• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.119-123
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• 2012

In the present study, the antinociceptive profiles of $Agrimonia$ $pilosa$ $Ledeb$ extract were examined in ICR mice. $Agrimonia$ $pilosa$ $Ledeb$ extract administered orally (200 mg/kg) showed an antinociceptive effect as measured by the tail-flick and hot-plate tests. In addition, $Agrimonia$ $pilosa$ $Ledeb$ extract attenuated the writhing numbers in the acetic acid-induced writhing test. Furthermore, the cumulative nociceptive response time for intrathecal (i.t.) injection of substance P (0.7 ${\mu}g$) was diminished by $Agrimonia$ $pilosa$ $Ledeb$ extract. Intraperitoneal (i.p.) pretreatment with yohimbine (${\alpha}_2$-adrenergic receptor antagonist) attenuated antinociceptive effect induced by $Agrimonia$ $pilosa$ $Ledeb$ extract in the writhing test. However, naloxone (opioid receptor antagonist) or methysergide (5-HT serotonergic receptor antagonist) did not affect antinociception induced by $Agrimonia$ $pilosa$ $Ledeb$ extract in the writhing test. Our results suggest that $Agrimonia$ $pilosa$ $Ledeb$ extract shows an antinociceptive property in various pain models. Furthermore, this antinociceptive effect of $Agrimonia$ $pilosa$ $Ledeb$ extract may be mediated by ${\alpha}_2$-adrenergic receptor, but not opioidergic and serotonergic receptors.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.768-777
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• 2009

The characteristics of stormwater runoff was examined on distinct types of agricultural and industrial area in Lake Sihwa watershed. During rainfall event, the peak concentrations of SS, $COD_{Mn}$, and TP were observed after 6~11 hours of rainfall in agricultural areas. Whereas, the peak concentrations occurred within the first one hour after rainfall and then the highest concentration of NPS pollutants sharply decreased, showing strong first flush effect in industrial areas. The strong first flush effect of suspended solid was apparent in agricultural areas, while those of organic matters and nutrients were clear in industrial areas. The cumulative load curves for NPS pollutants showed above the $45^{\circ}$ straight line, indicating that first flush effect occurred in industrial areas. The mean SS EMC values of agricultural areas ranged from 60~598 mg/L (Avg. 285 mg/L), it was higher value when compare to other areas. While the mean $COD_{Mn}$, TN, and TP EMCs values of industrial areas were shown the highest values as 67.7 mg/L, 12.1 mg/L and 2.1 mg/L respectively.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.73-80
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• 2008

With the introduction of the video display terminal (VDT), the efficiency and productivity of work has improved. However, VDT syndrome is threatening the health of workers as a side effect of prolonged use of a VDT. Among various VDT syndromes, the musculoskeletal disorder, especially, the cumulative trauma disorder (CTD) is the common research topic related with upper extremities function. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the wrist-hand orthosis (WHO) on fatigue in middle deltoid, anterior deltoid, serratus anterior, and upper trapezius during one-hour computer keyboard typing. Twelve healthy subjects participated in this study. Surface electromyography was used to assess the localized muscle fatigue (LMF), and the LMF was calculated at 10 minutes, 20 minutes, 40 minutes, and 60 minutes in each muscle, with and without the WHO. Data were analyzed by paired t-test with a level of significance of .05. The results of this study are as follows: 1) At 10 minutes, the LMF decreased significantly with applied WHO in the middle deltoid, anterior deltoid, and upper trapezius (p=.001, p=.026, p=.019, respectively). 2) As the computer keyboard typing period increased, there were no significant LMF differences, except for the upper trapezius. Therefore, it can be concluded that the WHO can be applied to decrease the LMF for the initial 10 minute period in the middle deltoid, anterior deltoid, and upper trapezius' but that the long term effect of WHO in reducing the LMF was proven only in upper trapezius during continued computer keyboard typing.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.104-129
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• 1995

