• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.48-63
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• 2013

계화기법(界畵技法)으로 그린 '전라구례오미동가도(全羅求禮五美洞家圖)'를 통해 운조루(雲鳥樓) 살림집의 공간배치계획과 경관 기법을 고찰한 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, '오미동가도'는 창건주 류이주(柳爾?)가 용천부사로 재임할 때(1782년) 설계도면을 보내 집을 짓게 하였다는 점, 정형화된 풍수적 사신사 구조의 자리잡기와 기본계획도 성격이 농후한 점, 그리고 합각지붕이 1804년에 솟을대문으로 중수되었다는 점 등을 고려하면 운조루 창건시기(1776~1783년)에 제작되었을 것으로 판단된다. 둘째, 운조루는 지리산 노고단(祖山)과 형제봉을 주산(主山)으로, 오봉산(案山)과 계족산(朝山)을 안대로 자리했는데, 동쪽으로 흐르는 동방천(外明堂水)을 표현하는 등 배산임수 풍수국면을 설득력 있게 표현하고 있다. 셋째, 운조루는 직교 축선에 위계를 설정하여 품(品) 자형 건물군이 5영역으로 분화된 구조인데, 바깥뜰 외원과 뒤뜰 후원을 갖춘 5동(棟) + 6마당(庭) + 2원(園)의 토지이용체계를 가진다. 넷째, 심미성과 풍수적 화기비보(火氣裨補)를 겸한 바깥뜰(외원)의 조성은 연못(방지원도형)을 중심으로 유교와 도교적 관념 등 상징적 경물(景物)을 대입시켜 지속 가능한 생태정원을 구축하고 있다. 다섯째, 사랑마당에는 화계(花階)와 화오(花塢)를 가꾸었고, 괴석, 학과 매화나무, 소나무, 위성류, 초화류 등 조경 요소를 활용하여 선경의 이상세계를 구축함은 물론 정심수를 도입하는 등 형이상학적 상징성을 엿볼 수 있다. 특히, 사랑채 누마루에서 조망되는 원경과 중경, 그리고 앙부(仰俯) 경관 등 자연의 경(景)이 내부로 관입되거나 외부로 확장되는 차경(借景)과 관경(觀景)의 미를 발견할 수 있다. 여섯째, 북쪽 담장 밖의 소나무 총림과 조산(造山)은 주거환경의 쾌적성 제고 측면은 물론 풍수적 채움의 미학이 고려된 전통조경기법 사례라 하겠다.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.46-67
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• 2014

국보 제285호 울주 대곡리 반구대 암각화 지역에서 새로이 확인된 공룡발자국 화석층의 퇴적특성과 고환경에 대한 연구를 바탕으로 이 화석층의 자연사적 가치를 분석하였다. 반구대 화석층은 전기백악기 말의 대구층에 해당하며, 연구지역의 화석층에서는 20여 개 층준에서 조각류 발자국 43개, 용각류 발자국 36개, 수각류 발자국 2개 등 80여 개의 공룡발자국이 확인되었다. 공룡발자국 화석층은 불규칙한 엽층리를 이루는 실트스톤과 이암의 교호층, 석회질의 사질 내지 실트질이암, 얇은층으로 발달한 응회질사암, 수평 내지 사엽층리가 발달한 사암, 얇은층 내지 중간층의 점이층리가 발달한 사암 등 5개의 퇴적상으로 구분되며, 이들 퇴적상은 충적평원의 층상범람퇴적층으로 해석된다. 이들 퇴적층에서는 다양한 형태의 연흔과 건열, 우흔, 무척추동물의 생흔 등이 관찰되며, 파랑연흔들의 연흔정선 방향이 분산되어 나타남이 특징이다. 공룡발자국은 성층면에서 진흔, 하흔, 상흔, 캐스트 등 다양한 상태로 나타나며, 퇴적층 단면에서는 눌림구조의 형태로 나타난다. 성층면에서 관찰되는 공룡발자국들의 보행방향은 특정 방향으로 편향되지 않고 분산되어 나타남이 특징이다. 반구대 암각화 지역에 공룡이 서식하였던 백악기 당시, 이 일대의 기후는 건기와 우기가 반복적으로 발달하는 아건조성의 기후 조건이었으며, 간헐적으로 오랜 가뭄이 발달한 것으로 해석된다. 공룡발자국은 우기 시의 범람 이후에 평원에 형성된 작고 얕은 웅덩이들 주변에 공룡들이 모여들면서 반복적으로 보존된 것으로 해석된다. 연구지역 퇴적암층 내에서의 공룡발자국 화석의 높은 산출빈도는 대곡천 일대에 분포하는 백악기 퇴적암층이 한반도 공룡시대의 고생태와 고환경을 이해하는 데에 매우 유용한 지질 및 고생물학적 기록임을 지시해주는 것으로, 반구대 암각화의 세계유산으로서의 가치 제고를 위해 대곡천 일대의 공룡발자국 화석층에 대한 보다 다각적이고 복합적인 퇴적지질 및 고생물학적 연구가 뒷받침되어야 할 것이다.

