• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.136-142
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• 2008

Background: A transforaminal epidural steroid injection (TFESI) is one of the methods for the conservative treatment of the lumbar spinal stenosis. As efforts to prolong the therapeutic duration and to predict the outcome of TFESI are very important, we analyzed factors considered to be associated with the therapeutic duration of a TFESI. Methods: Between August 2006 and March 2007, 69 patients (Group A: patients with no pain relief, Group B: patients with pain relief of less than 6 months, Group C: patients with pain relief of more than 6 months) who failed to the medical treatment were included to undertake a fluoroscopic-guided TFESI. Prior to treatment, the VAS (visual analogue scale), ODI (Oswestry disability index), BDI (Beck depression inventory), and BAI (Beck anxiety inventory) scores were determined to evaluate the degree of pain, disability, and psychological status. The VAS and ODI scores were used to assess the degree of pain relief. To identify the total duration of pain relief, regular outpatient visits for six months were conducted, and for the patients who were not able to visit the outpatient clinic regularly, outcome was assessed by telephone interviews after six months. Results: The dural sac cross-sectional area (DSCSA), ODI, pain duration, BDI, BAI, and age showed similar distribution for patients in the A, B, and C groups. Conclusions: The DSCSA, ODI, pain duration, BDI, BAI, and age were not associated with the therapeutic duration of TFESI in lumbar spinal stenosis patients.

• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.473-482
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• 2007

When the material strength and ductility of shear studs is sufficient to carry the interface shear force, the composite beam can behave safely without premature structural failure in the interface and without ultimate moment reduction. In this study, the influence of the deformation capacity of shear studs embedded in high-strength concrete on structural behavior and design condition of composite beam is analyzed using FEM. In the analysis, load type, degree of shear connection and arrangement of studs are considered as analysis parameters. According to analysis results, in the case of partial interaction,the deformation capacity of studs embedded in high-strength concrete should be considered together with material strength. Especially in the case of uniform arrangement of studs and uniformly distributed load, a minimum available degree of shear connection is restricted by the deformation capacity of studs. In this case,shear studs should be arranged in consideration of the distribution of shear force at the composite section.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.40-44
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• 1968

1. The larvae of the pine gall-midge begin to grow slowly from early July but grow rapidly from September. 2. The number of larvae in the galls does not decrease during the feeding period. 3. Pine needles infested by pine gall-midge cease to grow as soon as the gall starts to form. 4. In Seoul district the effective felling season of the pine trees for the Control of the pine gall-midge seems to be around 20th September when the size of larvae reaches 1.4-1.5mm in length. 5. The stratification and direction of the Crown, and the length of new shoot had no effect on the degree of infestation by pine gall-midge. However the degree of infestation differed among the trees of different ages as well as at the different levels of the mountain.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.49-59
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• 2003

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect the of treatment in obesity clinic in east-west collaboration center, furthermore to search for how to join and improve east medicine and west medicine more closely. Methods : 37 patients were classified into four groups by Body Mass Index(BMI); normal, overweight, 1st obesity and 2nd obesity groups. Weight, BMI, body fat rate and abdominal fat rate were compared in each group by paired t-test. Results & Conclusions : In distribution of sex, male were 10(27%), female were 27(73%). Mean age was $34{\pm}13$ and the patients in twenties un the most. Among four groups, the number of End obesity groups was the most. Most patients had a preference for western medication and ear acupuncture therapy. In general we could find the correlation between the effect of obesity treatment and the degree of obesity. The more the obesity degree was, the more weight loss was.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.703-710
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• 2011

As the spacer in the membrane module provide the channel space to flow the feed solution smoothly and induce the flow turbulence, it could help to reduce both the concentration polarization and to take the long-term operation of membrane modules with high permeate flux by mixing the accumulated contaminants on the membrane surface into the bulk solution. In this study, the concentration distribution in membrane module with respect to the spacers which have the cross-sectional shapes of circle, cross, diamond and hexagon, the angles of spacer configuration, solute rejection and permeate flux were interpreted and optimized numerically using the "COMSOL Multiphysics" software. The concentration on the membrane surface was kept the lowest level for the cross-shape among the above four types of spacers. Also the 30 degree spacer configuration was showed as the most efficient case. The concentrations on the membrane surface at the module outlet for without spacer and the cross shape with the 30 degree spacer configuration were 2.09 and 1.29 times higher than those at inlet, respectively. The reduction effect of concentration polarization increased rapidly as the permeate flux increased.

