• 비파괴검사학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.325-330
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• 2004

원자력발전소에는 여러 종류의 케이블이 전력공급, 감시 및 제어신호의 전달을 위해 열악한 환경하에서 이용되고 있다. 발전소의 안전한 운전을 위해서 이 케이블이 어느 정도 열화 되었는지 확인할 필요가 있다. 특히, 원자력발전소의 수명 연장과 더불어 저압 케이블을 장기간 사용함에 따라서 저압케이블의 열화를 평가하기 위한 방법이 필요하게 되었다 저압케이블의 열화를 측정하는 파라미터로는 주변 온도, 절연재질의 경도, 파단시 연신률(EAB, Elongation At Breaking Point) 등이 있다. 그러나, 온도나 경도를 계측하는 검사는 정량적인 판단기준의 설정이 곤란하고 진단의 정밀도가 낮으며, 부분적으로 샘플링하는 방법은 샘플링되는 케이블에 연결된 부하를 정전시켜야 하고 장소와 시간적인 제약이 있으며, 전기적 측정법은 노화 초기부터 중기까지의 열화정도를 확인하기 어렵다. 본 연구에서는 재료의 열화에 따라서 초음파의 음속이 변화한다는 이론적인 배경(1,2)을 바탕으로 저압 케이블 재료의 열화에 따른 초음파의 음속을 측정하였다. 이를 위해, 원자력발전소에서 사용되는 저압케이블을 가속 열화시켰으며, 저압케이블의 피복재에서 초음파의 음속을 측정할 수 있는 장비를 개발하여, 초음파의 음속측정 후 인장시험을 통해 파단시 연신률을 측정하였다. 파단시 연신률이 증가함에 따라서 음속이 선형적으로 감소하였으며, 초음파의 음속은 열화의 정량적 평가 파라미터로서의 사용 가능성을 확인할 수 있었다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제55권12호
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• pp.4561-4569
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• 2023

A correct understanding of vibration-based degradation is crucial from the standpoint of maintenance for Steam Generators (SG) as crucial mechanical equipment in nuclear power plants. This study has established a novel approach to developing a model for investigating tube bundle degradation according to crack growth caused by two-phase Flow-Induced Vibration (FIV). An important step in the approach is to calculate the two-phase flow field parameters between the SG tube bundles in various zones using the porous media model to determine the velocity and vapor volume fraction. Afterward, to determine the vibration properties of the tube bundles, the Fluid-Solid Interaction (FSI) analysis is performed in eighteen thermal-hydraulic zones. Tube bundle degradation based on crack growth using the sixteen most probable initial cracks and within each SG thermal-hydraulic zone is performed to calculate useful lifetime. Large Eddy Simulation (LES) model, Paris law, and Wiener process model are considered to model the turbulent crossflow around the tube bundles, simulation of elliptical crack growth due to the vibration characteristics, and estimation of SG tube bundles degradation, respectively. The analysis shows that the tube deforms most noticeably in the zone with the highest velocity. As a result, cracks propagate more quickly in the tube with a higher height. In all simulations based on different initial crack sizes, it was observed that zone 16 experiences the greatest deformation and, subsequently, the fastest degradation, with a velocity and vapor volume fraction of 0.5 m/s and 0.4, respectively.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.9-18
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• 1998

본 논문은 초음파 의용 영상에서 인체내의 매질의 초음파 속도의 불균일에 의한 focusing의 저하에 대하여 논하였다. simulation환경으로, 인체 내의 매질 중 속도 값이 가장 큰 차이가 나는 지방(fat)을 일정한 두께로 모델링하였다. 그리고 초음파 빔의 굴절에 의한 진행경로의 변화와 속도차이에 따른 시간지연에 의한 해상도 저하를 구하였다. 그리고 이를 보상하는 방법으로, 보상에 계산량이 많이 필요한 굴절을 무시하고, 속도차에 의한 시간지연만 보상하는 방법을 제안하였다. 제안한 방법을 적용할 경우 현재의 실시간 디지털 focusing 시스템에서 쉽게 구현 가능하다.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.327-339
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• 2022

The water-jet technique started by Bridgman can cut metal and alloys without harmful gas and fume. However, while this technique is convenient to cut metals and alloys, in the case of coated pipe, water jet induces the degradation of coatings on the pipes, and may facilitate structural failure, leakage, and loss of products. While there are many reports on the effect of water jet on cut metals and the damage of metallic materials, research on the effect of water impingement on the epoxy coatings has been little studied. In this work, we therefore control the velocity of water jet, distance between nozzle and specimen, and water temperature, and discuss the effect of water impingement on the epoxy coatings. Increasing water velocity and water temperature and reducing nozzle distance increased the degradation rates of three epoxy coatings were increased. Among three test parameters - water velocity, nozzle distance and water temperature, water temperature was relatively effective to increase the degradation rate of epoxy coatings.