• 해양환경안전학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.201-211
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• 2022

연구대상 해역은 노량수로를 중심으로 서측에 광양만 권역(여수해협 포함), 동측에 진주만 권역(강진만, 사천만 포함)이 위치하고, 연구대상 해역에 위치한 여러 하천에서 유출되는 유출수가 이들 만으로 유입되고 있으며, 특히 홍수시에는 광양만 권역은 섬진강의 하천유출수가, 진주만 권역은 가화천(남강댐 방류)의 하천유출수가 대량으로 유입되고 있다. 광양만 권역과 진주만 권역은 노량수로라는 협수로로 연결되어 있으며, 섬진강과 가화천의 하천유출수 또한 노량수로를 통해 서로 영향을 주고 있다. 연구대상 해역에 위치한 섬진강과 가화천을 포함한 51개 하천의 하천유출수로 인한 평수시와 50년빈도 홍수시의 해수교환율, 체류시간 특성을 입자추적 실험을 통해 파악하고자 하였다. 또한 홍수시 섬진강과 가화천의 하천유출수가 미치는 영향을 파악하기 위한 실험을 추가로 수행하였다. 수치실험 결과, 평수시와 홍수시 모두 광양만 권역에 투하한 입자는 노량수로를 통해 진주만 권역으로 이동하는 것으로 나타났고, 노량수로를 통해 진주만 권역에서 광양만 권역으로 이동하는 입자는 상대적으로 작은 것으로 나타났다. 30일 후 각 실험안별 해수교환율은 광양만 권역은 44.40~67.21%로 나타났고, 진주만 권역은 각각 50.37~73.10%로 나타났고, 각 실험안별 평균 체류시간은 광양만 권역은 7.07~15.36일로 나타났고, 진주만 권역은 6.45~12.75일로 나타났다. 그리고 홍수시에 해수교환을은 증가하고, 체류시간은 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 광양만과 진주만 권역에서의 해수순환 구조를 살펴보기 위해 두 폐쇄성 해역에 대해서 7개 내부 영역과 5개 외부 영역에 대한 30일 동안의 단면유량 flux를 산정하였다. 그 결과, 평수시와 홍수시 모두 전반적으로 광양만 권역에서 진주만 권역으로 유량 flux가 이동하는 것으로 나타났다. 홍수시 유량을 적용할 경우 연구대상 해역의 유량 flux의 주 흐름 경로는 섬진강 하천유출수가 여수해협을 거쳐 외해로 이동하는 흐름과 가화천 하천유출수가 사천만, 진주만, 대방수로를 거쳐 외해로 이동하는 흐름으로 나타났다.

• 정보처리학회논문지:컴퓨터 및 통신 시스템
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• 제11권9호
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• pp.317-322
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• 2022

정보기술의 급격한 발달은 의료 환경에서도 많은 변화를 가져오고 있다. 특히 빅데이터와 인공지능(AI)을 활용한 의료영상 정보 시스템의 빠른 변화를 견인하고 있다. 전자의무기록(EMR)과 의료영상저장전송시스템(PACS)으로 구성된 처방전달시스템(OCS)은 의료 환경을 아날로그에서 디지털로 빠르게 바꾸어 놓았다. PACS는 여러 솔루션과 결합하여 호환, 보안, 효율성, 자동화 등 새로운 발전 방향을 보여주고 있다. 그 중, 영상의 질적 개선을 할 수 있는 빅데이터를 활용한 인공지능(AI)과의 결합이 활발히 진행되고 있다. 특히 딥러닝 기술을 활용하여 의료 영상 판독을 보조할 수 있는 시스템인 AI PACS가 대학과 산업체의 협력으로 개발되어 병원에서 활용되고 있다. 이처럼 의료 환경에서 의료영상 정보 시스템의 빠른 변화에 맞추어 의료시장의 구조적인 변화와 이에 대처할 수 있는 의료정책의 변화도 필요하다. 한편, 의료영상정보는 디지털 의료영상 전송 장치에서 생성되는 DICOM 방식을 기본으로 하고, 생성하는 방법의 차이에 따라 Volume 영상, 단면 영상인 2차원적 영상으로 구분된다. 또한, 최근 많은 의료기관에서는 스마트 병원 서비스를 내세우며 차세대 통합 의료정보시스템의 도입을 서두르고 있다. 차세대 통합 의료정보시스템은 EMR을 바탕으로 전자동의서, AI와 빅데이터를 활용한 정밀의료, 외부기관 등을 통합한 솔루션으로 구축하며, 이를 바탕으로 환자 정보 DB 구축과 데이터의 표준화를 통한 의료 빅데이터 기반의 의학 연구를 목적으로 한다. 우리나라의 의료영상 정보 시스템은 앞선 IT 기술력과 정부의 정책에 힘입어 세계적인 수준에 있으며, 특히 PACS 관련 프로그램은 의료 영상정보 기술에서 세계로 수출을 하고 있는 한 분야이다. 본 연구에서는 빅데이터를 활용한 의료영상 정보 시스템의 분석과 함께 의료영상 정보 시스템이 국내에 도입되게 된 역사적 배경을 바탕으로 현재의 흐름을 파악하고 나아가 미래의 발전 방향을 예측하였다. 향후, 20여 년 동안 축적된 DICOM 빅데이터를 기반으로 AI, 딥러닝 알고리즘을 활용하여 영상 판독률을 높일 수 있는 연구를 진행하고자 한다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 1992

내염성 수도 육종에 있어서 내염성정도의 표시로 생육량과 양이온함량을 선발의 지표로 이용할 수 있는가를 구명하기 위하여 내염성품종과 비내염성품종들의 모본, $F_1$, $F_2$ 식물에 염처리를 하여 생육량과 양이온함량을 조사하였다. 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 공시된 벼 내염성품종들은 염의 농도가 높아갈 때 비내염성품종에 비하여 초장과 건물중의 감소가 적었다. 2. 내염성품종인 Pokkali, Annapurna는 비내염성품종인 wx817, 신설찰에 비하여 염처리시 $Na^{+}$ 함량이 적고, $K^{+}$함량이 많았으며 $Na^{+}$ / $K^{+}$비가 현저하게 낮았으나, $Ca^{++}$, M $a^{++}$함량은 뚜렷한 경향이 없었다. 3. 염처리시 초장, 분얼수, 건물중 등의 생육량은 $Na^{+}$함량, $Na^{+}$/ $K^{+}$비와 유의한 부의 상관을 보였고, $K^{+}$함량과는 정의 상관을 나타냈다. 그러나 $Ca^{++}$와 $Mg^{++}$함량은 생육량과 유의한 상관을 보이지 않았다. 따라서 $Na^{+}$, $K^{+}$함량 및 $Na^{+}$ / $K^{+}$비는 내염성정도를 표시하는 한가지 지표로서 이용 가능할 것으로 생각된다. 4. 염처리시 내염성품종과 비내염성품종 모두 얼자별 양이온함량은 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았으나, 주간의 엽들은 상위엽에서 하위엽으로 내려갈수록 $Na^{+}$함량이 많아지고, $Na^{+}$ / $K^{+}$ 비가 높아지는 경향이었다. 5. 내염성품종인 Pokkali, Annapurna와 비내염성 품종인 wx817, wx126과의 $F_1$에서 염처리시 초장과 건물중 및 $K^{+}$함량, $Na^{+}$ / $K^{+}$ 비는 내염성 모본인 Pokkali와 유사하였으며, $Na^{+}$함량은 각 모본의 중간정도를 보여, 내염성은 비내염성에 대하여 우성으로 나타났다. 6. 내염성품종인 Pokkali와 비내염성품종인 wx817간의 $F_2$에서 염처리시 내염성 관련형질의 변이분포는 건물중과 초장, $Na^{+}$ 및 $K^{+}$함량, $Na^{+}$ / $K^{+}$비가 내염성모본인 Pokkali에 가깝게 분포하였다. 유전력은 형질별로 0.604～0.811 정도이었고, 조사형질간 유전상관 및 표현형상관은 대체로 고도로 유의한 상관관계를 보였다.

