• 제목/요약/키워드: deficiency point

검색결과 177건 처리시간 0.032초

<니모를 찾아서> 캐릭터에 내재된 두려움과 욕망 분석: 에니어그램 성격유형론에 근거하여 (An Analysis of the Inherent Fear and Desire of the Character: Based on the Enneargram Personality Types Theory)

  • 양세혁
    • 만화애니메이션 연구
    • /
    • 통권29호
    • /
    • pp.1-36
    • /
    • 2012
  • 픽사(Pixar)의 2003년 작품 <니모를 찾아서>는 흥행과 비평 면에서 크게 성공함으로써 픽사를 가장 영향력 있는 애니메이션 제작사의 위치에 올려놓았다. 특히 캐릭터 중심의 서사전략은 캐릭터 성격화와 관계성의 완성도를 크게 높임으로써 캐릭터라이징의 교과서라 할 만한 업적을 이루었다. 본 연구에서는 <니모를 찾아서>의 캐릭터에 내재된 두려움과 욕망에 주목했는데, 캐릭터 성격화와 관계성을 보다 역동적이며 입체적으로 강화하는 요소라고 여겼기 때문이다. 일반적으로 인간은 두려움과 욕망에 의해 모든 선택과 행동의 방향이 정해지기 때문에 삶이 이 두 가지 요소의 지배를 받는다고 여겨지고 있다. 이러한 관점에서<니모를 찾아서>의 캐릭터라이징은 크게 세 가지 특성을 갖고 있다. 그것은 (1) 픽사의 다른 어떤 작품보다도 캐릭터의 내재된 두려움을 명확히 하고 있으며, 그 두려움을 회피하는 노력이 서사화 된다는 점. (2) 에니어그램 성격유형에서 정립한 두려움과 욕망에 의한 성격역동과 놀랍도록 일치한다는 점. (3) 중심 캐릭터(멀린, 니모)가 서로 떨어져 있는 구출과 탈출 플롯의 특성 상, 두려움이 해소되는 방식이 중심 캐릭터간의 상호 성격역동에 의한 것이 아닌, 중심 캐릭터의 결핍을 보완하는 정신적 가치를, 주변 캐릭터(도리, 길)로 성격화하여 이루어졌다는 점이다. 선행연구 작품인 <쿵푸팬더>에서는 팬더 포의 캐릭터라이징이 너무 월등하다는 점이 역설적인 한계로 작용하지만, 중심 캐릭터(포, 시푸)의 두려움+욕망 설정과 상호 성격역동은 매우 정교하며 효과적이었다. 반면에 <니모를 찾아서>는 중심 캐릭터인 아빠와 아들간의 갈등이 해결되는 과정에서 다양한 캐릭터와 서브플롯을 선보이며 신선한 재미와 견고한 서사구조를 갖추고 있지만, 중심 캐릭터의 두려움과 욕망 설정의 완성도가 매우 뛰어남에도 불구하고, 그 해소의 과정이 다소 의존적이라는 한계를 드러내고 있다. 끝으로 본 연구가 애니메이션 캐릭터라이징과 관련하여 또 다른 접근방법이 될 수 있으리라 사료되며, 캐릭터 성격화와 관계성 설정 시 도움이 되길 희망한다.

국내 X-관련성 범저감마글로불린혈증 세가족에 대한 Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase 단백질 발현 및 유전자 변이 분석 (Characterization of Mutations in Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase(Btk) Gene from Unrelated 3 X-linked Agammaglobulinemia(XLA) Families in Korea)