Sabaeksan and Sabaeksangagaryureuk, a traditional prescription, has been used in Korea for many centuries as a treatment for chronic respiratory disease. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of Sabaeksan and Sabaeksangagaryureuk on acetylcholine-induced tracheal smooth muscle contraction in guinea pigs and norepinephrine-induced vascular smooth muscle contraction in pigs. Guinea pig (500g, female) were killed by CO2 exposure and a segment (8-10mm) of the thoracic trachea from each guinea pig and renal artery from each pig were cut into equal segments and mounted 'in pairs' in a tissue bath. Contractile force was measured with force displacement transducers under 0.5g loading tension. The dose of acetylcholine (Ach) and norepinephrine (NE) which evoked 50% of maximal response ($ED_{50}$) was obtained from cumulative dose response curves for acetylcholine (10-7-10-4M) and norepinephrine (10-7-10-4M). Contractions of tracheal smooth muscle evoked by Ach ($ED_{50}$) were inhibited significantly by Sabaeksan and Sabaeksangagaryureuk. Propranolol (10-7M) slightly but significantly attenuated the inhibitory effects of Sabaeksan and Sabaeksangagaryureuk. Indomethacin and methylene blue (10-7M) did not significantly alter the inhibitory effect of Sabaeksan and Sabaeksanga-garyureuk. Contractions of vascular smooth muscle evoked by NE (NE50) were inhibited significantly by Sabaeksan and Sabaeksangagaryureuk. Propranolol (10-7M) slightly but significantly attenuated the inhibitory effects of Sabaeksan and Sabaeksangagaryureuk. Indomethacin and methylene blue (10-7M) did not significantly alter the inhibitory effect of Sabaeksan and Sabaeksangagaryureuk. These results indicate that Sabaeksan and Sabaeksangagaryureuk can relax acetylcholine-induced contraction of guinea pig tracheal smooth muscle, and norepinephrine-induced contraction of pig vascular smooth muscle that this inhibition involves, in part, the relation of adrenergic receptor.

• The Korean Journal of Financial Management
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.107-133
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• 2005

The object of this study is to examine the informational effect of the rating change announcement on the capital market. For this study, daily stock prices from January 1993 to February 2001 and daily bond prices from July 2000 to February 2001, for the bond market are used. In the stock market, we could not observe any statistically significant stock price reaction to rate change announcements from July 2000 to February 2001. However, if rating agencies announce more than two degradation for the period of January 1993 to February 2001, statistically negative significant stock price reactions are observed. On the other hand, there is no statistically significant stock price reaction to any other rating change announcement. In the bond market, there is no statistically test on the bond price reaction, but the general directions of bond price movements are consistent with the effect we can expect from rating change announcements. Generally, when the rating agencies degraded more than two grades at once, a cumulative abnormal returns move negatively during the overall period. In this case, we can say that rating agencies' role is to confirm information or investor's expectations. However, for the other cases, we could not observe my significant movement before or on the event data.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.285-289
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• 2010

In the present study, the antinociceptive profiles of $Campanula$ $punctata$ extract were examined in ICR mice. The $Campanula$ $punctata$ contain a large dose of saponin. $Campanula$ $punctata$ extract administered orally (200 mg/kg) showed an antinociceptive effect as measured by the tail-flick and hot-plate tests. In addition, $Campanula$ $punctata$ extract attenuated the writhing numbers in the acetic acid-induced writhing test. Furthermore, the cumulative nociceptive response time for intrathecal (i.t.) injection of substance P ($0.7{\mu}g$) was diminished by $Campanula$ $punctata$ extract. Intraperitoneal (i.p.) pretreatment with yohimbine (${\alpha}_2$-adrenergic receptor antagonist) attenuated antinociceptive effect induced by $Campanula$ $punctata$ extract in the writhing test. However, naloxone (opioid receptor antagonist) or methysergide (5-HT serotonergic receptor antagonist) did not affect antinociception induced by $Campanula$ $punctata$ extract in the writhing test. Our results suggest that $Campanula$ $punctata$ extract shows an antinociceptive property in various pain models. Furthermore, this antinociceptive effect of $Campanula$ $punctata$ extract may be mediated by ${\alpha}_2$-adrenergic receptor, but not opioidergic and serotonergic receptors.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.217-222
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of alcohol or cigarette smoking on seminal parameters in a large group of mice model. Nine groups (n=20/group) of mice were treated intensive noxious materials that abdominal injection of 21% (v/v) of ethanol, cigarette smoke (10, 20, 30 minutes/day), and combination of ethanol and 30 minutes of smoking. In addition, vitamin C and selenium were also treated to mice exposed to combination of alcohol and smoking to identify the recovering effect. Sperm viability and motility were significantly decreased in either alcohol consumption or smoking exposed group, and combination of both materials have additive detrimental effects on seminal parameters. Mice groups that exposed to alcohol and smoking showed statistically significant decrease in motility and increase of static spermatozoa. Moreover, combination of both treatments showed cumulative effect in increase of static spermatozoa. Treatments of either vitamin C or selenium dramatically recovered detrimental effects of alcohol and smoking on seminal quality, although combination of both antioxidant molecules did not show any additive effect. In conclusion, detrimental effects of alcohol and cigarette consumption on sperm quality and motility were identified in mice model, and these detrimental effects can be compensated to uptake of anti-oxidant molecules.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.170-178
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• 1997