• 대한중풍순환신경학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.9-17
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• 2010

Objectives : This study was aimed to evaluate the current status of East-West integrated treatment in stroke and brain disease and to discuss further plans. Methods : The medical records of patients who visited the stroke and brain disease center at Kyung Hee University, East-West Neo Medical Center from May 2006 to August 2010 were evaluated. The general characteristics of patients who underwent integrated treatment, trend in the number of cross referrals were initially evaluated. Later major disorders, the reasons of referrals and the number of visits in outpatients were analyzed. Results : 1. 3496 patients were referred from the eastern medical hospital to the western medical hospital and 2440 patients from the western medical hospital to the eastern medical hospital. The number of patients reached a peak alter the opening of the hospital and has decreased from then on. Referrals of female patients were more than those of male patients and patients over 50 years old were the most. 2. Admitted patients with stroke of chronic stage were most commonly referred from the eastern medical hospital to the western medical hospital and cerebral infarction was most common from the western medical hospital to the eastern medical hospital. Among the outpatients cerebral infarction topped from east to west, and stroke of chronic stage from west to east. 3. 36.6% of the patients from east to west received integrated treatment more than 3 times and 28.6% from west to east. Headache was the second most common reason to be referred from west to east and 36.7% of patients didn't continue to have either of the treatment and 30.3% received eastern treatment only, Conclusions: According to this study, chronic stroke management was successfully performed in the outpatient clinic in the form of East-West integration treatment. Further research on other diseases such as headache is recommended.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.53-76
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• 2005

복잡성(complexity)은 신제품개발 과정에서 프로젝트 팀이 빈번하게 당면하는 개발과제의 주요 속성으로 이에 대한 적절한 대처 여부는 신제품개발의 성과에 적지 않은 영향을 미친다. 복잡성이란 속성이 신제품개발의 관리에서 주목 받게 된 배경으로는, 우선 제품개발과정에서 당면하는 복잡성이 증가 추세에 있다는 점을 들 수 있다. 새로운 기술과 공법 그리고 소재의 등장, 복합 제품의 개발(예: 디지털 컨버전스), 또한 기업간 제휴를 통한 개발은 신제품개발의 복잡성 증대와 관련이 된다. 한편 신제품개발의 복잡성에 대한 미흡한 대처는 개발과정의 지연, 개발비용의 예산 초과, 제품개발의 포기 등과 같은 부정적 결과를 초래한다. 이와 같이 복잡성의 증대 추세 및 복잡성으로 인한 적지 않은 영향력을 고려해볼 때, 신제품개발 과정에서 당면하는 복잡성에 대한 연구의 필요성은 증대된다. 그러나 아직까지 복잡성에 대한 연구는 현실적 필요성에 비해 상대적으로 적은 관심만이 기울여져 왔다. 본 고에서는 신제품개발 과정에서 당면하는 복잡성에 대한 주요 연구과제들을 살펴보는데 그 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 우선, 주요 영역별로 나누어 그간의 복잡성에 대한 연구성과를 정리한 다음, 이를 토대로 향후 중요시되는 연구과제들을 도출하고자 한다. 신제품개발 과정의 복잡성에 대한 주요연구과제에 대한 이러한 고찰은, 향후 이 분야에 대한 연구 전개에 있어서 하나의 발판이 될 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국인구학
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.54-66
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• 1988

I. Introduction Since the 1970's drug abuse among young people has increasingly become a social problem in Korea. In the 1980's, drug abuse, especially glue sniffing, has become the cause of many unfortunated incidents resulting in harm to others as well as the abusers themselves. Taking into consideration of the seriousness of this problem, the Republic of Korea National Red Cross initiated a nation-wide research programme, to understand the present situation and to raise the level of public awareness. The goal of this research was to begin a nation - wide campaign against drug abuse. The research team was composed of the Advisary Committee members and the staff of the Youth Department of the Republic of Korea National Red Cross. The data were collected in February 1988 with the collaboration of the staff and volunteers in the local Chapters. The respondents were allocated nation-wide by the quota sampling method. The questionnaires were distributed to the respondents in three groups :2, 700 to junior and senior high school students, 605 to working youths, and 916 to delinquent youths. A total of 4, 221 questionnaires were collected. II. Characteristics of the Respondents The respondents in each group were selected evenly from rural and urban areas. The general characteristics of the respondents can be described as follow: in case of students, the proportions between male and female respondents, and between senior high school and junior high school students were almost evenly distributed. In case of working youths, the proportion of females (80.5%) was higher than those of the students and the delinquents groups. Delinquent youths were defined as those currently being under custody of the centers for juvenile delinquents. Of this number, 38.8% and 68.2% were junior and senior high school drop-outs respectively. The majority of them (92.6%) were male. As for the family background of the respondents, the proportion of those residing in poverty - stricken areas, and the proportion of those from broken families were higher in case of working youths and delinquent youths than those in case of students. III. Present Patterns of Drug Abuse The following summarizes the presents of drug abuse, as tabulated from the results of the survey. 1. Smoking The percentage of youths who smoke was 36% in the student group, 32% m the working youths group, and 94.4% in the delinquent youths group. 2. Alcohol 50.3% of students, 71.6% of working youths, and 93.3% of delinquent youths has experienced drinking alcohol beverages. 3. Tonic: non - alcoholic, caffeinated beverages popular in Korea and Japan The percentage of those who have used tonic at least once was over 90% in all of the three groups. 4. Sedative About 70% of each group has used sedative with the proportion of working youths use higher than those in other groups. 5. Stimulants Those who have used stimulants comprised around 15% in each group. 6. Tranquilizers Somewhat less than 5% of students and working youths, and 28% of delinquent youths, have used tranquilizers. 7. Hypnotics The users of hypnotics amounted to 0.4% of students, 2.6% of working youths and 7.1% of delinquent youths. 8. Marihuana Those who have used marihuana indicated 0.7% of students, 0.8% of working youths, and 13% of delinquent youths. 