  • 송창화;조은경;박정규;김정수;홍수종;이재호
    • Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
    • /
    • 제45권3호
    • /
    • pp.302-310
    • /
    • 2002
  • 목 적: 본 연구에서는 임상적으로 XLA로 진단받고 현재 치료 중인 국내 환아 세가족의 네명의 환아와 모친 등을 대상으로 말초혈액 단핵구의 Btk 단백질 발현과 Btk 유전자 변이를 분석하고자 하였다. 방 법: 말초혈액 단핵구의 Btk 발현도를 항 Btk 항체를 이용한 유세포측정을 통해 분석하고 직접 염기서열 분석에 의해 Btk 유전자 변이를 분석하였다. 결 과 : 환아들의 B 림프구의 발현은 2.1% 미만으로 정상인에 비해 매우 저하되어 있었으며 유세포 측정에 의한 환아 단핵구 유래 Btk 단백질 발현도 1.0% 이하로 정상인에 비해 매우 감소되었다. 유전자 변이 분석 결과 XLA 가족 1과 3에서는 각각 intron 18과 intron 1의 짜집기 공여 위치 부위에서 1개의 점 돌연변이가 발견되었으며 cDNA상 짜집기 오류 현상을 야기하였다. 그리고 XLA 가족 2의 경우 exon 10을 포함하는 980 bp의 유전자 결손(intron 9+191T부터 intron 10-215C까지)이 발견되었으며 세계적으로 처음 보고되는 새로운 유전자 변이였다. 또한 가족 2의 경우 가족 중 환아에서 만 Btk 단백질 결핍 및 유전자 변이를 진단하여 국내 XLA의 환아 중 최초의 산발적인 발병 양상을 확인하였다. 결 론: 본 연구 결과를 종합해 볼 때 임상적으로 XLA로 진단된 환아와 가족에 대한 항 Btk 항체를 이용한 유세포측정 방법은 XLA 환아 및 보인자의 진단에 매우 유용한 방법으로 생각된다. 또한 분자유전학 기법을 이용하여 Btk의 noncoding region을 포함한 광범위한 유전자 영역의 염기서열 분석을 시행한 결과 새로운 1개의 유전자 결손 및 2개의 점돌연변이에 의한 짜집기 오류를 확인하여 XLA를 최종 확진할 수 있었다.

국제물품매매계약(CISG)의 운송유보권 하에서 운송인의 법적지위에 관한 연구 (A Study on the legal position of the carrier under the right of stoppage in transit of CISG)

  • 임재욱
    • 통상정보연구
    • /
    • 제16권3호
    • /
    • pp.159-182
    • /
    • 2014
  • CISG 제71조 제2항은 매도인에게 부여된 권한으로 지급을 받지 못한 매도인은 운송 중에 있는 물품에 대하여 매수인에게 인도하지 못하도록 운송을 중지시킬 권한을 가지고 있으며, 운송증권이 이미 매수인에게 교부된 때에도 그러하다고 규정한 소위 운송유보권을 의미한다. 운송유보권 하에서 운송인은 물품에 대한 인도의 책임이 발생하게 되는데, 정당한 증권을 소지한 매수인 또는 선의의 소지인이 물품의 인도를 요구하는 경우, 만약 인도를 거부한다면 매수인으로부터의 손해배상책임을 피할 수 없고, 인도를 한다면 매도인으로부터 손해배상책임을 피할 수 없게 되므로 운송인의 법적지위가 취약하게 될 것이다. 본 논문은 운송유보권 하에서 운송인의 법적 지위의 취약함과 운송유보권의 취지에 맞는 운송인의 법적 행위 및 다양한 매매계약의 성격에 따른 운송유보권의 행사 가능성에 대하여 논하고자 하였다. 이와 관련 매도인이 운송유보권을 행사했음에도 불구하고 매수인이 물건을 수취한 경우, 매수인이 매도인에 대하여 손해배상의무를 진다고 해석, 사실상 매수인에게 물품이 인도되는 것을 방지하고 있다는 주장이 있으나, 이는 운송유보권의 취지에 비추어 볼 때 운송유보권의 발동을 무의미하게 하는 주장이므로 타당하지 않다. 운송유보권이 발동된 경우 매수인은 계약 이행에 관한 적절한 담보를 제공함으로써 운송유보권을 해제하여야 하며, 그렇지 못한 경우 운송인은 매수인에게 화물을 인도함으로써 추후 매수인에게 손해배상의무를 지도록 하는 면책행위를 행하지 못하도록 함이 타당하다고 판단된다. 또한 운송유보권은 물품매매계약의 지급결제방식과 운송방식 및 선화증권의 형태 등에 따라 그 행사유무가 각각 달라질 수 있을 것이다. 신용장 방식의 경우 운송유보권의 행사는 불필요하며, 신용장 이외의 모든 결제방식에서 운송유보권의 행사가 가능할 것이다. 운송방식과 관련하여 대부분의 경우 운송유보권의 행사가 가능하나, 만일 매수인 자신이 선주인 경우나 운송인이 매수인의 대리인인 경우라면 운송유보권은 행사가 힘들다고 판단된다. 또한 운송증권의 형태와 상관없이 운송인이 화물을 매수인에게 인도하기 전이라면 운송유보권의 행사가 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

