• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.101-109
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• 2017

Purpose - Previous studies related to emotional labor of salespeople have mainly focused on identifying the antecedents of emotional exhaustion and turnover intention and exploring the mitigating effects salespeople's motivation on emotional exhaustion and turnover intention. They also demonstrates that there are different roles for moderating in social support, which means mental/physical support related to the job in supervisors, colleagues and organizations. The purpose of this paper is to investigate how service employees' surface acting affect turnover intention through emotional exhaustion. Another important objective of this paper is to investigate whether perceived social support moderates 1) the relationship between surface acting and emotional exhaustion 2) the relationship between emotional exhaustion and turnover intention. Research design, data, and methodology - To test the hypotheses, we collected the data from Korean insurance company sales employees. A total of 235 responses were received, from which 220 usable responses were obtained after list-wise deletion. Working with a sample of 220 responses, structural equation modeling was employed to empirically test research hypotheses(

The relationship between surface acting and emotion exhaustion,

The relationship between emotion exhaustion and turnover intention,

The moderating effect of perceived social support(PSS) on the relationship between surface acting and emotion exhaustion, and

The moderating effect of perceived social support(PSS) on the relationship between emotion exhaustion and turnover intention. SPSS 22.0 and AMOS software were used in these data analysis. Results - The service employees' surface acting was positively related to the emotional exhaustion; in turn, the service employees' feelings on emotional exhaustion are positively related to turnover intention. In addition, Perceived Social Support significantly moderated the relationship between surface acting and emotional exhaustion. However, perceived social support has a non-significant moderating effect on the path from emotional exhaustion to turnover intention. On the basis of these results, the following conclusion can be drawn. First, distribution service companies will be needed the administrative efforts to offer counseling programs and space to provide their members with enough rest in experiencing psychological pain due to the salespeople's surface acting. Also, it is necessary for distribution service companies to identify and share the examples of successfully solving emotional exhaustion caused by salespeople's surface acting.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.25 no.12
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• pp.2125-2134
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• 2015

IrrE is a highly conserved global regulator in the Deinococcus genus and contributes to survival from high doses of UV radiation, ionizing radiation, and desiccation. Drad-IrrE and Dgob-IrrE from Deinococcus radiodurans and Deinococcus gobiensis I-0 each share 66% sequence identity. However, Dgob-IrrE showed a stronger protection phenotype against UV radiation than Drad-IrrE in the D. radiodurans irrE-deletion mutant (ΔirrE), which may be due to amino acid residues differences around the DNA-binding HTH domain. Site-directed mutagenesis was used to generate a Drad-IrrE A184S single mutant, which has been characterized and compared with the ΔirrE mutant complemented strain with Drad-irrE, designated ΔirrE-E. The effects of the A184S mutation following UV radiation and mitomycin C (MMC) shock were determined. The A184S mutant displayed significantly increased resistance to UV radiation and MMC shock. The corresponding A184 site in Dgob-IrrE was inversely mutated, generating the S131A mutant, which exhibited a loss of resistance against UV radiation, MMC shock, and desiccation. qPCR analysis revealed that critical genes in the DNA repair system, such as recA, pprA, uvrA, and ddrB, were remarkably induced after UV radiation and MMC shock in the ΔirrE-IE and A184S mutants. These data suggested that A184S improves the ability against UV radiation and MMC shock, providing new insights into the modification of IrrE. We speculated that the serine residue may determine the efficiency of DNA binding, leading to the increased expression of IrrE-dependent genes important for protection against DNA damage.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.197-203
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• 2009

An indole oxygenase originated from Rhodococcus sp. RHA1 was cloned into the expression vector, pTrc99A, in Escherichia coli, and designated pTCAN1. The pTCAN2 was constructed from pTCAN1 by the deletion of $lacI^q$ for the constitutive expression of indole oxygenase without adding IPTG in the medium. The complete open reading frame of indole oxygenase was 1,224 bp long, which encodes a protein of 407amino acids. Crude extracts of E. coli $DH5{\alpha}$/pTCAN1 and pTCAN2, respectively, were prepared and subjected to SDS-PAGE analysis. A band corresponding to molecular mass of about 43 kDa was appeared and this result correlated with the predicted molecular mass of cloned indole oxygenase. The E. coli harboring pTCAN1 and pTCAN2, respectively, showed blue color colony in LB plate. The pigment showing blue color was prepared from E. coli $DH5{\alpha}$/pTCAN2, and identified as indigo by experiments using spectrophotometer, HPLC, and TLC. The indigo-forming activity of indole oxygenases from the whole cell of E. coli $DH5{\alpha}/pTCAN1$ cultured at LB medium added 1mM of IPTG and that of E. coli/pTCAN2 showed about 1.75nmol/min/mg DCW (dry cell weight) and 3.85 nmol/min/mg DCW, respectively. Also, the E. coli $DH5{\alpha}$/pTCAN2 produced about $236{\mu}M$ of indigo after 48 hours incubation in TB medium supplemented with 2.5 mM of tryptophan.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.263-269
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• 2008