Background: The analgesic efficacy and safety of propacetamol, an injectable prodrug of acetoaminophen, in combination with intravenous morphine PCA were studied in 40 patients after gynecological surgery requiring lower abdominal incision. Methods: Using a double-blind, randomized, parallel-group design, the effects of four(every 6 hr) intravenous injections of 2 g propacetamol(=1 g acetoaminophen) were compared with four injections of placebo(PL) immediately after surgery. Efficacy of cumulative dose of morphine and number of boluses requested was assessed over 24 hours by automated recording on the PCA device. It was assessed on pain scores rated on a ten-point verbal scale along with vital signs, $K^+$, glucose, BUN, creatinine, PT and PTT were measured along with stress hormones(epinephrine, norepinephrine and cortisol). Results: There were no differences in demographic data between two groups. Propacetamol group demonstrated approximately 21% morphine sparing effect compared to placebo group($33.1{\pm}10.4$ mg vs $41.4{\pm}8.0$ mg). No significant differences noted in $K^+$, glucose, BUN, Creatinine, PT and PTT levels. There were significant increases in norepinephrine and cortisol in placebo group postoperatively, compared to preoperative values. At the same time, propacetamol group also showed significant changes in these hormones. Both group revealed high degree of patient satisfaction. Conclusion: Propacetamol showed significant morphine sparing effect to some degree. Side effects were much less in propacetamol group with subsequently high patient satisfaction. The secretion of stress hormone were not blocked by postoperative propacetamol injections. Authors concluded that propacetamol should be considered as an excellent adjuvant analgesics in postoperative pain control in opioid patient controlled analgesia.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.66 no.5
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• pp.562-572
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• 2023

Objective : Bevacizumab is a feasible option for treating cerebral radiation necrosis (RN). We investigated the clinical outcome of RN after treatment with bevacizumab and factors related to the initial response and the sustained effect. Methods : Clinical data of 45 patients treated for symptomatic RN between September 2019 and February 2021 were retrospectively collected. Bevacizumab (7.5 mg/kg) was administered at 3-week intervals with a maximum four-cycle schedule. Changes in the lesions magnetic resonance image (MRI) scans were examined for the response evaluation. The subgroup analysis was performed based on the initial response and the long-term maintenance of the effect. Results : Of the 45 patients, 36 patients (80.0%) showed an initial response, and eight patients (17.8%) showed delayed worsening of the corresponding lesion. The non-responders showed a significantly higher incidence of diffusion restriction on MRI than the responders (100.0% vs. 25.0%, p<0.001). The delayed worsening group showed a significantly higher proportion of glioma pathology than the maintenance group (87.5% vs. 28.6%, p=0.005). Cumulative survival rates with sustained effect were significantly higher in the groups with non-glioma pathology (p=0.019) and the absence of diffusion restriction (p<0.001). Pathology of glioma and diffusion restriction in MRI were the independent risk factors for non-response or delayed worsening after initial response. Conclusion : The initial response of RN to bevacizumab was favorable, with improvement in four-fifths of the patients. However, a certain proportion of patients showed non-responsiveness or delayed exacerbations. Bevacizumab may be more effective in treating RN in patients with non-glioma pathology and without diffusion restriction in the MRI.

• Economic Analysis
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.33-60
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• 2021

This study estimates the fiscal multiplier using Input-Output table panel data from year of 2010 to 2018. Considering the endogeneity of the government expenditure, this study uses the share of government expenditure by sector in the initial period as an instrument variable. The estimation from the panel fixed effect instrumental variables model shows that the estimate for the current period of government expenditure is 1.15~1.22 and the estimate for the cumulative multiplier is 1.23~1.32 depending on the method of controlling time trend. Since the general equilibrium effect absorbed by the time-fixed effect in the estimation equation, the estimated multiplier in this study may be different from the multiplier of the economy as a whole. The general equilibrium effect depends on the response of monetary policy, changes in tax policy, and interaction between sectors.