• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.8
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• pp.3763-3767
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• 2016

Background: Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer among females across the world. It is a preventable cancer and early detection is very feasible. This study aimed to identify which women characteristics are potentially associated with and may have an important in uence on the uptake of cervical cancer screening in Kurdish women living in the west of Iran.. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted in late 2014. A random sample of women aged 40 years and above without history of cervical cancer and identi ed as Kurdish background were selected and interviewed by two trained interviewers. Information about sociodemographic and reproductive factors, history of diseases, and cervical screening was collected using a questionnaire and women who had undergone a hysterectomy were excluded. Univariate analyses were used to describe the general characteristics of the study population. Multivariable logistic regression models with self-reported screening history were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) with 95% con dence intervals (CI). Signi cance was considered at the 5% level. Results: A total of 561 women were included in this study (mean age $43.6{\pm}5.17$ years) participation in cervical screening at least once was about 32%. Cervical screening uptake percentage was signi cantly lower among people over 60 years of age (adjusted OR= 0.26, 95% CI: 0.11-0.64), and those who were illiterate (OR= 0.41 95% CI: 0.23-0.73) and post-menopausal (OR= 0.56, 95% CI: 0.35-0.91). Women with ${\leq}1$ child were less likely to report a Pap test (adjusted OR=0.43 95%CI: 0.13-1.37) Cervical screening uptake was higher among women with health insurance (OR= 2.31, 95% CI: 1.50-3.56). Conclusions: Cervical screening participation in this study was low compared to other studies in developed countries. The screening uptake was different based on age, education, parity, insurance coverage and menopausal status. It is recommended to target these groups of women in cervical screening program.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.23-31
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• 2011

From among the NDT (nondestructive testing) methods, the MFL (magnetic flux leakage) method is specially suitable for testing pipelines because pipeline has high magnetic permeability. The system applied to MFL method is called the MFL PIG. The previous MFL PIG showed high performance in detecting the metal loss and corrosions. However, MFL PIG is highly unlikely to detect the cracks which occur by exterior-interior pressure difference in pipelines and the shape of crack is long and very narrow. In MFL PIG, the magnetic field is performed axially and there is no changes of cross-sectional area at cracks that the magnetic field passes through. Cracks occur frequently in the pipelines and the risk of the accident from the cracks is higher than that from the metal loss and corrosions. Therefore, the new PIG is needed to be researched and developed for detecting the cracks. The circumferential MFL (CMFL) PIG performs magnetic fields circumferentially and can maximize the magnetic flux leakage at the cracks. In this paper, CMFL PIG is designed and the distribution of the magnetic fields is analyzed by using 3 dimensional nonlinear finite element method (FEM). In CMFL PIG, cracks, standards of NACE, are detectable. To estimate the shape of crack, the leakage of magnetic fields for many kinds of cracks is analyzed and the method is developed by signal processing.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.235-246
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to evaluate nurses' perception of clinical nutrition services. A cross-sectional survey design was performed. The research was accomplished by using questionnaires developed for this study and administered from September 12 to December 31, 2013 to 343 nurses at 43 tertiary hospitals and 20 general hospitals. The percentage of nurses who recognized clinical nutrition certificate as issued from nation was 27.8%. The mean scores of perceived usefulness on clinical nutrition services was 4.23/5.00, whereas that of perceived implementation was 3.76/5.00. The mean scores of necessity of disease-specialized clinical dietitian at capital hospitals were significantly higher for obesity (P<0.01), cancer (P<0.05), and infant & childhood disease (P<0.01) than at local hospitals. The rates of nurses' experience in group education on cancer at capital hospitals (21.7%) was significantly higher than that at local hospitals (10.3%) (P<0.05). The mean scores of perceived importance of clinical nutrition services were 4.46/5.00 for 'group nutrition education', 4.46/5.00 for 'individual consultation', and 4.40/5.00 for 'nutrition management for enteral nutrition (EN) patients'. The most common reason why clinical nutrition services are important was 'improving malnutritional status'. To activate clinical nutrition services especially at local hospitals, clinical dietitians should give systematic assistance to patients and also institutional supports are needed.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.439-447
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• 2014

