DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Effects of Indoor and Outdoor Exercise Environments on Bone Mineral Density and Body Composition in Old Women

실내·외 운동 환경의 차이가 노년기 여성의 골밀도와 신체구성에 미치는 영향

  • Received : 2012.06.26
  • Accepted : 2012.08.09
  • Published : 2012.08.30

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of indoor and outdoor exercise environments on bone mineral density and body composition in old women. A total of 26 old women were randomly divided into two groups: an indoor exercise group (IE, n=13) and an outdoor exercise group (OE, n=13). The exercise groups performed moderate exercise (HR max 50~70%; RPE 11-15) three times a week for 60 minutes over 20 weeks. After exercise training, bone mineral density was significantly improved in the OE group as compared with the IE group. Body fat mass was significantly decreased in the IE group. Weight, lean body mass, and body fat mass were significantly decreased in the OE group. Body mass index was significantly decreased in the outdoor exercise group as compared to the IE group. Our findings show that a 20-week program of outdoor exercise training improves bone mineral density and body composition in old women. As mentioned above, it has been found that engaging in an outdoor exercise program for 20 weeks has a positive effect on bone mineral density and body composition in old women. In conclusion, engaging in the outdoor exercise program, including aerobic and resistance exercises, for 20 weeks improved bone mineral density and inhibited bone loss in old women and had a positive influence on vitamin D levels, thereby potentially lowering the risk of osteoporosis.

본 연구는 실내 외 운동 환경의 차이가 노년기 여성의 골밀도와 신체구성에 미치는 영향을 규명하는데 그 목적이 있다. 연구대상은 65세 이상 노년기 여성으로 실내운동집단 13명, 실외운동집단 13명 두 그룹으로 나누었으며, 20주간 운동프로그램을 실시하였다. 운동강도는 주3회, 1회 60분 동안 HRmax 50~70%, RPE 11~15로 점진적으로 증가시켰다. 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 골밀도의 결과 집단 내 변화에서는 실외운동집단에서 유의하게 증가하였고, 집단 간 변화에서는 실외운동집단이 실내운동집단보다 유의하게 증가하였다. 둘째, 신체구성의 결과 집단 내 변화에서는 실내운동집단에서 체지방량이 유의하게 감소하였고, 실외운동집단에서 체중, 체질량지수, 체지방량이 유의하게 감소하였다. 집단 간의 변화에서는 체질량지수에서 실외운동집단이 실내운동집단보다 유의하게 감소하였다. 이와 같은 연구 결과들을 살펴볼 때 20주간 실외운동환경에서의 운동프로그램은 골밀도와 신체구성에 긍정적인 영향을 미친 것으로 나타났다.