  • PDF

최근국제항공보안대책(最近國際航空保安対策)의 제간제(諸間題) -특히 법적측면(法的測面)을 중심(中心)으로- (Some New Problems of International Aviation Security- Considerations Forcused on its Legal Aspects)

  • 최완식
    • 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
    • /
    • 제5권
    • /
    • pp.53-75
    • /
    • 1993
  • This article is concerned with the comment on "Some New Problems of International Aviation Security-Considerations Forcused on its Legal Aspects". Ever since 1970, in addition to the problem of failure to accept the Tokyo, Hague and Montreal Conventions, there has been also the problem of parties to them, failing to comply with their obligations under the respective treaties, in the form especially of nominal penalties or the lack of any effort to prosecute after blank refusals to extradite. There have also been cases of prolonged detention of aircraft, passengers and hostages. In this regard, all three conventions contain identical clauses which submit disputes between two or more contracting States concerning the interpretation or application of the respective conventions to arbitration or failing agreement on the organization of the arbitration, to the International Court of Justice. To the extent to which contracting States have not contracted out of this undertaking, as I fear they are expressly allowed to do, this promision can be used by contracting States to ensure compliance. But to date, this avenue does not appear to have been used. From this point of view, it may be worth mentioning that there appears to be an alarming trend towards the view that the defeat of terrorism is such an overriding imperative that all means of doing so become, in international law, automatically lawful. In addition, in as far as aviation security is concerned, as in fact it has long been suggested, what is required is the "application of the strictest security measures by all concerned."In this regard, mention should be made of Annex 17 to the Chicago Convention on Security-Safeguarding International Civil Aviation against Acts of Unlawful Intereference. ICAO has, moreover, compiled, for restricted distribution, a Security Manual for Safeguarding Civil Aviation Against Acts of Unlawful Interference, which is highly useful. In this regard, it may well be argued that, unless States members of ICAO notify the ICAO Council of their inability to comply with opecific standards in Annex 17 or any of the related Annexes in accordance with Article 38 of the 1944 Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation, their failure to do so can involve State responsibility and, if damage were to insure, their liability. The same applies to breaches of any other treaty obligation. I hope to demonstrate that although modes of international violence may change, their underlying characteristics remain broadly similar, necessitating not simply the adoption of an adequate body of domestic legislation, firm in its content and fairly administered, but also an international network of communication, of cooperation and of coordination of policies. Afurther legal instrument is now being developed by the Legal Committee of ICAO with respect to unlawful acts at International airports. These instruments, however, are not very effective, because of the absence of universal acceptance and the deficiency I have already pointed out. Therefore, States, airports and international airlines have to concentrate on prevention. If the development of policies is important at the international level, it is equally important in the domestic setting. For example, the recent experiences of France have prompted many changes in the State's legislation and in its policies towards terrorism, with higher penalties for terrorist offences and incentives which encourage accused terrorists to pass informations to the authorities. And our government has to tighten furthermore security measures. Particularly, in the case an unarmed hijacker who boards having no instrument in his possession with which to promote the hoax, a plaintiff-passenger would be hard-pressed to show that the airline was negligent in screening the hijacker prior to boarding. In light of the airline's duty to exercise a high degree of care to provide for the safety of all the passengers on board, an acquiescence to a hijacker's demands on the part of the air carrier could constitute a breach of duty only when it is clearly shown that the carrier's employees knew or plainly should have known that the hijacker was unarmed. The general opinion is that the legal oystem could be sufficient, provided that the political will is there to use and apply it effectively. All agreed that the main responsibility for security has to be borne by the governments. A state that supports aviation terrorism is responsible for violation of International Aviation Law. Generally speaking, terrorism is a violation of international law. It violates the sovereign rights of states, and the human rights of the individuals. We have to contribute more to the creation of a general consensus amongst all states about the need to combat the threat of aviation terrorism. I think that aviation terrorism as becoming an ever more serious issue, has to be solved by internationally agreed and closely co - ordinated measures.

