• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.36-47
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• 2010

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of skin application with Gelidium amansii extract on skin with deep second degree burns in mice. Methods: BALB/c mice were divided into four groups: normal (NOR) group; burn-elicited mice (CON) group, Silmazine-treated mice after burn elicitation (ST) group, and Gelidium amansii-extract treated mice after burn elicitation (GT) group. To examine the skin recovery effect after burn, changes of burn area, angiogenesis and histologic structure were analyzed. To measure effect of edema regulation, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) was analyzed. To estimate the skin regenerative & stable effect, 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) and substance P were analyzed. Results: 2 weeks later, 1. The size of burn area decreased in the GT and ST groups more than the CON group. 2. Alleviation of angiogenesis appeared in the GT and ST groups more than in the CON group. 3. Blood clot, epithelial cell hyperplasia, and inflammatory cell infiltration declined in the GT and ST groups more than in the CON group. 4. MMP-9, BrdU, and substance P positive reaction decreased in the GT and ST groups more than in the CON group 5. In the comparative study, the GT group was superior to the ST group. Conclusion: The skin application of Gelidium amansii extract could lessen skin damage by the medium of regulation MMP-9 activation. This skin stabilization was induced in mice with deep second degree burns.

• Journal of the Korean Burn Society
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.30-33
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• 2021

Purpose: Dalgona, a kind of candy made of caramelized sugar, is a popular snack for children. Given the popularity of preparing dalgona, increasingly many patients are treated for burns sustained while preparing dalgona. We report the clinical features and dangers of burns from dalgona. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the clinical records of 11 inpatients and outpatients who had been treated for burns they received while preparing dalgona from March 2020 to December 2020. The data reviewed were age, sex, the severity of the burn, the size and location of the burn, the type of treatment, and the place where the injury occurred. Results: The age of the patients ranged from 3 to 19 years, and the average age was 10.2 years (2 male, 9 female). Three patients had superficial second-degree burns, while eight had deep second-degree or third-degree burns. Most of the cases were treated with a local skin flap or skin graft. All the burned lesions were on the hands and feet. In all cases, the burns occurred at home due to accidental spillage. Conclusion: Most of the patients were children and teenagers, and they had serious burns. Therefore, we report these findings to emphasize the need for public awareness of the potential for burn injuries to occur during dalgona preparation.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.20 no.1 s.32
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• pp.285-293
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• 2007

Burn is a dermal injury mainly caused by heat. It occurs by flame, boiling water or liquid, steam, sparks, chemicals, radiation, and electricity. Burn is classified as four grades depending on how deep into the skin a person is burned. As the deep second-degree burns possibly leave scars, it can have various physical, psychological, and aesthetical effects with seriousness on the patient with a burn. This report is on the 50-year-old female patient who had a burn with boiling water and a mixture condition of superficial and deep second degree burn. The Korean medical treatments such as Herbal acupuncture, Herbal medication, Acupuncture, Herbal-ointment were used for 17 days to treat effectively the patient with a mixture of superficial and deep second degree burn. It is difficult to find out the report that treats a burn with Korean medical treatment. If more clinical treatments as in this report are proved to be effective, we are able to expect that Korean medical treatment should be a good treatment in burn.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.107-121
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• 2010

Objective: This study aimed to ascertain the curative effects of Gamisipjeon-tang (GST) used for wound healing on the skin regeneration of deep second degree burns in mice. Material & Methods: In vitro, the $I{\kappa}B$ kinase (IKK) mRNA expression, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA expression, and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA expression in the GST concentration from 1 mg/$m{\ell}$ to 10 mg/$m{\ell}$ were measured. In vivo, the mice were divided into four groups : the normal group, the BE group (burn-elicited group, control group), the DC group (Duoderm CGF-treated group after burn elicitation), and the GST group (Gamisipjeon-tang treated group after burn elicitation). To determine the anti-inflammatory effects, nuclear factor (NF)-${\kappa}B$ p65, iNOS, COX-2 positive reaction were measured by immunohistochemistry. To estimate the skin regenerative effects, change of burn area, 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU), and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) positive reaction were analyzed. Results: In vitro, the iNOS, IKK, COX-2 mRNA expression decreased according to the increase of GST concentration. The significant decrease of COX-2, iNOS, NF-${\kappa}B$ positive reaction were the highest in the GST group, followed by the DC group and the BE group (p<0.05). The diameter of burn area was significantly decreased in the GST group as compared to that in the DC and BE group (p<0.05). The BrdU and FGF positive reaction increased more significantly in the GST group than in the DC group, and more significantly in the DC group than in the BE group on the 3rd and 7th day after burn (p<0.05). FGF positive reaction increased in the BE and DC group, whereas it decreased significantly in the GST group on the 14th day (p<0.05). The BrdU positive reaction increased in the BE group, whereas it decreased significantly in the DC and GST group on the 14th day (p<0.05). Conclusions: This study shows that GST could decrease the inflammatory response and accelerate the skin regeneration as compared to the duoderm CGF in mice with deep second degree burns.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.250-254
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• 2005