Keywords

References

  1. American College of Sports Medicine. 2000. ACSM'S Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription. 6th (eds.), Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
  2. An, G. J. 2008. Effects of the combined exercise program including step aerobics on bone mineral density and sex hormone in the elderly women, MS Thesis. Chung-buk National University, Chungbuk, Korea.
  3. Bjorntorp, P. 1991. Metabolic implications of body fat distribution. Diabetes Care 14, 1132-1143. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.14.12.1132
  4. Blanchet, C., Giguere, Y., Prud'homme, D., Dumont, M., Rousseau, F. and Dodin, S. 2002. Association of physical activity and bone: influence of vitamin D receptor genotype. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 34, 24-31.
  5. Byeon, J. K., An, G. J., Goong, S. S., Park, S. H. and Seo, J. G. 2009. Effects of the combined exercise program including step aerobics on bone mineral density and sex hormone in the elderly women. Korean J. Phy. Edu. 48, 411-420.
  6. Cho, Y. J. 2012. Effects of 12-week Combinded Exercise Program on basic Physical Fitness and body Composition in Elderly Women. MS Thesis. Dae-gu Catolic University, Daegu, Korea.
  7. Chung, J. W., Lee, H. Y., Park, E. K. and Jin, Y. S. 2008. Relationships of bone mineral density, body composition, and fitness in older persons. J. Korean Phy. Edu. Association for Girls and Women 22, 123-136.
  8. Elmadfa, I. and Meyer, A. L. 2008. Body composition, changing physiological functions and nutrient requirements of the elderly. Ann. Nutr. Metab. 52, 2-5. https://doi.org/10.1159/000115339
  9. Guo, S., Zeller, C., Chumlea, W. and Siervogel, R. 1999. Aging, body composition, and lifestyle: The fels longitudinal study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 70, 405-411.
  10. Haffner, S. M. and Bauer, R. L. 1992. Excess androgenicity only partially explains the relationship between obesity and bone density in premenopausal woman. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 16, 869-874.
  11. Han, J. W., Lee, S. S., Kim, N. S., Ji, Y. S., Seo, K. H. and Song, B. D. 2000. The Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Body Composition, Isokinetic Knee and Trunk Muscular Strength of Elders. J. Sport Leisure Studies 13, 411-423.
  12. Holick, M. F. 2002. Sunlight and Vitamin D: Both Good for Cardiovascular Health. J. Gen. Intern. Med. 17, 733-735. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1497.2002.20731.x
  13. Holick, M. F. 2007. Vitamin D deficiency. N. Engl. J. Med. 357, 266-281. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra070553
  14. Hong, Y. P. 2012. Influences of combined exercise on body composition and life-related physical fitness in oldest old Women. MS Thesis, Korea National Sport University, Seoul, Korea.
  15. Hughes, V. A., Frontera, W. R., Roubenoff, R., Evans, W. J. and Fiatarone, M. A. 2004. Anthropometric assessment of 10-y changes in body composition in the elderly. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 80, 475-482.
  16. Jang, K. T., Choi, H. S., Kim, Y. S., Jun, H. S. and Kim, J. S. 2005. The effects of swimming, bicycle exercise, or combined exercise on body composition and bone density in old women. Korean J. Phy. Edu. 44, 547-554.
  17. JI, Y. S. 2001. Analysis of bone mineral density among the elderly participated in the exercise programs weekly for 1 year. J. Korean Geriatr. Soc. 5, 185-192.
  18. Johnston, C. C. and Slemenda, C. W. 1995. Pathogenesis of osteoporosis. Bone 17, 19-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/8756-3282(95)00202-O
  19. KBS 2TV vitamin production. 2005. Vitamin. The Dong-A Ilbo. Seoul.
  20. Kim, A. R., Lee, S. E., Lee, Y. M., An, J. H., Choi, S. W. and Lee, J. M. 2010. The Effect of Resistance Exercise Program on Body Composition and Bone Mineral Density in Osteopenia Woman. Korean J. Phy. Edu. 49, 465-472.
  21. Kim, A. Y. 2010. Effect of Muscle Strengthening Exercise with Elastic Band on Physical Fitness and Bone Mineral Density in the Elderly Women. J. Korean Sport Res. 21, 95-114.
  22. Kim, C. S. 2011. The effects of the combined exercise on body composition, blood lipid, atherogenic index and health fitness in elderly aged women. MS Thesis. Chon-nam National University, Chonnam, Korea.
  23. Kim, E. J. 2005. The effects of the aerobic exercise training with resistance exercise on body composition and inflammation response in the elderly women. Korean J. Phy. Edu. 44, 441-451.