• Journal of Industrial Convergence
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2022

This study analyzed the impact of supply chain management (SCM) and e-SCM on change acceptance capability, information sharing capability, partnership management capability, and business performance. This study and analysis were conducted targeting the employees of companies that introduced SCM and e-SCM in the metropolitan area and provinces. Change Acceptance Capability, Information Sharing Capability, Partnership Management Capability and Business Performance and the degree of relationship, between outcome variables, which are characteristic factors of SCM, were analyzed through a research model. Based on the survey results, nine research hypotheses were postulated, and the reliability, validity, and importance were examined. The research results supported by the research hypothesis can be summarized in two ways as follows. First, the company's capabilities were analyzed as major variables such as Acceptance Capability, Information Sharing Capability, Partnership Management Capability, and Business Performance. Second, the degree of relationship was analyzed in detail by classifying the necessary competencies in SCM into 4 categories, not the competencies of a specific company. This study is expected to provide appropriate information to SCM-related companies.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.586-592
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• 2022

In this study cerium nano particles(CNPs) with 0-4.0 wt% was incorporated to the conventional dental pit and fissure sealant(ConciseTM) to produce new pit and fissure sealant the physical properties and cytotoxicity. The physical properties were measured for polymerizing depth the degree of water absorption and solubility. The cytotoxicity of cell viability was analyzed by MTT assay using immortalized human oral keratinocyte(IHOK). As a result of this preceding study the polymerizing depth was decreased by the increasing of the amount of CNPs. The solubility degree of the sealant added CNPs with 2.0 wt% showed was the lower and the water absorption showed no significantly difference with the control groups(p>0.05). The cytotoxicity test results showed high survival rates in all experimental groups. Therefore, pit and fissure sealant by the addition of CNPs excellent cell viability be produced without weaken the physical property of the cell viability fissure sealant containing CNPs does not weaken physical properties and has no cytotoxic effects biocompatibility. Considering its properties effect of CNPs, further studies are required for distribution technology application.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.47-56
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• 2023

The Quercus variabilis and Quercus dentata, which are said to be relatively drought tolerant among the important genus Quercus that represent deciduous broad-leaved forests in Korea. These two species are widely distributed worldwide in Korea, Japan and China (northern, central, western and eastern subtropical regions). This study compared the ecological niche breadth and overlap according to growth response in 4 soil moisture gradients for the two species and tried to reveal degree of competition and ecological niche characteristics. The ecological niche breadth was 0.977±0.020 for Q. variabilis and 0.979±0.014 for Q. dentata, the latter being slightly wider. And they were similar in 5 traits (stem length, leaf lamina length, leaf width length, stem weight, leaf petiole weight), Q. variabilis was more dominant in 4 traits (leaves number, stem diameter, leaf area, leaf petiole length), and Q. dentata was more dominant in 7 traits (root length, shoot length, plant weight, root weight, shoot weight, leaf weight, leaf petiole weight). The ecological niche overlap for soil moisture between the two species overlapped most in plant structure-related traits and least in photosynthetic organ-related traits such as petiole length. As a result of principal component analysis, degree of competition between the two species for soil moisture was more severe when the soil moisture condition was low than high. Among the measured traits that affect the two-dimensional distribution, 8 traits (Leaves number, Shoot length, Stem length, Plant weight, Root weight, Shoot weight, Stem weight, Leaves weight) were correlated with the factor 1, and 2 traits (Leaf width length, Leaf petiole weight) were correlated with the factor 2 (r>0.5). These results show that the ecological response of the two species to soil moisture is not a few traits involved, but several traits are involved simultaneously.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.17 no.10
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• pp.125-134
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• 2019

