, Chi-square, ANCOVA with SPSS PC program. The results could be summarized as follows : 1) There was a significant difference in age and breast feeding period between RA patients and normal women. 2) RA patients took less calcium in the past and practiced less regular exercise in past and present than normal women. 3) There was no difference in lumbar bone mineral density between RA patients and normal women. 4) There was a significant difference in femur Ward's triangle and femur trochanter between RA patients and normal women after adjustment for age and breast feeding period. 5) The prevalence of osteoporosis of all subjects was the highest in femur Ward's triangle. In summary, our findings suggest that the bone mineral densities of femur Ward's triangle and trochanter in postmenopausal women with RA is significantly lower than normal women. Also the exercise participation rate of postmenopausal women with RA is lower than normal women. For the further study, we recommend to develop exercise program that improve the bone mineral density in femur Ward's triangle and trochanter and to test the effect of that exercise program.

• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.60
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• pp.75-103
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to explore the meaning and the effect of communication as social capital, which needs to be evaluated empirically focusing on corporate reputation. Also, it tried to analyze consumers' communication network in the structural, substantial, and relational level, which is to verify how characteristics and meanings of communication network structure affect to a good corporate reputation. A survey toward 200 participants was conducted during 5 days from March 29 to April 3, 2012. Characteristics of communication network structure of a corporation with higher reputation is analyzed using the index such as degree, degree centrality, and density. The findings of the study show that a corporation with higher reputation has higher network degree, degree centrality, and density compared to a corporation with lower reputation. Consumers of a corporation with higher reputation get information from various overlapping sources. It allows them to share similar interpretation, which could elevate the degree, degree centrality, and density of network. It also proved that when the network density is high, a corporation with higher reputation can distribute information much faster and easier. Moreover, in the substantial level of social capital, product/service information network has high degree and density rather than corporate issue information network. Likewise, degree and density of information acquisition network was higher than those of information provision network. Also, this study verified the effect and relationship between the network structure characteristics and corporate loyalty in a relational level. In this way, the positive effect of the degree centrality on corporate loyalty was supported. In conclusion, as consumers share more information from overlapping sources, the degree of communication network gets higher. Throughout this network, the diffusion of information among consumers would be activated, and this confirmed that corporate reputation and corporate loyalty is closely related.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.30 no.4 s.59
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• pp.729-740
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• 1997

To determine the relationship between hypertension and nutrient intake cross-sectional study were performed in a rural area. Adult resident over 30-year-old age were measured blood pressure and body mass index(BMI), and interviewed about food in-take for the previous 24 hours. 250 men and 297 women participated the survey. Significant correlation was showen in men between mean systolic blood pressure and protein density. Significant correlation with mean diastolic blood pressure was showen on protein density, protein energy(%), calcium density and energy-adjusted protein in men. We analysed risk factor for hypertension adjust the effect of age, BMI, sex and family history by multiple logistic regression. Protein density(odds ratio=3.18), fat density(odds ratio=1.94) and energy-adjusted protein(odds ratio=1.01) intake were positively associated with hypertension but sodium density(odds ratio=0.73) was showen to have inverse relationship.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.8
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• pp.1085-1091
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of indoor and outdoor exercise environments on bone mineral density and body composition in old women. A total of 26 old women were randomly divided into two groups: an indoor exercise group (IE, n=13) and an outdoor exercise group (OE, n=13). The exercise groups performed moderate exercise (HR max 50~70%; RPE 11-15) three times a week for 60 minutes over 20 weeks. After exercise training, bone mineral density was significantly improved in the OE group as compared with the IE group. Body fat mass was significantly decreased in the IE group. Weight, lean body mass, and body fat mass were significantly decreased in the OE group. Body mass index was significantly decreased in the outdoor exercise group as compared to the IE group. Our findings show that a 20-week program of outdoor exercise training improves bone mineral density and body composition in old women. As mentioned above, it has been found that engaging in an outdoor exercise program for 20 weeks has a positive effect on bone mineral density and body composition in old women. In conclusion, engaging in the outdoor exercise program, including aerobic and resistance exercises, for 20 weeks improved bone mineral density and inhibited bone loss in old women and had a positive influence on vitamin D levels, thereby potentially lowering the risk of osteoporosis.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.64-69
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• 2008

The objective of experiment was to investigate the effects of planting density on growth and yield of vegetable soybean, and to clarify the optimum planting density of vegetable soybean in the middle west region of Korea. The field experiment with 4 levels of planting density was carried out at Yesan area in $2005{\sim}2006$. The days from seeding to flowering and the days from seeding to harvesting and lodging were not significantly different among planting distance. The stem length was increased as planting distance was shortened but the number of node, branch, pod per branch, pod per individual, weight of stem and pod, one hundred pod weight and rate of 2+3 seed per pod were decreased as planting density was increased. The size of vegetable soybeans was not significantly different among planting distance, but the harvest index of vegetable soybean was decreased as planting distance was shortened. Yield of vegetable soybean was increased as planting distance was decreased. However, the approriate densities for stem and pod weight per a plant, number of pod per a branch and the vegetable soybean yield of 2+3 seed per pod were different from that density. The optimal planting distance of varieties was $60{\sim}25\;cm$ in Sunheukkong and Ilpumgeomjeongkong and was $60{\sim}35\;cm$ in Galmikong.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.11
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• pp.1595-1602
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• 2010