Hydrazinocurcumin (HC), a synthetic derivative of curcumin, has been reported to inhibit angiogenesis via unknown mechanisms. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of the drug's action is important for the development of improved compounds with better pharmacological properties. A genome-wide drug-induced haploinsufficiency screening of fission yeast gene deletion mutants has been applied to identify drug targets of HC. As a first step, the 50% inhibition concentration $(IC_{50})$ of HC was determined to be $2.2{\mu}M$. The initial screening of 4,158 mutants in 384-well plates using robotics was performed at concentrations of 2, 3, and $4{\mu}M$. A second screening was performed to detect sensitivity to HC on the plates. The first screening revealed 178 candidates, and the second screening resulted in 13 candidates, following the elimination of 165 false positives. Final filtering of the condition-dependent haploinsufficient genes gave eight target genes. Analysis of the specific targets of HC has shown that they are related to septum formation and the general transcription processes, which may be related to histone acetyltransferase. The target mutants showed 65% growth inhibition in response to HC compared with wild-type controls, as shown by liquid culture assay.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.110-114
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• 2015

Purpose: Growth and differentiation factor (GDF)-11 is a transforming growth factor-${\beta}$ family member that plays important regulatory roles in development of multiple tissues which include axial skeletal patterning, palatal closure, and tooth formation. Proteins that have been identified as GDF-11 inhibitors include GDF-associated serum protein (GASP)-1 and GASP-2. Recently, we found that mice genetically engineered to lack both Gasp1 and Gdf11 have an increased frequency of cleft palate. The goal of this study was to investigate the roles of GDF-11 and its inhibitors, GASP-1 and GASP-2, during dental and craniofacial development and growth. Methods: Mouse genetic studies were used in this study. Homozygous knockout mice for Gasp1 ($Gasp1^{-/-}$) and Gasp2 ($Gasp2^{-/-}$) were viable and fertile, but Gdf11 homozygous knockout ($Gdf11^{-/-}$) mice died within 24 hours after birth. The effect of either Gasp1 or Gasp2 deletion in $Gdf11^{-/-}$ mice during embryogenesis was evaluated in $Gasp1^{-/-}$;$Gdf11^{-/-}$ and $Gasp2^{-/-}$;$Gdf11^{-/-}$ mouse embryos at 18.5 days post-coitum (E18.5). For the analysis of adult tissues, we used $Gasp1^{-/-}$;$Gdf11^{+/-}$ and $Gasp2^{-/-}$;$Gdf11^{+/-}$ mice to evaluate the potential haploinsufficiency of Gdf11 in $Gasp1^{-/-}$ and $Gasp2^{-/-}$ mice. Results: Although Gasp2 expression decreased after E10.5, Gasp1 expression was readily detected in various ectodermal tissues at E17.5, including hair follicles, epithelium in nasal cavity, retina, and developing tooth buds. Interestingly, $Gasp1^{-/-}$;$Gdf11^{-/-}$ mice had abnormal formation of lower incisors: tooth buds for lower incisors were under-developed or missing. Although $Gdf11^{+/-}$ mice were viable and had mild transformations of the axial skeleton, no specific defects in the craniofacial development have been observed in $Gdf11^{+/-}$ mice. However, loss of Gasp1 in $Gdf11^{+/-}$ mice occasionally resulted in small and abnormally shaped auricles. Conclusions: These findings suggest that both GASP-1 and GDF-11 play important roles in dental and craniofacial development both during embryogenesis and in adult tissues.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.45 no.1 s.142
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• pp.15-24
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• 2006

Inhibitor kB (IkB)-like gene has been found in the genome of Cotesia plutellae bracovirus (CpBV), which is the obligatory symbiont of an endoparsitoid wasp, C. plutellae. The open reading frame of CpBV-IkB was 417 bp and encoded 138 amino acids. Four ankyrin repeat domains were found in CpBV-IkB, which shared high homology with other known polydnavirus IkBs. Considering a presumptive cellular IkB based on Drosophila Cactus, CpBV-IkB exhibited a truncated structure with deletion of signal-receiving domains, which suggested its irreversible inhibitory role in NFkB signal transduction pathway of the parasitized host in response to the wasp parasitization. CpBV-IkB was expressed only in the parasitized diamondback moth, Plutella flostella. Its expression was estimated by quantitative RT-PCR during parasitization period, showing a constitutive expression pattern from the first day of parasitization. An indirect functional analysis of CpBV-IkB was conducted and suggested a hypothesis of host antivirus inhibition.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.79-96
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to investigate factors that affect corporate CEOs' tax avoidance, ultimately helping find how to fundamentally prevent the avoidance, establish a tax system that ensures tax payers' compliance and revise tax laws and regulations in a positive way. For the purpose, this researcher surveyed corporate CEOs with a questionnaire that contained many questions of various types, which was developed based on previous studies. Findings of the study can be summarized as follows. Main factors affecting tax avoidance were the application of tax provisions, the ability to understand tax laws and the expectation of tax avoidance. The more corporate CEOs' were influenced by the first and the third factors, the higher their propensity for tax avoidance was. On the contrast, corporate CEOs were lower in propensity for tax avoidance when they were more able to understand tax laws. Regarding the three factors' relative influences, tax avoidance was most affected by the expectation of tax avoidance, followed by the ability to understand tax laws and the application of tax provisions in order. Meanwhile, a multi-regression analysis using the sequential deletion technique showed that tax avoidance were affected by the application of tax provisions and the expectation of tax avoidance and that tax avoidance was most influenced by the application of tax provisions, followed by the expectation of tax avoidance. These findings indicate that the degree of corporate CEOs' tax avoidance may vary depending on social and environmental changes that their business face. Meanwhile, positive factors such as tax-bearing capacity and the procedure of tax calculation and negative factors such as management ethics and tax authorities' regulation are all thought to be not helping prevent tax avoidance.