9. Glue-sniffing The percentage of glue-sniffing was 3.7%, 5% in the students group and in the youths group respectively, but the proportion was unusually high, at 40.7% in the delinquent youths group. From the results of the survey the present situation of drug abuse in Korea can be summarized as follows: 1. A high percentage of Korean youths have experienced smoking cigarettes and drinking alcoholic beverages. 2. Tonics (non - alcoholic, caffeinated beverages), antipyretic analgesics and stimulants quite regularly used. 3. Tranquilizers, hypnotics, marihuana and glue-sniffing are more widely used among delinquent youths than the other youths. From this fact, there exists a correlation between drug abuse and juvenile delinquency. IV. Time-series Analysis of the First Experience of Drug Abuse and Deviant Behaviour The respoundents were asked when they were first exposed to drugs and when they committed deviant acts. By calculating the average age of each experience, the following pattern was found (See Figure 1). Youths are first exposed to drugs by abuse of tonic(non - alcoholic, caffeinated beverages). At the age of 13, they amoke cigarettes, the use of antipyretic analgesics begins at 14 year old, while at the age of 15, they use tranquilizers, and at 16 hynotics. The period of drug abuse which starts from drinking caffeinated beverages and smoking cigarettes and ends in the use of hypnotics takes about three years. During this period, other delinquent behaviours begin to surface, that is, at the age of 13 when smoking cigarettes begins, the delinquent behaviour pattern starts with truancy. Next, they start taking money from others by using physical force. Prior to the age of 15, they are suspended from school, become hostile to adults, begin running away from home, and start using stimulants and alcohol. Soon they become involved even in glue-sniffing and in the use of marihuana. At the age of 15, they begin to see adult videos and carry weapons. Sexual promiscuity and usage of tranquilizers follows the viewing of adult videos. Consequently, by the time they reach the age of 16, they visit drinking establishments, and are picked up by police for committing delinquent acts. And finally, they come to use hypnotic - type drugs. From the above descriptions, drug abuse can be assumed to have a close correlation with delinquent behaviour. V. Social Factors Related to Drug Abuse As for the Korean youths, glue-sniffing is found to he related to aggressive delinquency, in such cases as run - aways, being picked up by the police, and taking money by force. Smoking cigarettes and drinking alcohol is found to be related to seeing adult videos and visiting drinking establishments. Hypnotics and marihuana were found to be representive of drugs which are related to degenerational delinquency, irrespective of social delinquency. The social factors connected with these drug abuse are as follows: 1. Individual factors Male students were more heavily involved in the usage of drug than females. Youths who do not attend church were more likely to be involved in drugs than those who attend. 2. Family factors The youths who were displeased with their mothers smoking and those who thought their parents did not love each other, or those whose parents had used drugs without prescription, were more likely to he drug users. 3. School factors Those youths who found school life boring, were unsuccessful in their studies, spend most of their time with friends, feel their teachers smoke too much, those who had a positive perception of their teachers smoking were likely to he drug users. To sum up, drug abusers depend on the influence of their parents, teachers and peers. IV. Reasons for Drug Abuse Korean students have mainly used drugs to release stress (42.8%), to stay awake (19.7%), and because of the easy accessibility of drugs( 16.6%). Other reasons are due to their ignorance of the side effects of the drugs (3.6%), natural curiosity (4.2%), and to increase strength(3.O%). From the above facts, the major reasons for drug abuse among Korean youths are to release stress and to stay awake in order to prepare exams. Furthermore, since drugs are readily available, we can conclude that drug abuse is caused by the school system(such as entrance exams) in Korea. VII. Conclusion Drug usage among Korean youths are relatively less common than those of western youths. In some cases, such as, glue-sniffing and use of stimulants, the pattern of drug abuse is found. Moreover, early drug abuse is evident, and it has a close connection with deviant behaviour, resulting in juvenile delinquency. Drug abuse cannot be attributed to any one social factor. Specifically, drug abuse depends on parents, peers, teachers and other members of the community, and also is influenced by social institutions such as the entrance exam system. Every person and organization concerned with youth must participate collectively in restraining drug abuse. Finally, it is suggested that social agencial working for youth welfare should make every effort to tackle this serious problem confronted by the Korean youths today.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.277-294
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• 1995

연구 배경: 우리나라에서 과거 30년 동안 결핵 유병률은 현저히 감소되어 왔으나 비결핵항산균에 의한 질병의 발생빈도는 아직 정확하게 알려져 있지 않다. 대한결핵 및 호흡기학회는 전국 실태조사를 통하여 현재까지 확인된 전국의 비결핵항산균증 발생 현황을 파악하고 이를 분석하여 외국의 보고와 비교함으로써 일반 개업의 및 내과 전문의의 진료 활동에 도움이 되도록 하고자 본 사업을 시행하였다. 방법: 조사와 분석은 1981년 1월부터 1994년 10월까지 대한결핵협회 결핵연구원에 의뢰된 검체중 비결핵항산균의 종(species)이 확인된 158예를 대상으로 검사를 의뢰한 병원의 진료의에게 증례 기록지를 보내어 정확한 임상 및 검사 정보를 기록하여 회신 하도록하는 후향적 조사 방법으로 그 결과를 수집 분석하였다. 결과: 1) 연도별로 보면 1981년에 1예, 1982년 2예 등으로 1990년 이전에는 매년 10예 미만 이던 것이 1991년에 14예, 1992년 10예, 1993년 4예, 1994년에는 96예로 1990년 이후가 전체의 84.2%를 차지하였다. 2) 연령은 10대 1예, 20대 6예, 30대 15예, 40대 19예, 50대 27예, 60대 51예, 70세 이상 39예로 60세 이상이 전체의 57%를 차지하였다 성별 분포는 남자 114예(72.1%), 여자 44예(27.9%) 이었다. 3) 병원별 분포는 복십자의원 61예(38.6%), 보건소 42예(26.6%), 3차기관 21예(13.3%), 2차기관 15예(9.5%), 1차기관 10예(6.3%) 이었으며, 지역별 분포는 서울 98예(62%), 경상북도 17예(10.8%), 경기도 12예(7.6%), 충청남도 8예(5.1%), 경상남도와 충청북도 각각 5예(3.2%), 기타 지역이 6예(3.8%) 이었다. 4) 선행 폐 질환은 폐결핵 113예(71.5%), 기관지확장증 6예(3.8%), 만성 기관지염 10예(6.3%), 폐섬유증 6예(3.8%) 등이었다. 폐결핵의 발병 시기는 1년 이내가 7예(6.2%), 2~5년전 32 예(28.3%), 6~10년전 29예(25.7% ) 등으로 2~10년전이 전체의 54%를 차지하였다. 