Burns due to epileptic seizures are commonly deep and usually require operative treatment. The purpose of this study is to identify the characteristics of burned epileptic patients that could lead to the development of preventive programs to reduce the incidence of burn injuries. We analyzed epidemiological data for 34 patients acutely burned due to epileptic seizure admitted retrospectively. There were 15 male and 19 female subjects. The age distribution was from 6 years to 70 years with the mean age of 42.7 years. Seizures usually occurred while carrying out daily domestic chores. Scalding burns were the most common(38.2%) and most burns were above deep second degree(94.1%). The most common seizure type was generalized tonic-clonic, followed by absence and complex partial. The seizure mostly occurred in the morning because the therapeutic blood level of antiepileptic drugs was decreased extremely at that time by stopping drug arbitrarily or taking inadequately. So more frequent follow-ups at the neurology outpatient clinics for epileptics should be strictly reinforced to maintain the adequate therapeutic blood levels of antiepileptic drugs and fire protective implements should be prepared in the house.

• Journal of the Korean Burn Society
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.49-52
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• 2019

Purpose: Little information has been published regarding minor burn injuries in infants, most of which are preventable. To fill this research gap, this study explored the patterns and mechanisms of burn injuries in infants to ascertain whether such incidents can be prevented. Methods: This was a retrospective study, based on data collected prospectively from all infants (<12 months old) admitted to our hospital with burns in the four-year period between January 1, 2015 and December 31, 2018. A medical record review provided basic demographic information, such as age at the time of injury, sex, cause of injury, duration of treatment, operative treatment, and the extent and type of burn, as well as the anatomical region involved. Results: Fifty-seven infants were diagnosed with burn injuries, with scalding being the most common type (47%), followed by contact (32%) and steam (14%). Seven infants of eight steam burn patients injured by pressure cooker. Superficial second degree was the most common depth of injury (72%) followed by first degree (17%) and deep second degree (8%). Average age per injury type was calculated by independent T-test. Average ages of patients with contact and steam burns were significantly lower (7.06 months; P=0.19) and higher (9.25 months; P=0.005), respectively, than for other burn types. Conclusion: Given that infants cannot control their body movements, talk, or manage by themselves, they are entirely dependent on the proper care of adults. Consequently, in addition to the prevention of burns, special care should be taken for the pressure cooker.

• The Journal of Korean Society for School & Community Health Education
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2012

Backgrounds: Burn of children and adolescents is an accident due to careless protector in many case. All the pediatric burns are preventable. We investigated the characteristics of pediatric burns. Such data can propose proper health educational program designs to suit the community. Purpose: This study aims to analyse the characteristics of pediatric burn patients and to discusses a possible prevention program for this population. Methods: The subjects were 77 patients reviewed burn injury in pediatric under 15 years old. Data were burn center of the B General Hospital from January 1 to December 31 2009 and a retrospective epidemiological study was collecting medical records. Results: seventy-seven children and adolescents with burn were admission treated for Burns and they were 54.5% boys and 45.5% girls. An incidence of age group with pediatric burn was less than one year of age(46.8%), 2-3 year(27.3%), 4~7year(10.4%), over 8 years old(15.6). Length of stay hospitalization was 1~2 week(32.9%) highest percentage and second-degree deep burns were 41.6% the highest percentage. Divided by the age of about 3, length of stay, ICU status, time of injury onset, cause, indication, place of accident, treatment, degree, region of burns had a statistically significant difference. Conclusion: Less than one year of age was the highest percentage. Divided by the age of about 3, Characteristics and factors affecting the range of burn were significant. Education and guide are necessary to reduce incidence of pediatric burns.