• Journal of Genetic Medicine
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.53-57
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• 1998

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) type I is a common severe autosomal recessive inherited neuromuscular disorder that has been mapped to chromosome 5q11.2-13.3. The survival motor neuron (SMN) gene, a candidate gene, is known to be deleted in 96% of patients with SMA type I. Presently, PCR and single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) analyses have been made possible for application to both archival slides and paraffin-embedded tissues. Archival materials represent valuable DNA resources for genetic diagnosis. We applied these methods for the identification of SMN gene of SMA type I in archival specimens for the prenatal diagnosis. In this study, we performed the prenatal diagnosis with chorionic villus sampling (CVS) cells on two women who had experienced neonatal death of SMA type I. DNA extraction was done from archival slide and tissue materials and PEP-PCR was performed using CVS cells. In order to identify common deletion region of SMN and neuronal apoptosis-inhibitory protein (NAIP) genes, cold PCR-SSCP and PCR-restriction site assay were carried out. Case 1 had deletions of the exons 7 and 8, and case 2 had exon 7 only on the telomeric SMN gene. Both cases were found to be normal on NAIP gene. These results were the same for both CVS and archival biopsied specimens. In both cases, the fetuses were, therefore, predicted to be at very high risk of being affected and the pregnancy were terminated. These data clearly demonstrate that archival slide and paraffin-embedded tissues can be a valuable source of DNA when the prenatal genetic diagnosis is needed in case any source for genetic analysis is not readily available due to previous death of the fetus or neonate.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.305-311
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• 2014

Copy number variation (CNV) is a form of structural variation that shows various numbers of copies in segments of the DNA. It has been shown to account for phenotypic variations in human diseases and agricultural production traits. Currently, most of chicken breeds in the poultry industry are based on European-origin breeds that have been mostly provided from several international breeding companies. Therefore, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA has been trying to restore and improve Korean native chicken breeds (12 lines of 5 breeds) for about 20 years. Thanks to the recent advance of sequencing technologies, genome-wide CNV can be accessed in the higher resolution throughout the genome of species of interest. However, there is no systematic study available to dissect the CNV in the native chicken breed in Korea. Here, we report genome-wide copy number variations identified from a genome of Korean native chicken (Line L) by comparing between the chicken reference sequence assembly (Gallus gallus) and a de novo sequencing assembly of the Korean native chicken (Line L). Throughout all twenty eight chicken autosomes, we identified a total of 501 CNVs; defined as gain and loss of duplication and deletion respectively. Furthermore, we performed gene ontology (GO) analysis for the putative CNVs using DAVID, leading to 68 GO terms clustered independently. Of the clustered GO terms, genes related to transcription and gene regulation were mainly detected. This study provides useful genomic resource to investigate potential biological implications of CNVs with traits of interest in the Korean native chicken.

• BMB Reports
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.500-506
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• 2005

HOX11 encodes a homeodomain-containing transcription factor which directs the development of the spleen during embryogenesis. While HOX11 expression is normally silenced through an unknown mechanism in all tissues by adulthood, the deregulation of HOX11 expression is associated with leukemia, such as T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The elucidation of regulatory elements contributing to the molecular mechanism underlying the regulation of HOX11 gene expression is of great importance. Previous reports of HOX11 regulatory elements mainly focused on the 5'-flanking region of HOX11 on the chromosome related to transcriptional control. To expand the search of putative cis-elements involved in HOX11 regulation at the post-transcriptional level, we analyzed HOX11 mRNA 3'-untranslated region (3'UTR) and found an AU-rich region. To characterize this AU-rich region, in vitro analysis of HOX11 mRNA 3'UTR was performed with human RNA-binding protein HuR, which interacts with AU-rich element (ARE) existing in the 3'UTR of many growth factors' and cytokines' mRNAs. Our results showed that the HOX11 mRNA 3'UTR can specifically bind with human HuR protein in vitro. This specific binding could be competed effectively by typical ARE containing RNA. After the deletion of the AU-rich region present in the HOX11 mRNA 3'UTR, the interaction of HOX11 mRNA 3'UTR with HuR protein was abolished. These findings suggest that HOX11 mRNA 3'UTR contains cis-acting element which shares similarity in the action pattern with RE-HuR interactions and may involve in the post-transcriptional regulation of the HOX11 gene.