폐결핵의 치료 기간은 3개월 이내가 6예로 5.3%이었으며, 4~6개월이 17예(15%), 7~9개월 16예(14.2%), 10~12 개월 11예(9.7%), 1~2년 21예(18.6%), 2년 이상 8예로 7.1% 이었다. 폐결핵의 치료 결과는 완치가 44예(38.9%), 치료 설패가 25예(22.1%) 이었다. 5) 동반된 폐외질환은 만성 간질환과 만성 산부전이 함께 있었던 경우 각각 1예를 포함하여 당뇨병이 9예(5.7%)에서 있었으며, 심혈관계질환 2예(1.3%), 장기간 스테로이드를 투여 받은 경우 2예(1.3%) 그리고 만성 간질환, 만성 신부전, 대장염 및 진폐증이 각 1예(0.6%)씩 있었다. 6) 비결핵항산균증이 발현한 임상상은 만성 폐 감염증 86예(54.4%), 경부 및 기타 임파선염 1예(0.6%), 기관지 결핵 3예(1.9%), 장결핵 1예(0.6%) 이었다. 7) 임상 소견은 기침 62%, 객담 61.4%, 호흡곤란 30.4%, 객혈 및 혈담 20.9%, 체중 감소 l3.3%, 발열 6.3%, 기타 4.4% 등 이었다. 8) 흉부 X-선 소견은 정상 7예(4.4%), 경증 20예(12.7%), 중등증 67예(42.4%), 중증 47예(29.8%)이었으며, 공동은 43예(27.2%)에서 동반되었고, 흉막염은 18예(11.4%)에서 동반되었다. 9) 비결핵항산균이 확언된 검사물은 객담 143예(90.5%), 객담 및 기관지세척액 4예(2.5%), 기관지세척액 1예(0.6%) 이었다. 동정된 비결핵항산균의 종류는 M. avium-intracellulare가 104예로 전체의 65.2%를 차지하였고 M. fortuitum 20예(12.7%), M. chelonae 15예(9.5%), M. gordonae 7예(4.4%), M. terrae 5예(3.2%), M. scrofulaceum 3예(1.9%), M. kansasii와 M. szulgai가 각각 2예(1.3%), 그리고 M. avium-intracellulare와 M. terrae가 동시에 확인된 경우가 1예(0.6%) 이었다. 10) 도말 및 배양 검사 결과는 4번의 검사 중 도말 음성, 배양 양성인 경우는 첫번째 검사상 59예로 37.3%이었고, 두번째 검사에서는 22.8%, 세번째 검사에서는 15.2%, 네번째 검사에서는 14.6% 이었으며, 도말 양성, 배양 양성인 경우는 첫번째 검사상 48예로 30.4% 이었고, 두번째와 세번째 검사에서는 각각 34예(21.5%), 네번째 검사에서는 22예(13.9%)이었다. 이상의 배양 검사 결과를 종합하면 4번 검사한 것 중에서 4회 모두 배양 양성으로 확인된 경우가 21예(13.3%)이었고 3회 배양 양성은 37예(23.4%), 2회 배양 양성은 38예(24.1%)로 2번 이상 배양 양성으로 확인된 경우는 총 96예(60.8%) 이었다. 11) 모든 비결핵항산균에 대한 약제 내성률은 INH 62%, EMB 55.7%, RMP 52.5%, PZA 34.8%, OFX 29.1%, SM 36.7%, KM 27.2%, TUM 24.1%, CS 23.4%, TH 34.2%, PAS 44.9% 이었다. M. avium intracellulare에 대한 내성률은 INH 62.5%, EMB 59.6%, RMP 51.9%, PZA 29.8%, OFX 33.7%, SM 30.8%, KM 20.2%, TUM 17.3%, CS 14.4%, TH 31.7%, PAS 38.5%이었다. M. chelonae에 대한 내성률은 INH 66.7%, EMB 66.7%, RMP 66.7%, PZA 40%, OFX 26.7%, SM 66.7%, KM 53.3%, TUM 53.3%, CS 60%, TH 53.3%, PAS 66.7% 이었다. M. fortuitum 에 대한 내성률은 INH 65%, EMB 55%, RMP 65%, PZA 50%, OFX 25%, SM 55%, KM 45%, TUM 55%, CS 65%, TH 45%, PAS 60% 이었다. 12) 비결핵항산균증의 치료는 129예(81.7%)에서 시행하였으며, 1차 치료 처방 중 INH와 RMP을 포함하는 복합 처방은 86예(66.7%) 이었고, INH 혹은 RMP 중 한가지만을 포함하는 처방은 30예(23.3%), INH와 RMP이 포함되지 않은 처방은 9예(7%)에서 있었다. 2차 치료를 시행한 65예의 처방은 2제 이하 2예(3.1%), 3제 15예(23.1%), 4제 20예(30.8%), 5제 9예(13.8%), 6제이상 19예(29.2%) 이었다. 치료 후 경과는 36예(27.9%)에서 호전, 65예(50.4%)에서 변화 없었으며, 4예(3.1%)에서 악화 4예(3.1%)에서 사망하였다. 호전된 경우 34예(94.4%)에서 균 음전이 확인되었으며, 균 음전 시기는 1개월 이내 2예(5.9%), 3개월 이내 11예(32.4%), 6개월 이내 14예(41.2%), 1년 이내 2예(5.9%), 1년 이상 1예(2.9%) 등 이었다. 결론: 비결핵항산균증 전국실태조사 결과 아직 우리나라에서 확인된 비결핵항산균 감염 예가 많지 않으나 1990년 이후 비결핵항산균증이 현저히 증가하는 경향이었으므로 앞으로 이에 대한 임상의들의 관심이 더욱 필요하리라 생각된다.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.1-8
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• 1985

The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70$\pm$1.32mmHg/min)compared to CF dialyzers(4.32$\pm$0.55mmHg/min)(p<0.05). However, there was no observable difference in the UFR between the two dialyzers. Neither APD nor UFR showed any significant increase with an increasing number of reuses for up to more than 20reuses. A substantial number of failures observed in APD(larger than 20mmHe/min)on the reused dialyzers(2 out of 40 CP and S out 26 C-DAK) were attributed to the Possible damage on the fibers. The CF 15-11 HFDs which failed APD test did not show changes in the UFR compared to normal dialyzers indicating that APD is a more sensitive test than UFR test to evaluate the integrity of the fibers. 30527 T00401030527 ^x For quantitative measurement of reflected light from a clinical diagnostic strip, a prototype old reflectance photometer was designed. The strip loader and cassette were made to obtain more accurate reflectance parameters. The strip was illuminated at 45˚c through optical fiber and the intensity of reflected light was determined at rectanguLat angle using a photodiode. The kubelka-munk coefficient and reflection optical density were determined ar four different wavelengths(500, 550, 570 and 610nm) for blood glucose strip. For higher concentration than 300mg/41 about glucose, a saturation state of abforbance was observed at 500, 550 and 570nm. The correlation between glucose concentration and parameters was the best at 610nm. 30535 T00401030535 ^x Radiation-induced fibrosarcoma tumors were grown on the flanks of C3H mice. The mice were divided into two groups. One group was injected with Photofrin II, intravenously (2.5mg/kg body weight). The other group received no Photofrin II. Mice from both groups were irradialed for approximately 15 minutes at 100, 300, or 500 mW/cm2 with the argon (488nm/514.5 nm), dye(628nm) and gold vapor (pulsed 628 nm) laser light. A photosensitizer behaved as an added absorber. Under our experimental conditions, the presence of Photolfrin II increased surface temperature by at least 40% and the temperature rise due to 300 mW/cm2 irradiation exceeded values for hyperthermia. Light and temperature distributions with depth were estimated by a computer model. The model demonstrated the influence of wavelength on the thermal process and proved to be a valuable tool to investigate internal temperature rise. 30536 T00401030536 ^x We investigated the structural geometry of thirty-eight Korean femurs. The purpose of this study is to identify major geometrical differences between Korean femurs 3nd others that we believe belong to Caucasians so that we would be able to get insights into the femoral component design that fits Asians including Koreans. We utilized computerized tomography (CT) images of femurs extracted from cadavers. The CT images were transformed into bitmap data by using a film scanner, and then analyzed by using a commercially available software called Image v.1.0 and a Macintosh IIci computer.The resulting data were compared with already published data. The major results show that the geometry of the Korean femurs is significantly different from that of Caucasians: (1) the anteversion angle and the canal flare index are greater by the amount of approximately 8˚ and 0.5, respectively, (2) the shape of the isthmus cross section is more round, and (3) the distance between the teaser trochanter and the proximal border of the isthmus is shelter by about 15 mm. The results suggested that the femoral component suitable for Asians should be different from the currently-used components designed and manufactured mostly by European or American companies. 