• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.34-42
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• 2011

The lumbrical muscles contribute to the intrinsic plus position, that is simultaneous metacarpophalangeal (MCP) flexion and interphalangeal (IP) extension. The strength of the lumbrical muscles is necessary for normal hand function. However, there is no objective and efficient method of strength measurement for the lumbrical muscles. In addition, previous studies have not investigated the measurement of the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the lumbrical muscles using ultrasonography (US) and the relationship between lumbrical muscle strength in the intrinsic plus position and the CSA. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify the measurement method of the CSA of the lumbrical muscles using US and to examine the relationship between maximal isometric strength and the CSA of lumbrical muscles. Nine healthy males participated in this study. Maximal isometric strength of the second, third, and fourth lumbrical muscles was assessed using a tensiometer in the intrinsic plus position which isolated MCP flexion and IP extension. The CSA of the lumbrical muscles was measured with an US. The US probe was applied on the palmar aspect of the metacarpal head with a transverse view of the hand in resting position. There was no significant difference between maximal isometric strength of the lumbrical muscles, but the fourth lumbrical muscle was stronger than the others. The CSA of the lumbrical muscles was significantly different and the fourth lumbrical muscle was significantly larger than the second lumbrical muscle. There was moderate to good correlation between maximal isometric strength and the CSA of the lumbrical muscles. Therefore, we conclude that maximal isometric strength of the lumbrical muscles was positively correlated to the CSA of the lumbrical muscle in each finger, while the measurement of the CSA of the lumbrical muscles, using US protocol in this study, was useful for measuring the CSA of the lumbrical muscles.

• International Journal of Aeronautical and Space Sciences
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.310-323
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• 2013

In this paper, the aeroelastic static response of flexible wings with arbitrary cross-section geometry via a coupled CUF-XFLR5 approach is presented. Refined structural one-dimensional (1D) models, with a variable order of expansion for the displacement field, are developed on the basis of the Carrera Unified Formulation (CUF), taking into account cross-sectional deformability. A three-dimensional (3D) Panel Method is employed for the aerodynamic analysis, providing more accuracy with respect to the Vortex Lattice Method (VLM). A straight wing with an airfoil cross-section is modeled as a clamped beam, by means of the finite element method (FEM). Numerical results present the variation of wing aerodynamic parameters, and the equilibrium aeroelastic response is evaluated in terms of displacements and in-plane cross-section deformation. Aeroelastic coupled analyses are based on an iterative procedure, as well as a linear coupling approach for different free stream velocities. A convergent trend of displacements and aerodynamic coefficients is achieved as the structural model accuracy increases. Comparisons with 3D finite element solutions prove that an accurate description of the in-plane cross-section deformation is provided by the proposed 1D CUF model, through a significant reduction in computational cost.

• Proceedings of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute Conference
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• 2000.04b
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• pp.92-99
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• 2000

The nondimensional differential equations governing the buckling loads of tapered columns with both clamped ends and its boundary conditions are derived, in which the effects of shear deformations are included. These equations are solved numerically using a numerical integration technique and a bracketing method to obtain the buckling loads of columns. Four types of cross-sectional shape are considered in the numerical examples. The parametric studies of shear deformation effects on the buckling loads such as cross-sectional shape factor, shear coefficient, ratio of modulus of elasticity, slenderness ratio and section ratio are reported in tables and figures.