Purpose - Environment-friendly behaviors are diverse and can be motivated by different factors. For example, magnitude of factors affecting recycling behavior could be different from those affecting purchasing of environmentally-friendly products. In this study, the focus is on usage satisfaction of consumers who have purchased environmentally-friendly products. Research design, data, and methodology - For this purpose, data were collected from a total of 345 users of environmentally-friendly products, consisting of 177 users of electric vehicles and 168 users of environmentally-friendly detergents. The study analyzed the relationships among consumer's innovation propensity, consumer's environmental concern, and usage satisfaction. In addition, the moderating effect of the product's innovativeness was examined. Results - The result shows that there is a relationship between consumer's innovation propensity and consumer's environmental concern. In particular, it is shown that both consumer's innovation propensity and consumer's environmental concern have positive effects on usage satisfaction. Further, there was a moderating effect of the product's innovativeness. Namely, products rated higher in innovativeness showed a greater effect of consumer's innovation propensity on usage satisfaction. The degree of the product's innovativeness also affected the directional paths of the relationships. In the electric vehicle (i.e., high product innovativeness) case, consumer's innovation propensity had a direct effect on usage satisfaction, as well as an indirect effect through consumer's environmental concern. In the environmentally-friendly detergent (i.e., low product innovativeness) case, consumer's innovation propensity only had an indirect effect on usage satisfaction, through consumer's environmental concern. Conclusions - Theoretical contributions of this study are as follows. Foremost, this is the first study that suggests an existence of a relationship between consumer's innovation propensity and consumer's environmental concern. Second, this study showed the positive effect of consumer's innovation propensity on usage satisfaction of environmentally-friendly products. Third, this study expanded the scope of previous studies by showing the interaction between consumer's innovation propensity and consumer's environmental concern. Lastly, this study showed that the effect of these variables on usage satisfaction can differ by the degree of innovativeness of the environmentally-friendly product. The results of the study will have implications for marketers and policy makers in formulating marketing activities and policies.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.67-74
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• 2016

Purpose - In this paper, the degree of similarity and dissimilarity between pairs of 50 major cities in China can be shown on the basis of three evaluation variables(internet businessman index, internet shopping index and e-commerce development index). Dissimilarity distance matrix is used to analyze both similarity and dissimilarity between each fifty city in China by calculating dissimilarity as distance. Higher value signifies higher degree of dissimilarity between two cities. Cluster analysis is exploited to classify 50 cities into a number of different groups such that similar cities are placed in the same group. In addition, multidimensional scaling(MDS) technique can obtain visual representation for exploring the pattern of proximities among 50 major cities in China based on three development performance attributes. Research design, data, and methodology - This research is performed by the 2013 report provided with AliResearch in China(1/1/2013~11/30/2013) and utilized multivariate methods such as dissimilarity distance matrix, cluster analysis and MDS by using CLUSTER, KMEANS, PROXIMITIES and ALSCAL procedures in SPSS 21.0. Results - This research applies two types of cluster analysis and MDS on three development performances based on the 2013 report of Aliresearch. As a result, it is confirmed that grouping is possible by categorizing the types into four clusters which share similar characteristics. MDS is exploited to carry out positioning of both grouped locations of cluster and 50 major cities belonging to each cluster. Since all the values corresponding to Shenzhen, Guangzhou and Hangzhou(which belong to cluster 1 among 50 major cities) are very large, these cities are superior to other cities in all three evaluation attributes. Twelve cities(Beijing, ShangHai, Jinghua, ZhuHai, XiaMen, SuZhou, NanJing, DongWan, ZhangShan, JiaXing, NingBo and FoShan), which belong to cluster 3, are inferior to those of cluster 1 in terms of all three attributes, but they can be expected to be the next e-commerce revolution. The rest of major cities, in particular, which belong to cluster 4 are relatively inferior in all three attributes, so that this automatically evokes creative innovation, which leads to e-commerce development as a whole in China. In terms of internet businessman index, on the other hand, Tainan, Taizhong, and Gaoxiong(which belong to cluster 2) are situated superior to others. However, these three cities are inferior to others in an internet shopping index sense. The rest of major cities, in particular, which belong to cluster 4 are relatively inferior in all three evaluation attributes, so that this automatically evokes innovation and entrepreneurship, which leads to e-commerce development as a whole in China. Conclusions - This study suggests the implications to help e-governmental officers and companies make strategies in both Korea and China. This is expected to give some useful information in understanding the recent situation of e-commerce in China, by looking over development performances of 50 major cities. Therefore, we should develop marketing, branding and communication relevant to online Chinese consumers. One of these efforts will be incentives like loyalty points and coupons that can encourage consumers and building in-house logistics networks.