30537 T00401030537 ^x It is well known that nonlinear propagation characteristics of the wave in the tissue may give very useful information for the medical diagnoisis. In this paper, a new method to detect nonlinear propagation characteristics of the internal vibration in the tissue for the low frequency mechanical vibration by using bispectral analysis is proposed. In the method, low frequency vibration of f0( = 100Hz) is applied on the surface of the object, and the waveform of the internal vibration x (t) is measured from Doppler frequency modulation of silmultaneously transmitted probing ultrasonic waves. Then, the bispectra of the signal x (t) at the frequencies (f0, f0) and (f0, 2f0) are calculated to estimate the nonlinear propagation characteristics as their magnitude ratio, w here since bispectrum is free from the gaussian additive noise we can get the value with high S/N. Basic experimental system is constructed by using 3.0 MHz probing ultrasonic waves and the several experiments are carried out for some phantoms. Results show the superiority of the proposed method to the conventional method using power spectrum and also its usefulness for the tissue characterization. 30541 T00401030541 ^x This paper describes the implementation of a computerized radial pulse diagnosis by aids of a clinical expert. On this base, we composed of the radial pulse diagnosis system in korean traditional medicine. The system composed of a radial pulse wave detection system and a radial pulse diagnosis system. With a detection system, we detected Inyoung and Cheongu radial pulse wave and processed it. Then, we have got the characteristic parameters of radial pulse wave and also quantified that according to the method of Inyoung-Cheongu Comparison Radial Pulse Diagnosis. We defined the jugement standard of radial pulse diagnosis system and then we confirmed the possibility for realization of automatic radial pulse diagnosis in korean traditional medicine. 30545 T00401030545 ^x Microspheres are expected to be applied to biomedical areas such as solid-phase immunoassays, drug delivery systems, immunomagnetic cell separation. To synthesize microspheres for biomedical application, "two stage shot growth method" was developed. The uniformity ratio of synthesized microspheres was always smaller than 1.05. And the surface charge density (or the number of ionizable functional groups) of the microspheres synthesized by "two stage shot growth method" was 6~13 times higher than that of the microspheres synthesized by conventional seeded batch copolymerization. As a previous step for biomedical application, adsorption experiments of bovine albumin on microspheres were carried out under various conditions. The maximum adsorbed amount was obtained in the neighborhood of pH 4.5. Isoelectric point of bovine albumin is pH 5.0, so experimental result shows that it shifted to acid area. The adsorption isotherm was obtained, the plateau region was always reached at 2.Og/L (bulk concentration of bovine albumin).The effect of the kind and the amount of surface functional group was also examined. 30575 T00401030575 ^x A medical image workstation was developed using multimedia technique. The system based on PC-486DX was designed to acquire medical images produced by medical imaging instruments and related audio information, that is, doctors' reporting results. Input information was processed and analyzed, then the results were presented in the form of graph and animation. All the informations of the system were hierarchically related with the image as the apex. Processing and analysis algorithms were implemented so that the diagnostic accuracy could be improved. The diagnosed information can be transferred for patient diagnosis through LAN(local area network). 30592 T00401030592 ^x In the conventional infrared imaging system, complex infrared lens systems are usually used for directing collimated narrow infrared beams into the high speed 2-dimensional optic scanner. In this paper, a simple reflective infrared optic system with a 2-dimensional optic scanner is proposed for the realization of medical infrared thermography system. It has been experimentally proven that the intfrared thermography system composed of the proposed optic system has the temperature resolution of 0.1˚c under the spatial resolution of lmrad, the image matrix size of 256 X 240, and tile imaging time of 4 seconds. 30593 T00401030593 ^x In this paper, MIIS (Medical Image Information System) has been designed and implemented using INGRES RDBMS, which is based on a client/server architecture. The implemented system allows users to register and retrieve patient information, medical images and diagnostic reports. It also provides the function to display these information on workstation windows simultaneously by using the designed menu-driven graphic user interface. The medical image compression/decompression techniques are implemented and integrated into the medical image database system for the efficient data storage and the fast access through the network. 30594 T00401030594 ^x In this paper, computerized BEAM was implemented for the space domain analysis of EEG. Trans-formation from temporal summation to two-dimensional mappings is formed by 4 nearest point inter-polaton method. Methods of representation of BEAM are two. One is dot density method which classify brain electrical potential 9 levels by dot density of gray levels and the other is colour method which classify brain electrical 12 levels by red-green colours. In this BEAM, instantaneous change and average energy distribution over any arbitrary time interval of brain electrical activity could be observed and analyzed easily. In the frequency domain, the distribution of energy spectrum of a special band can easily be distinguished normality and abnormality. 