  • PDF

동의보감(東醫寶鑑)을 위주(爲主)로한 비만의 원인(原因), 증상(症狀), 치료법(治療法) 연구 (A Study on etiological factors, symptoms of a disease, and treatments of obesity based on Dong-Yi Bo Gam)

  • 김석;진승희;김태희
    • 대한한의학회지
    • /
    • 제19권2호
    • /
    • pp.125-136
    • /
    • 1998
  • This study is on the etiological factors of the obesity, symptoms of a disease caused by the etiological factors and the method of medical treatment resulted from symptoms of a disease, it is based on Dong-Yi Bo Gam. The conclusion of this study is as follows. 1. The final metabolic of fat is depend on the defensive energy. The shape of fatty layer is changed by the point where the defensive energy is replenish or not. So 'Goin(暠人)' 'Bein(肥人)' and 'Yuckin(肉人)' is made a discriminated and there is defferent between 'Besudaeso(肥瘦大小)' and 'Herlqidaso(血氣多少)'. 2. Etiological factors of obesity is ; essential substance from cereals overcome the primodial energy, spleen and stomach are strong at once, spleen and stomach are weak at once, spleen is disturbed by evil energy, retention of phlegm and fluid, muscle is weak, blood is excess but energy (qi)is weak, hua-sid(華食) eating the sweat food very often, a rich fatty diet. 3. To investigate each syndrome as etiological factons, essential substance from cereals overcome primodial energy is divided into two case: one is the food increase itself because of the weakness of stomach energy (qi), the other is not to digest the food because liver overact spleen by seven emotion. The obesity because of strengthen of the spleen and stomach at once do not feel hungry very well and spleen and stomach do not damaged easily by overacting. The obesity because of weakness of spleen and stomach at once, and disturbace in spleen cause by evil energy, gain the weight even if they eat food a little. Also it is hard to move four limbs. Weakness of muscle is weakness of spleen and stomach. Weakness of muscle is caused by weakness of spleen and stomach. That is the case of faining the weight because of eating food with an empty stomach. The obsity caused by retention of fluid has intestine rumbling and gain the weight suddenly. 4. The method of medical treatment fallowing to the etiological factors: The food is inclined to increase itself caused by weakness of stomach energy, In case of the obseity caused by this phenomenon. We can use Decoction for Reinforcing Middle wanner and Replenishing Qi(補中益氣湯), five tastes il-going-san(左味異功散) and so on. The method of medical treatment on obsity caused by strengthen of spleen and stomach is not referred yet. But we must investigate about using peptic powder(平胃散), ji-chul-huan(枳朮丸) for strengthen of stomach qi (胃氣). If the obesity appear caused by weakness of spleen and stomach and disturbance in spleen as to evil energy, and in the same time stomach qi is weak, we can use li-gong san(異功散). If not only obesity but also indigestion, we can use Decoction for naurishing the stomach and promotion eating(養胃進食湯). If not only obesity but also weakness of spleen and stomach, we can use Decoction for Reinforcing Middle warmer and replenishing Qi(補中益氣湯). The energy being weak, we can use Decoction for six noble drugs(六君子湯). If the obesity appear because of retention of fluid, we can use sin-chul-huan(神朮丸). On the obesit, caused by excess of blood and weakness of qi(血管氣虛), there is not method of mectical treatment yet, but the method of medical treatment that we count of first important maybe to invigorate the spleen and the lung qi and to disperse and recitify the depressed liver energy(疏肝利氣). The method of medical treament about the obesity caused by a rich fatty diet is not mentioned yet, but it is important to improve the lifestyle of food and we think that invigorate the spleen, and the lung-qi(補疏肝氣) and disperse and recitify the depressed liver-energy (??肝利機) amy count of first important. 5.There is useful medicine for weight down for example Herb tea(茶), red bean, wax gourd, etc. 6.The etiological factors of the obesity that revive frequently is weakness of qi(氣虛), from 形成氣衰, deficiency of yang, hasty of qi, damp and so on. The symptoms and sign of a disease that revive frequently to the obesity is appoplexia(中風), leucorrhea, reddish and whitish turbid, feeling of fullness in the upper abdomen, diabetes and so on.