Purpose: This study was conducted to identify factors affecting nurses' organizational commitment of the JCI. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed using questionnaire. Data were collected from 198 nurses who worked at one hospital from 5 to 14 May 2013. Tools were used general characteristics, perception(Yang & Choi, 2014), job stress(Park, 2005), organizational commitment(Mowday, Porter, & Steers, 1979). Results: The scores of perception, job stress, and organizational commitment of the JCI were 3.21/5, 4.08/5, and 2.65/5 respectively. Organizational commitment was significantly different according to degree. A positive correlation was observed between perception and organizational commitment. Organizational commitment was negatively correlated with job stress. The explained variances for organizational commitment was 26.3% and factors affecting nurses' organizational commitment were degree, perception, and job stress. Conclusion: These results showed the significant factors for nurses' organizational commitment of JCI. These findings can be utilized to development of strategies for reducing job stress, and enhancing perception of JCI.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.257-262
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to assess the correlation between integrated mineral loss (volume % mineral${\times}{\mu}m$, ${\Delta}Z_{TMR}$) determined using transverse microradiography (TMR) and integrated reflectivity ($dB{\times}{\mu}m$, ${\Delta}R_{OCT}$) determined using optical coherence tomography (OCT) for detecting early dental caries with lesion depth more than $200{\mu}m$. Sixty tooth specimens were made from sound bovine teeth. They were immersed in a demineralized solution for 20, 30, and 40 days. The ${\Delta}R_{OCT}$ was obtained from the cross-sectional OCT image. The ${\Delta}Z_{TMR}$ was obtained from the TMR image. The correlation between ${\Delta}R_{OCT}$ and ${\Delta}Z_{TMR}$ was examined using Pearson correlation. The Bland-Altman plot was constructed using the ${\Delta}R_{OCT}$ and ${\Delta}Z_{TMR}$ values. A significant correlation between ${\Delta}R_{OCT}$ and ${\Delta}Z_{TMR}$ was confirmed (r=0.491, p=0.003). Moreover, most of the difference between ${\Delta}R_{OCT}$ and ${\Delta}Z_{TMR}$ was included in the error section of the Bland-Altman plot. Therefore, OCT could be used as a substitute for TMR when analyzing mineral loss in early dental caries.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.510-515
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• 2014

Despite the high demand for dental care professionals, high turnover of dental hygienists have been reported, especially among workers in the dental clinics. This study aimed to examine job satisfaction factors affecting dental hygienist's service year in Seoul using cross-sectional data. The questionnaire survey was conducted from August 26, 2013 to September 13, 2013. Data were collected from 296 employees of dental clinics and hospitals located in Seoul. Logistic regression analysis was applied for parameter estimates, using PASW Statistics 18.0 and R software version 3.0.3. The Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ for the total job satisfaction factors was 0.922. In descriptive statistics, the group (that less than four years of working and over four years of working) had a statistically significant difference in age, religion, experience of turnover and autonomous factor among job satisfaction factors. In multiple logistic regression model, autonomy in job satisfaction was an important factor to predict the length of service in dental hygienist (odds ratio, 2.65; 95% confidence interval, 1.06~6.60). Autonomous factor was a significant predictor of length of service for dental hygienist. This study encourages future investigations of the role of job satisfaction of service year using better analytical frameworks.

• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.261-273
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• 2011

Recently, the demands for steel frame are increasing because of the trend and due to the demand for bigger and higher buildings. In the analysis of typical steel frame, connections are based on the idealized fixed or pinned connection. A fixed connection assumes that the relative angle of each member before deformation is the same after the transformation. Therefore, the stiffener reinforces the connection to sufficient rigidity and stability of the panel zone. In the economical aspect, however, the necessity of connection that the stiffener reinforcement has omitted is increasing due to the excessive production as well as labor costs of connection. In contrast, pinned connection is assumed that bending moments between the beams and columns do not transfer to each member. This is easy to make in the plant and the construction is simple. However, the structural efficiency is reduced in pinned connection because connection cannot transfer moments. The introduction of this semirigid process can decide efficient cross-sectional dimensions that promote ease in the course of structural erection, as performed by members in the field-a call for safety in the entire frame. Therefore, foreign countries exert efforts to study the practical behavior and the results are applied to criterion. This paper analyzes the semirigid connection of domestic steel by design specifications of AISC/LRFD and make data bank that pertain to each steel. After wards, the results are compared to those of idealized connection; at the same time, this paper presents a design method that matches economic efficiency, end-fixity, and rotational stiffness.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.34 no.7
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• pp.669-680
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• 2013