30608 T00401030608 ^x Laboratory information system (LIS) is a key tool to manage laboratory data in clinical pathology. Our department has developed an information system for routine hematology using down-sized computer system. We have used an IBM 486 compatible PC with 16MB main memory, 210 MB hard disk drive, 9 RS-232C port and 24 pin dot printer. The operating system and database management system were SCO UNIX and SCO foxbase, respectively. For program development, we used Xbase language provided by SCO foxbase. The C language was used for interface purpose. To make the system use friendly, pull-down menu was used. The system connected to our hospital information system via application program interface (API), so the information related to patient and request details is automatically transmitted to our computer. Our system interfaced with fwd complete blood count analyzers(Sysmex NE-8000 and Coulter STKS) for unidirectional data tansmission from analyzer to computer. The authors suggests that this system based on down-sized computer could provide a progressive approach to total LIS based on local area network, and the implemented system could serve as a model for other hospital's LIS for routine hematology. 30609 T00401030609 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. To use as the structural matrix of the composite, collagen was purified from human umbilical cord. The obtained collagen was treated by pepsin to remove telopeptides, and finally, the immune-free atelocollagen was produced: The cross linked atelocollagen was highly resistant to the collagenase induced collagenolysis. The cross linked collagen demonstrated an improved tensile strength. 30618 T00401030618 ^x This paper is a study on the design of adptive filter for QRS complex detection. We propose a simple adaptive algorithm to increase capability of noise cancelation in QRS complex detection with two stage adaptive filter. At the first stage, background noise is removed and at the next stage, only spectrum of QRS complex components is passed. Two adaptive filters can afford to keep track of the changes of both noise and QRS complex. Each adaptive filter consists of prediction error filter and FIR filter The impulse response of FIR filter uses coefficients of prediction error filter. The detection rates for 105 and 108 of MIT/BIH data base were 99.3% and 97.4% respectively. 30619 T00401030619 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed and produced a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. Human umbilical cord origin pepsin treated type I atelocollagen was used as the structural matrix, by which sintered or non-sintered carbonate apatite was encapsulated to form an inorganic-organic composite. With cross linking atelocollagen by UV ray irradiation, the resistance to both compressive and tensile strength was increased. Collagen degradation by the collagenase induced collagenolysis was also decreased. 30620 T00401030620 ^x We have developed a monoleaflet polymer valve as an inexpensive and viable alternative, especially for short-term use in the ventricular assist device or total artificial heart. The frame and leaflet of the polymer valve were made from polyurethane, To evaluate the hemodynamic performance of the polymer valve a comparative study of flow dynamics past a polymer valve and a St. Jude Medical prosthetic valve under physiological pulsatile flow conditions in vitro was made. Comparisons between the valves were made on the transvalvular pressure drop, regurgitation volume and maximum valve opening area. The polymer valve showed smaller regurgitation volume and transvalvular pressure drop compared to the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. The results showed that the functional characteristics of the polymer valve compared favorably with those of the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. 30621 T00401030621 ^x Explosive evaporative removal process of biological tissue by absorption of a CW laser has been simulated by using gelatin and a multimode Nd:YAG laser. Because the point of maximun temperature of laser-irradiated gelatin exists below the surface due to surface cooling, evaporation at the boiling temperature is made explosively from below the surface. The important parameters of this process are the conduction loss to laser power absorption (defined as the conduction-to-laser power parameter, Nk), the convection heat transfer at the surface to conduction loss (defined as Bi), dimensionless extinction coefficient (defined as Br.), and dimensionless irradiation time (defined as Fo). Dependence of Fo on Nk and Bi has been observed by experiment, and the results have been compared with the numerical results obtained by solving a 2-dimensional conduction equation. Fo and explosion depth (from the surface to the point of maximun temperature) are increased when Nk and Bi are increased.To find out the minimum laser power for explosive evaporative removal process, steady state analysis has been also made. The limit of Nk to induce evaporative removal, which is proportional to the inverse of the laser power, has been obtained. 30622 T00401030622 ^x N1 and N2 gross neural action potentials were measured from the round window of the guinea pig cochlea at the onset of the acoustic stimuli. N1-N2 audiograms were made by means of regulating stimulant intensities in order to produce constant N1-N2 potentials as criteria for different input tone pip frequencies. The lowest threshold was measured with an input tone pip I5 dB SPL in intensity and 12 KHz in frequency when the animal was in normal physiological condition. The procedure of experimental measurements is explained in detail. This experimental approach is very useful for the investigation of the Cochlear function. Both noN1inear and active functions of the Cochlea can be monitored by N1-N2 audiograms. 30623 T00401030623 ^x In electrical impedance tomography(EIT), we use boundary current and voltage measurements toprovide the information about the cross-sectional distribution of electrical impedance or resistivity. One of the major problems in EIT has been the inaccessibility of internal voltage or current data in finding the internal impedance values. We propose a new image reconstruction method using internal current density data measured by NMR. We obtained a two-dimensional current density distribution within a phantom by processing the real and imaginary MR images from a 4.77 NMR machine. We implemented a resistivity mage reconstruction algorithm using the finite element method and sensitivity matrix. We presented computer simulation results of the mage reconstruction algorithm and furture direction of the research. 