  • PDF

멸종위기종 남방동사리의 보전을 위한 상세 분포 지역 및 개체군 크기 파악 (Identifying Distribution Areas and Population Sizes for the Conservation of the Endangered Species Odontobutis obscura)

  • 김정희;박상현;백승호;백충열
    • 생태와환경
    • /
    • 제57권2호
    • /
    • pp.102-110
    • /
    • 2024
  • 본 연구는 현장조사와 문헌조사를 통해 멸종위기종 남방동사리의 정밀분포 현황을 제시하였으며, mark-recapture 방법을 활용하여 주요 서식구간에 대해 개체군 크기를 파악하였다. 거제도 내 18개 지방하천을 대상으로 현장조사를 실시한 결과 산양천 수계에 포함되는 산양천, 구천천, 부춘천 본류 및 유입지류에서만 남방동사리의 서식이 확인되었다. 남방동사리는 출현 지점별 0.5%에서 35.3%의 상대 풍부도를 보였으며, 일부지점에 대해서 상대풍부도가 높게(18.8~35.3%) 나타나 집중 서식 지역으로 확인되었다. 총 6건의 문헌 연구에서 남방동사리의 서식 여부를 확인하였으나 연구의 목적, 범위, 기간에 따라 출현 현황의 차이를 보였다. 현장조사와 문헌조사를 포함하여 분포 지역을 확인한 결과 남방동사리는 산양천, 구천천, 부춘천 본류 및 유입하천의 최상류부터 하류까지 고르게 서식하고 있었다. 현재 산양천 수계의 남방동사리는 수계 내 안정적인 서식을 유지하고 있으나 제한된 분포 범위는 장기적으로 유전적 다양성 결핍과 같은 문제를 내포하고 있다. 남방동사리 개체군 크기는 총 2개 지점에서 최종 확인되었다. 지점별 단위면적 (m2)당 0.5개체에서 1.5개체가 서식하는 것으로 확인되었으며, 방류지점으로부터 이동거리는 평균 13.1 m로 매복형 포식자의 제한된 이동 특성을 보였다. 멸종위기종 연구에서 종의 분포와 개체군 크기에 대한 현황을 파악하는 것은 멸종위기종 보전 및 보호를 위한 기초이며 중요한 단계이다. 이러한 정보를 바탕으로 서식지 위협 요인 분석, 기초 생태 (먹이, 서식, 산란) 연구, 환경유전자 활용 남방동사리 탐지기술 개발 등의 추가 연구가 이루어진다면 남방동사리의 보호에 큰 도움이 될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

방화범죄의 실태와 그 대책 - 관심도와 동기의 다양화에 대한 대응 - (The Reserch on Actual Condition of Crime of Arson Which Occurs in Korea and Its Countermeasures)