• MALSORI
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• no.56
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• pp.103-125
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• 2005

We present a new method of measuring the volume and cross-sectional area of the vocal tract from magnetic resonance images. The vocal tract was divided by the 2 constriction points on the horizontal and vertical planes. The ratios of the volumes of the segment vocal tracts to that of the entire vocal tract play a crucial role in discriminating Korean monophthongs in that vowels were successfully discriminated by the ratios. The discriminant analysis also demonstrated that the acoustic parameters F1 and F2, in addition to the segment volumes, serve as significant parameters in discriminating Korean monophthongs.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.56-63
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• 1994

The nondimensional differential equations governing the buckling loads of tapered columns and its houndarv conditions are derived, in which the effects of shear deformations are included. These equations are solved numerically using a numerical integration technique and a bracketing method to obtain the buckling loads of columns. Four types of cross-sectional shape with clamped-free end constraint are used in the numerical examples. The parametric studies of shear deformation effects on the buckling loads such as cross-sectional shape factor, shear coefficient, ratio of modulus of elasticity, slenderness ratio and section ratio are reported in tables and figures.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 1992.04a
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• pp.79-83
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• 1992

According to the variation of hydrostatic pressure on the central axis of deformable material, the V-shaped central bursting defect may be created on extrusion or drawing processes. The process factors whichaffect the generation of defects are die semi-angle, reduction ratio of cross-sectional area, friction factor, material properties and so on. The combination of these factors can determine the prossibility of defect creation and the shape of various round holes which have been created inside already. By the rigid plastic finite element method, this paper describes the observations of change in shape of a round hole with process conditions suchas die semi-angle, reduction ratio of cross-sectional area and friction factorat the unsteady state of axi-symmetrical extrusion process when the round hole is alreadyexisted inside the original billet, and also, the effects of process factors are investigated to prevent the possible defects.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2015.07a
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• pp.784-785
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• 2015

This paper proposes a new structure of coil to maximize the conductor occupting ratio(conductor cross sectional area than the cross sectional area inside the slot) of the magnetic core. Further, assuming a case in which the 3-D coil is applied to a real motor. Analyze the current density distribution of the coil conductor by electromagnetic analysis method. Finally the AC resistance was measured according to the frequency of the coils. This expereiment is to calculate a optimal operating frequency to obtain high efficiency operational frequency range of motor.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Machine Tool Engineers Conference
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• 1995.10a
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• pp.68-75
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• 1995

The milling process is one of the most important metal removal processes in industry. Due to the complexities inherent to the cutter insert geometry and the milling cutter kinematics, these processes leave an analytically difficult to predict texture on the machined surface's hills and valleys. The instantaneous uncut chip cross sectional area may be estimated by the relative position between the workpiece and the cutter inserts. furthermore, since the cutting forces are proportional to the instantaneous uncut chip cross sectional area, the cutting forces in face milling operations can not be estimated easily. A new simulation program which is based upon the numerical method has been proposed to estimate the cutting force components, with the ability to predict the machined surface texture left by the face milling operation.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 1995.04b
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• pp.445-450
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• 1995

This paper deals with conversion from STL file to Slice cross-sectional information for Stereolithography. The STL file consist of three vertices of triangle and normal vectors in order to represent three dimension shape, but It is very difficult to convert STL file intoSlice file directly, because of file size from one Mbyte to tens of Mbytes. So, The system is accomplished data flow such as neutral.dat, .SL1, .SL2, .SL3, and .SLC file. The data processing is as follows: 1. Create a neutral file including common information. 2. Modify STL file within effective scope of SLA. 3. Calculate a point of intersection between plane equation and line equation. 4. Sort z values by increasing order. 5. Search closed loop by method of singlylinked linear list. The system is developed by using Borland C++ 3.1 compiler in the environment of Pentium PC. We get a satisfactory prototype as a result of application about a lot of household electrical appliances.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Technology Engineers
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.16-24
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• 1995

The milling process is one of the most important metal removal processes in industry. due to the complexities inherent to the cutter insert geometry and the milling cutter kinematics, these processes leave an analytically difficult to predict texture on the machined surface's hills and valleys. The instantaneous uncut chip cross sectional area may be estimated by the relative position between the workpiece and the cutter inserts. Furthermore, since the cutting forces are proportional to the instantaneous uncut chip cross sectional area, the cutting forces in face milling operations can not be estimated easily. A new simulation program which is based upon the numerical method has been proposed to estimate the cutting force components, with the ability to predict the machined surface texture left by the face milling.