30624 T00401030624 ^x A new method of digital image analysis technique for discrimination of cancer cell was presented in this paper. The object image was the Thyroid eland cells image that was diagnosed as normal and abnormal (two types of abnormal: follicular neoplastic cell, and papillary neoplastic cell), respectively. By using the proposed region segmentation algorithm, the cells were segmented into nucleus. The 16 feature parameters were used to calculate the features of each nucleus. A9 a consequence of using dominant feature parameters method proposed in this paper, discrimination rate of 91.11% was obtained for Thyroid Gland cells. 30625 T00401030625 ^x An electrical stimulator was designed to induce locomotion for paraplegic patients caused by central nervous system injury. Optimal stimulus parameters, which can minimize muscle fatigue and can achieve effective muscle contraction were determined in slow and fast muscles in Sprague-Dawley rats. Stimulus patterns of our stimulator were designed to simulate electromyographic activity monitored during locomotion of normal subjects. Muscle types of the lower extremity were classified according to their mechanical property of contraction, which are slow muscle (msoleus m.) and fast muscle (medial gastrocneminus m., rectus femoris m., vastus lateralis m.). Optimal parameters of electrical stimulation for slow muscles were 20 Hz, 0.2 ms square pulse. For fast muscle, 40 Hz, 0.3 ms square pulse was optimal to produce repeated contraction. Higher stimulus intensity was required when synergistic muscles were stimulated simultaneously than when they were stimulated individually. Electrical stimulation for each muscle was designed to generate bipedal locomotion, so that individual muscles alternate contraction and relaxation to simulate stance and swing phases. Portable electrical stimulator with 16 channels built in microprocessor was constructed and applied to paraplegic patients due to lumbar cord injury. The electrical stimulator restored partially gait function in paraplegic patients. 30626 T00401030626 ^x Two-Dimensional modelling of the Cochlear biomechanics is presented in this paper. The Laplace partial differential equation which represents the fluid mechanics of the Cochlea has been transformed into two-dimensional electrical transmission line. The procedure of this transformation is explained in detail. The comparison between one and two dimensional models is also presented. This electrical modelling of the basilar membrane (BM) is clearly useful for the next approach to the further. Development of active elements which are essential in the producing of the sharp tuning of the BM. This paper shows that two-dimension model is qualitatively better than one-dimensional model both in amplitude and phase responses of the BM displacement. The present model is only for frequency response. However because the model is electrical, the two-dimensional transmission line model can be extended to time response without any difficult. 30627 T00401030627 ^x A method has been proposed for the fully automatic detection of left ventricular endocardial boundary in 2D short axis echocardiogram using geometric model. The procedure has the following three distinct stages. First, the initial center is estimated by the initial center estimation algorithm which is applied to decimated image. Second, the center estimation algorithm is applied to original image and then best-fit elliptic model estimation is processed. Third, best-fit boundary is detected by the cost function which is based on the best-fit elliptic model. The proposed method shows effective result without manual intervention by a human operator. 30628 T00401030628 ^x The intelligent trajectory control method that controls moving direction and average velocity for a prosthetic arm is proposed by pattern recognition and force estimations using EMG signals. Also, we propose the real time trajectory planning method which generates continuous accelleration paths using 3 stage linear filters to minimize the impact to human body induced by arm motions and to reduce the muscle fatigue. We use combination of MLP and fuzzy filter for pattern recognition to estimate the direction of a muscle and Hogan's method for the force estimation. EMG signals are acquired by using a amputation simulator and 2 dimensional joystick motion. The simulation results of proposed prosthetic arm control system using the EMf signals show that the arm is effectively followed the desired trajectory depended on estimated force and direction of muscle movements. 30638 T00401030638 ^x A new neural network architecture for the recognition of patterns from images is proposed, which is partially based on the results of physiological studies. The proposed network is composed of multi-layers and the nerve cells in each layer are connected by spatial filters which approximate receptive fields in optic nerve fields. In the proposed method, patterns recognition for complicated images is carried out using global features as well as local features such as lines and end-points. A new generating method of matched filers representing global features is proposed in this network. 30659 T00401030659 ^x An implementation scheme of the magnetic nerve stimulator using a switching mode power supply is proposed. By using a switching mode power supply rather than a conventional linear power supply for charging high voltage capacitors, the weight and size of the magnetic nerve stimulator can be considerably reduced. Maximum output voltage of the developed magnetic nerve stimulator using the switching mode power supply is 3, 000 volts and switching time is about 100 msec. Experimental results or human nerve stimulations using the developed stimulator are presented. 30768 T00401030768 ^x In this paper, we describe the design methodology and specifications of the developed module-based bedside monitors for patient monitoring. The bedside monitor consists of a main unit and module cases with various parameter modules. The main unit includes a 12.1" TFT color LCD, a main CPU board, and peripherals such as a module controller, Ethernet LAN card, video card, rotate/push button controller, etc. The main unit can connect at maximum three module cases each of which can accommodate up to 7 parameter modules. They include the modules for electrocardiograph, respiration, invasive blood pressure, noninvasive blood pressure, temperature, and SpO2 with Plethysmograph.SpO2 with Plethysmograph.