Ozone sensitivity analysis with respect to $NO_x$ is conducted around the south-eastern area of the Korean Peninsula. WRF-CMAQ modeling system is used to simulate a local circulation and high ozone episode day. To analyze the sensitivity, the adjoint model for CMAQ is adopted in this study. The purpose of current study is to investigate the location that affects a day time ozone concentration of these receptors on the high ozone episode day. Adjoint sensitivity analysis for Daegu shows two areas of influence. One is the range from the neighboring location to Pohang and it affects mainly on the same day as receptor time. The other is the remote south-eastern area from Daegu. This remote influence area suggests that $NO_x$ emitted on the previous day can change the ozone concentration at receptor time. The influence area for Busan, on the other hand, is originated only from the emission on the previous day because the sea-breeze occurred on the episode day makes low influence of surrounding emission. The cross sectional analysis reveals that $NO_x$ advection is important not only near the surface of land but also around the height of boundary layer.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.57-64
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• 2014

Purpose: Both chronic periodontitis (CP) and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) induce oxidative stress in the body and cause an imbalance between reactive oxygen species and antioxidants, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD). This study explored the SOD enzyme activity of saliva and serum in CP patients with and without IDA and analyzed the impact of IDA on CP. Methods: A total of 82 patients were divided into four groups: control group (CG, 22), periodontally healthy IDA patients (IDA-PH, 20), CP patients (CP, 20), and IDA patients with CP (IDA-CP, 20). After clinical measurements and samplings, serum and salivary SOD levels were determined using an SOD assay kit. Results: IDA-CP patients exhibited a higher gingival index, bleeding on probing, probing pocket depth, and percentage (%) of sites with a clinical attachment loss (CAL) of ${\geq}6mm$ (P<0.008) than CP patients. The mean salivary and serum SOD levels were significantly lower in the IDA-PH, CP, and IDA-CP patients than in the CG group (P<0.008). A significant positive correlation between salivary and serum SOD activity was observed in IDA (P<0.05). Furthermore, serum and salivary SOD levels were significantly and negatively correlated with all periodontal parameters including the percentage of sites with CAL of 4-5 and ${\geq}6mm$ (P<0.05) except the significant correlation between salivary SOD activity and mean CAL and the percentage of sites with CAL of 4-5 mm (P>0.05) in these patients. Conclusions: Within the limits of this study, it may be suggested that IDA patients with chronic periodontitis have more periodontal breakdowns than patients with chronic periodontitis. Serum and salivary SOD activity levels were lower in the IDA-PH, CP and IDA-CP groups than in the CG. Iron deficiency anemia influenced the serum SOD activity but did not seem to affect the salivary SOD activity in these patients.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.402-408
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• 2013

PURPOSE. The aim of this study was to evaluate the surface properties and in vitro bioactivity to osteoblasts of magnesium and magnesium-hydroxyapatite coated titanium. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Themagnesium (Mg) and magnesium-hydroxyapatite (Mg-HA) coatings on titanium (Ti) substrates were prepared by radio frequency (RF) and direct current (DC) magnetron sputtering.The samples were divided into non-coated smooth Ti (Ti-S group), Mg coatinggroup (Ti-Mg group), and Mg-HA coating group (Ti-MgHA group).The surface properties were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The surface roughness was evaluated by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Cell adhesion, cell proliferation and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity were evaluated using MC3T3-E1 cells. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis was performed. RESULTS. Cross-sectional SEM images showed that Mg and Mg-HA depositionson titanium substrates were performed successfully. The surface roughness appeared to be similaramong the three groups. Ti-MgHA and Ti-Mg group had improved cellular responses with regard to the proliferation, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and bone-associated markers, such as bone sialoprotein (BSP) and osteocalcin (OCN) mRNA compared to those of Ti-S group. However, the differences between Ti-Mg group and Ti-MgHA group were not significant, in spite of the tendency of higher proliferation, ALP activity and BSP expression in Ti-MgHA group. CONCLUSION. Mg and Mg-HAcoatings could stimulate the differentiation into osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells, potentially contributing to rapid osseointegration.