  • 최종태
    • 시큐리티연구
    • /
    • 제1호
    • /
    • pp.371-408
    • /
    • 1997
  • This article is the reserch on actual condition of crime of arson which occurs in Korea and its countermeasures. The the presented problem in this article are that (1) we have generally very low rate concern about the crime of arson contrary to realistic problems of rapid increase of crime of arson (2) as such criminal motives became so diverse as to the economic or criminal purpose unlike characteristic and mental deficiency of old days, and to countermeasure these problems effectively it presentation the necessity of systemantic research. Based on analysis of reality of arson, the tendency of this arson in Korea in the ratio of increase is said to be higher than those in violence crime or general fire rate. and further its rate is far more greater than those of the U.S.A. and Japan. Arson is considered to be a method of using fire as crime and in case of presently residence to be the abject, it is a public offense crime which aqccompany fatality in human life. This is the well It now fact to all of us. And further in order to presentation to the crime of arson, strictness of criminal law (criminal law No, 164 and 169, and fire protection law No. 110 and 111) and classification of arsonist as felony are institutionary reinforced to punish with certainty of possibility, Therefore, as tendency of arson has been increased compared to other nations, it is necessary to supplement strategical policy to bring out overall concerns of the seriousness of risk and damage of arson, which have been resulted from the lack of understanding. In characteristics analysis of crime of arson, (1) It is now reveald that, in the past such crime rate appeared far more within the boundary of town or city areas in the past, presently increased rate of arsons in rural areas are far more than in the town or small city areas, thereby showing characteristics of crime of arson extending nation wide. (2) general timetable of arson shows that night more than day time rate, and reveald that is trait behavior in secrecy.(3) arsonists are usually arrested at site or by victim or report of third person(82,9%).Investigation activities or self surrenders rate only 11.2%. The time span of arrest is normally the same day of arson and at times it takes more than one year to arrest. This reveals its necessity to prepare for long period of time for arrest, (4) age rate of arson is in their thirties mostly as compared to homicide, robbery and adultery, and considerable numbers of arsons are in old age of over fifties. It reveals age rate is increased (5) Over half of the arsonists are below the junior high school (6) the rate of convicts by thier records is based on first offenders primarily and secondly more than 4 time convicts. This apparently shows necessity of effective correctional education policy for their social assimilation together with re-investigation of human education at the primary and secondary education system in thier life. The examples of motivation for arosnits, such as personal animosity, fury, monetary swindle, luscious purpose and other aims of destroying of proof, and other social resistance, violence including ways of threatening, beside the motives of individual defects, are diverse and arsonic suicide and specifically suicidal accompany together keenly manifested. When we take this fact with the criminal theory, it really reveals arsons of crime are increasing and its casualities are serious and a point as a way of suicide is the anomie theory of Durkheim and comensurate with the theory of that of Merton, Specifically in the arson of industrial complex, it is revealed that one with revolutionary motive or revolting motive would do the arsonic act. For the policy of prevention of arsons, professional research work in organizational cooperation for preventive activities is conducted in municipal or city wise functions in the name of Parson Taskforces and beside a variety of research institutes in federal government have been operating effectively to countermeasure in many fields of research. Franch and Sweden beside the U.S. set up a overall operation of fire prevention research funtions and have obtained very successful result. Japan also put their research likewise for countermeasure. In this research as a way of preventive fire policy, first, it is necessary to accomodate the legal preventitive activities for fire prevention in judicial side and as an administrative side, (1) precise statistic management of crime of arson (2) establishment of professional research functions or a corporate (3) improvement of system for cooperative structural team for investigation of fires and menpower organization of professional members. Secondly, social mentality in individual prospect, recognition of fires by arson and youth education of such effect, educational program for development and practical promotion. Thirdly, in view of environmental side, the ways of actual performance by programming with the establishment of cooperative advancement in local social function elements with administrative office, habitants, school facilities and newspapers measures (2) establishment of personal protection where weak menpowers are displayed in special fire prevention measures. These measures are presented for prevention of crime of arson. The control of crime and prevention shall be prepared as a means of self defence by the principle of self responsibility Specifically arsonists usually aims at the comparatively weak control of fire prevention is prevalent and it is therefore necessary to prepare individual facilities with their spontaneous management of fire prevention instead of public municipal funtures of local geverment. As Clifford L. Karchmer asserted instead of concerns about who would commit arson, what portion of area would be the target of the arson. It is effective to minister spontaveously the fire prevention measure in his facility with the consideration of characteristics of arson. On the other hand, it is necessary for the concerned personnel of local goverment and groups to distribute to the local society in timely manner for new information about the fire prevention, thus contribute to effective result of fire prevention result. In consideration of these factors, it is inevitable to never let coincide with the phemonemon of arsons in similar or mimic features as recognized that these could prevail just an epedemic as a strong imitational attitude. In processing of policy to encounter these problems, it is necessary to place priority of city policy to enhancement of overall concerns toward the definitive essense of crime of arson.

  • PDF