• 비파괴검사학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.141-147
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• 2014

경제성과 함께 다양한 기능성으로 유리 및 금속제를 대체하고 있는 고분자 합성수지인 플라스틱(plastic) 재료의 열화(thermal degradation) 및 열적 특성을 비파괴적으로 평가하기 위하여 초음파의 전파특성(속도 및 감쇠)이 사용되었다. 플라스틱 재료중 범용 열가소성 재료인 높은 투명도의 아크릴 수지(PMMA)에 대해 유리전이온도($T_g$) 범위내에서 열화온도 및 열화시간에 따른 다양한 열화시편에 대해 전파특성 변화가 측정되었다. 열화가 진전될수록 감쇄는 증가하였고 속도는 감소함을 보였으며, 초음파 전파특성의 측정을 통해 열가소성 플라스틱 재료의 정량적 열화평가 및 유리전이온도($T_g$) 영역의 정성적 추정이 가능하였다.

• 한국공작기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국공작기계학회 2001년도 추계학술대회(한국공작기계학회)
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• pp.324-329
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• 2001

The destructive method is reliable and widely used for the estimation of material degradation but, it have time-consuming and a great difficulty in preparing specimens from in-service industrial facilities. Therefore, the estimation of degraded structural materials by nondestructive evaluation is strongly desired. In this paper, the use of guided wave was suggested for the evaluation of thermally damaged 2.25 Cr-lMo steel as an alternative way to compensate for limitations of fracture tests. The observation of microstructure variations of the material including carbide precipitation increase and spheroidization near grain boundary was conducted and the correlation with the guided wave features such as energy loss ratio and group velocity changes was investigated. Through this study, the feasibility of ultrasonic guided wave evaluation for thermally damaged materials was explored.

• 대한기계학회논문집
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• 제16권10호
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• pp.1869-1876
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• 1992

본 연구에서는 고온에서 높은 강도특성을 유지하면서 동시에 내마모성이 뛰어 나 가스터어빈의 부재로서의 사용이 기대되는 탄화규소(SiC) 세라믹에 대하여, 고체입 자의 충격에 의해 생기는 손상에 미치는 입자의 재질 및 크기의 영향을 조사하였다. 또 각 형태의 손상발생 임계치와 강도저하에 미치는 입자크기의 영향에 관해서도 검토 하였다.

• 열처리공학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.110-117
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• 2001

Artificial aging was performed to simulate the microstructural degradation in 2.25CrMo steel arising from long time exposure at $540^{\circ}C$. It was found that the carbides became coarser and spheroidized as aging time increased. An attempt was made to evaluate the microstructural degradation in artificially aging heat treated 2.25CrMo steel by the ultrasonic attenuation and velocity measurements. Ultrasonic velocity was found essentially insensitive to the microstructural changes resulting from aging heat treatment. However, the ultrasonic attenuation was observed to increase with increasing aging time. Also, it was noticed that the change of ultrasonic attenuation with aging time was more sensitive at high frequency regions.

• 한국공작기계학회논문집
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.61-67
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• 2001

The remaining life estimation for the aged component is very important because mechanical properties of the compo-nents are degraded with time of service exposure in high temperature etc. The destructive method is widely used for the estimation of material degradation, but it has a difficulty in preparing specimens from in-service industrial facilities. In order to evaluate the feasibility of ultrasonic evaluation method for properties of high temperature materials, 2.25Cr-1Mo steel specimens which were prepared by the isothermal aging heat treatment at 63$0^{\circ}C$ were evaluated by ultra-sonic measurements investigating the change of velocities and attenuation coefficient. In this results, attenuation coefficient was found to be sensitive to material degradation mainly attributed to the change of grain size and the precipitation of impurities in grain boundaries, but velocity was not for all specimens.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제64권4호
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• pp.427-436
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• 2017

Concrete technologists have used ultrasonic pulse velocity test for decades to evaluate the properties of concrete. However, the presented research work focuses on the use of ultrasonic pulse velocity test to study the degradation in steel-concrete bond subjected to increasing loading. A detailed experimental investigation was conducted by testing five identical beam specimens under increasing loading. The loading was increased from zero till failure in equal increments. From the experimentation, it was found that as the reinforced concrete beams were stressed from control unloaded condition till complete failure, the propagating ultrasonic wave velocity reduced. This reduction in wave velocity is attributed to the initiation, development, and propagation of internal cracking in the concrete surrounding the steel reinforcement. Using both direct and semidirect methods of testing, results of reduction in wave velocity with evidence of internal cracking at steel-concrete interface are presented. From the presented results and discussion, it can be concluded that the UPV test method can be successfully employed to identify zones of poor bonding along the length of reinforced concrete beam. The information gathered by such testing can be used by engineers for localizing repairs thereby leading to saving of time, labor and cost of repairs. Furthermore, the implementation strategy along with real-world challenges associated with the application of the proposed technique and area of future development have also been presented.