Oxidation of low density lipoprotein (LDL) has been recognized as an important role in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. In this study, effects of allylmercaptan, a major metabolite compound of garlic, was studied on endothelial cell injury induced by oxidized low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL). The antioxidative activity of allylmercaptan was investigated by monitoring a thiobarbituric acid substance (TBARS). Allylmercaptan inhibited LDL oxidation induced by $Cu^{2+}$ at concentrations of 0.1, 1 and 10 mM in a dose dependent manner. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, as an index of cell injury, and intracellular glutathione levels were determined. Pulmonary artery endothelial cells were preincubated with allylmercaptan at $37^{\circ}C$ and 5% $CO_2$ for 24 hr, washed, and then exposed to 0.1 mg/ml oxidized LDL for 24 hr. Preincubation of endothelial cells with allylmercaptan significantly prevented the LDH release and depletion of GSH. Peroxides were measured directly in 24 well plates using a fluorometric assay. Allylmercaptan inhibited release of peroxides induced by ox-LDL in pulmonary artery endothelial cells. In a free system, allylmercaptan was shown to scavenge hydrogen peroxide. The data indicate that allylmercaptan can protect pulmonary artery endothelial cells from injury caused by oxidized LDL, and suggest that allylmercaptan may be useful for the prevention of atherosclerosis.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.1005-1010
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• 2014

Background: A relation between abdominal obesity and colorectal tumor development has been reported repeatedly, and is believed to be more remarkable in man than in women. However, the details vary depending on scientific reports. This may be due at least partly to the selected surface anthropometric index in addition to the influence of gender and ethnic groups. To cope with this, we considered a new index of abdominal obesity and evaluated its risk prediction potential. Materials and Methods: Six hundred ninety five Japanese (262 women and 433 men) who had a colonoscopy were studied. The new index was named as waist circumference to height index (WHI) and was calculated by the formula of waist circumference (cm)/height (m)/height (m). Biochemical and lifestyle factors were investigated preceding the colonoscopy. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS for Windows. Results: Increase of WHI was associated with altered metabolism of carbohydrate and lipid in both women and men. WHI was positively related with the development of colon tumor of women, while not with that of men. Logistic regression analysis performed for stratified age groups (45-54, 55-64 and 65-74 years) showed that WHI significantly increased odds ratio to 1.31 (CI 1.05-1.64 p=0.01) in women of 55-65 years. In contrast, in men this index WHI reduced the odds ratio insignificantly, while low density lipoprotein and triglyceride significantly increased the odds ratio to 1.01 (CI 1.00-1.03 p=0.02) in the 55-65 year group and to 1.02 (CI 1.00-1.03 p=0.02) in the 45-55 year group. Conclusions: In Japanese the risk factors for colon tumor development are different between women and men. WHI is a simple and efficient predictor of colon tumor risk in Japanese women and may be used to select those who should have colonoscopy.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.52 no.10
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• pp.729-742
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• 2019

Natural disasters such as floods has been increased in many parts of the world, also Korea is no exception. The biggest part of natural damage in South Korea was caused by the flooding during the rainy season in every summer. The existing flood vulnerability analysis cannot explain the reality because of the repeated changes in topography. Therefore, it is necessary to calculate a new flood vulnerability index in accordance with the changed terrain and socio-economic environment. The priority of the investment for the flood prevention and mitigation has to be determined using the new flood vulnerability index. Total 25 urban districts in Seoul were selected as the study area. Flood vulnerability factors were developed using Pressure-State-Response (PSR) structures. The Pressure Index (PI) includes nine factors such as population density and number of vehicles, and so on. Four factors such as damage of public facilities, etc. for the Status Index (SI) were selected. Finally, seven factors for Response Index (RI) were selected such as the number of evacuation facilities and financial independence, etc. The weights of factors were calculated using AHP method and Fuzzy AHP to implement the uncertainties in the decision making process. As a result, PI and RI were changed, but the ranks in PI and RI were not be changed significantly. However, SI were changed significanlty in terms of the weight method. Flood vulnerability index using Fuzzy AHP shows less vulnerability index in Southern part of Han river. This would be the reason that cost of flood mitigation, number of government workers and Financial self-reliance are high.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.423-430
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• 2021

In order to evaluate the fire risk and fire risk rating of wood for construction materials, this study focused on fire performance index-III (FPI-III), fire growth index-III (FGI-III), and fire risk index-IV (FRI-IV) according to Chung's equations-III and -IV. Western red cedar, needle fir, ash, and maple were used as the specimens. The fire characteristics were investigated using a cone calorimeter (ISO 5660-1) equipment on the specimen. The FPI-III measured after the combustion reaction was 0.86 to 12.77 based on polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA). The FGI-III was found to be 0.63 to 5.26 based on PMMA. The fire rating according to the FRI-IV, which is the fire rating index, was 0.05 to 6.12, and the western red cedar was 122.4 times higher than that of the maple. The fire risk rating according to the FRI-IV increased in the order of maple, ash, needle fir, PMMA and western red cedar. The CO peak concentration of all specimens was measured as 103 to 162 ppm, and it was 2.1 to 3.2 times higher than 50 ppm, the permissible exposure limits of the US occupational safety and health administration. Materials such as western red cedar, which have a low bulk density and contain a large amount of volatile organic substances, have a low FPI-III and a high FGI-III, so they have a high fire risk rating.