• Journal of Korean Academic Society of Home Health Care Nursing
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.194-201
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• 2023

Purpose: Post-burn pruritus is one of the most prevalent complications experienced by burn patients. Though medications are prescribed for pruritus, managing this condition can prove challenging. The aim of this research was to develop and disseminate non-pharmacological self-management educational resources, and subsequently evaluate the effectiveness of implementing a percussion therapy approach. Methods: A one-group pretest-posttest design was employed to evaluate the effect of percussion therapy on one hundred patients, all of whom had suffered deep second-degree burns and undergone skin graft surgery. Variables such as the severity of pruritus, distress caused by pruritus, and satisfaction with pruritus treatment were scrutinized. A paired t-test was conducted to compare these variables before and after the intervention. Results: The majority of participants were diagnosed with third-degree burns, and the average Total Body Surface Area (TBSA) affected was 25.2%. Post-test results revealed a marked reduction in both severity and distress caused by pruritus. The intervention led to significant decreases in average severity and pain due to itchiness, and an increase in the satisfaction level following the application of percussion therapy. Conclusions: The implementation of the percussion was identified as effective in diminishing post-burn pruritus, alleviating pruritus-associated pain, and enhancing satisfaction with pruritus treatment. The percussion approach presents itself as a non-invasive, non-pharmacological strategy for managing pruritus in burn patients.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.207-214
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• 2012

Burns are one of the most devastating forms of trauma and wound healing is a complex and multicellular process, which is executed and regulated by signaling networks involving numerous growth factors, cytokines, and chemokines. Recombinant human granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (rhGM-CSF) was specifically produced from rice cell culture through use of a recombinant technique in our laboratory. The effect of rhGM-CSF on promotion of deep second-degree burn wound healing on the back skin of a hamster model was evaluated through a randomized and double-blind trial. As macroscopic results, hamster skins of the experimental groups showed earlier recovery by new epidermis than the control groups. Immunohistochemical reactions of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and transforming growth factor-b1, which are indicators of cell proliferation, were more active in the experimental group, compared with the control group. On electron microscopy, basal cells in the epidermis of the experimental group showed oval nuclei, prominent nucleoli, numerous mitochondria and abundant free ribosomes. In addition, fibroblasts contained well-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum with dilated cisternae. Bundles of collagen fibrils filled the extracellular spaces. Particularly, ultrastructural features indicating active metabolism for regeneration of injured skin at 15 days after burn injury, including abundant euchromatin, plentiful free ribosomes, and numerous mitochondria, were observed. These findings suggest that use of rhGM-CSF could result in accelerated deep second-degree burn wound healing in animal models.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.143-149
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• 2012

Background : Axillary osmidrosis is characterized by an unpleasant odor, profuse sweating, and in some instances, staining of clothes that may socially and psychologically impair affected individuals. Various types of surgical procedures have been developed for the treatment of axillary osmidrosis. This study was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of subcutaneous pulsed neodymium: yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd-YAG) laser treatment for the treatment of axillary osmidrosis. Methods : Twenty-nine patients with axillary osmidrosis were included in this study. Patients were categorized according to the results of an axillary malodor grading system, and a subcutaneous pulsed Nd-YAG laser was applied to all patients. The treatment area for the appropriate distribution of laser energy was determined using the iodine starch test (Minor's test) against a grid pattern composed of $2{\times}2cm$ squares. The endpoint of exposure was 300 to 500 J for each grid, depending on the preoperative evaluation results. The results were evaluated by measurement of axillary malodor both pre- and postoperatively using the grading system and iodine starch test. Results : The average follow-up period was 12.8 months. Nineteen patients had a fair-to-good result and ten patients had poor results. The postoperative Minor's test demonstrated that there were remarkable improvements for patients with mild to moderate symptoms. Complications including superficial second degree burns (n=3) were treated in a conservative manner. A deep second degree burn (n=1) was treated by a surgical procedure. Conclusions : Subcutaneous pulsed Nd-YAG laser has many advantages and is an effective noninvasive treatment for mild to moderate axillary osmidrosis.