  24. Kim, H. S., Jung, C. K. and Lee, K. S. 2002. The Effect of Strengthening Exercise Program on the Physical Activity, Activities of Daily Living, Social Behavior and Functional Performance of the Elderly in a Home for the Aged. Kor. Soc. Preventive Med. 35, 107-115.
  25. Kim, J. G. and Moon, Y. W. 2011. Diagnosis of osteoposis. J. Korea Hip Soc. 23, 108-115. https://doi.org/10.5371/jkhs.2011.23.2.108
  26. Kim, N. J. 2011. Effects of Elastic Band and Pilates Exercise on BMD and Body Composition in Office Working Women. J. Korean Phy. Edu. Association for Girls and Women 25, 13-22.
  27. Kim, S. B. 2008. Effects of 24 week combined exercise on body composition, physical fitness and bone density in middle- aged women. Korean J. Phy. Edu. 47, 363-372.
  28. Kim, T. S. and Kim, D. J. 2010. Effect of moderate-intensity aerobic and resistance exercise during 12 weeks on the body composition and cardiorespiratory, lower extremity muscular- function in institutionalized elderly women. J. Sport Leisure Studies 42, 837-847.
  29. Kohrt, W. M., Ehsani, A. A. and Birge, S. J. Jr. 1997. Effects exercise involving predominantly either joint-reaction or ground-reaction forces on bone mineral density in older woman. J. Bone Miner. Res. 12, 1253-1261. https://doi.org/10.1359/jbmr.1997.12.8.1253
  30. Kuk, J. L., Lee, S., Heymsfield, S. B. and Ross, R. 2005. Waist circumference and abdominal adipose tissue distribution: influence of age and sex. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 81, 1330-1334.
  31. Lanyon, L. E. 1992. Control of bone architecture by functional load bearing. J. Bone Miner. Res. 7, 369-375. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.5650071403
  32. Lee, M. K., Yoon, B. K., Chung, H. Y. and Park, H. M. 2011. The serum vitamin d nutritional status and its relationship with skeletal status in korean postmenopausal women. Korean J. Obstet. Gynecol. 54, 241-246. https://doi.org/10.5468/KJOG.2011.54.5.241
  33. Lee, S. M., Seo, C. J., Kim, M. J. and Kim, S. H. 2006. Effect of health calisthenics program of body composition, blood pressure and serum Lipid Living in the rural elderly women. Korean J. Phy. Edu. 45, 541-554.
  34. Lim, H. N. 2009. The effect of water exercise on body composition, bone mineral density and health related fitness of the elderly women. J. Korean Phy. Edu. Association for Girls and Women 23, 39-48.
  35. Liu, Y. J., Liu, Y. Z., Recker, R. R. and Deng, H. W. 2003. Molecular studies of identification of genes for osteoporosis: the 2002 update. J. Endocrinol. 177, 147-196. https://doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1770147
  36. Marriott, B. M. 1997. Vitamin D supplementation: a word of caution. Ann. Intern. Med. 127, 231-233. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-127-3-199708010-00009
  37. Park, I. R. 2004. Effects of 12 weeks aerobic exercise on health-related physical fitness and bone density in elderly. J. Sport Leisure Studies 22, 459-469.
  38. Park, J. J. 2011. The effects of combined exercise program on functional fitness, body composition and lipid metabolism in the elderly. MS Thesis. Chung-ju National University, Chungju, Korea.
  39. Park, S. M. and Yang, J. O. 2011. The effects of 12-weeks in a combined exercise program on the self-reliance fitness and growth hormone in the obese elderly women. J. Life Sci. 21, 1443-1451. https://doi.org/10.5352/JLS.2011.21.10.1443
  40. Rittweger, J. 2006. Can exercise prevent osteoporosis? J. Musculoskelet. Neuronal Interact. 6, 162-166.
  41. So, W. Y., Song, M. S., Cho, B. L., Park, Y. H., Kim, Y. S., Lim, J. Y., Kim, S H. and Song, W. 2009. The effect of elastic band exercise training and detraining on body composition and fitness in the elderly. J. Korean Gerontol. Soc. 29, 1247-1259.
  42. Statistics Korea. 2011. Aged Person Statistics.
  43. Suominen, H. 2006. Muscle training for bone strength. Aging Clin. Exp. Res. 18, 85-93. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03327422
  44. Vieth, R., Ladak, Y. and Walfish, P. G. 2003. Age-related changes in the 25-hydroxyvitamin D versus parathyroid hormone relationship suggest a different reason why older adults require more vitamin D. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 88, 185-191. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2002-021064
  45. Wilmore, J. H. and Costill, D. L. 2004. Physiology of sport and exercise. 3rd ed. Champaign, IL. Human Kinetics.

Cited by

  1. The effects of milk intake and whole-body vibration exercise on bone mineral density in elderly women in nursing homes vol.29, pp.7, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.29.1125