• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.75-84
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• 2008

Colored potatoes are an excellent source of dietary polyphenols including anthocyanins. Generally, anthocyanins from fruits and vegetables exhibit anti-carcinogenesis and anti-cancer properties in vitro test. This experiment was conducted to know the effects of colored potato extracts contained anthocyanins on antimutagenic activity and anticancer activity to six human cancer cell lines containing LNCaP (androgen-dependent) prostate cancer cells. Extracts of three colored potatoes ('Hongyoung', 'Jayoung' and 'Jasim') and the white potato ('Superior') cultivars were used in this study. The extracts of three colored potatoes inhibited the mutagenicities induced by direct mutagen such as 4-nitro-quinoline-1-oxide (4-NQO) and another indirect mutagens of bezo(a)pyrene (BaP). Also, the extracts of 'Hoyoung' and 'Jayoung' showed higher antimutagenic activity than 'Jasim' and 'Superior' against to direct or indirect mutagen on both strains of TA98 and TA100. The activity of growth-inhibitory of extract of four potato cultivars were screened by SRB (sulphorhodamine B) method on diverse human cancer cells representing different types of cancers. Among the extract of four potato cultivars, the extract of 'Jasim' showed moderate inhibition on proliferation of LNCaP, ACHN and MOLT-4F cells and did not inhibit the proliferation of other cancer cells. On the other hand, extract of 'Superior' did not inhibit the proliferation of any tested cancer cell lines. However, the extracts of 'Hongyoung and Jayoung' inhibited the proliferation of cancer cells with $GI_{50}$ values ranging from 2.5 to $30\;{\mu}g/mL$. On the basis of the $GI_{50}$ values, it is clear that LNCaP cells were more sensitive to extracts of colored potato cultivars than other cancer cells. The extract of 'Jayoung' at $30\;{\mu}g/mL$ were more active and inhibited cell proliferation, and induced apoptosis in LNCaP cells. This result revealed that the extracts of colored potatoes are expected to be good candidate for development into source of antimutagenic and anticancer agent.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.207-216
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• 2004

This study was carried out to select the promising forage crops for forage production in paddy field of NLRI, RDA, Suwon from 1999 to 2001. The species of forage crop used in this experiment were barley(3 varieties), wheat(2), rye(3) and Italian ryegrass(IRG, 3). Stages of heading, milk and yellow ripe of barley were 1 May, middle May and late May, respectively. In milk to yellow ripe stage, dry matter(DM) and total digestible nutrient(TDN) yield of barley were $7.30{\sim}9.58$ MT and $4.75{\sim}6.24$ MT per ha, and Albori was the most promising variety among the barley. The growth of wheat was a little late compared to that of barley. but it seemed to be crop having higher forage yield and nutritive value. In milk to yellow stage, DM and TDN yield of wheat were $8.17{\sim}10.82$ MT and $5.33{\sim}7.31$ MT per ha. Heading stage of rye was 27 to 29 April, and it seemed to be suitable for harvest at heading to flowering stage because of heavy lodging after flowering. In flowering stage, DM and TDN yield of rye were 10.18 and 6.03 MT per ha. Heading stage of early maturing IRG was 7 May and it seemed to be good for harvest at flowering stage of middle May in cropping system. In flowering stage, DM and TDN yield of early type IRG were 4.48 and 2.96 MT per ha. The results demonstrated that the promising forage crops for forage production in paddy. field were rye and barley(Albori) in Middle region, and rye harvesting at early May was recommended when considered middle May of rice transplanting period, and rye and barley considered late May of rice planting period. Also early maturing and high yielding IRG variety was strongly needed.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.36 no.6_1
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• pp.1465-1483
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• 2020

Evapotranspiration is a concept that includes the evaporation from soil and the transpiration from the plant leaf. It is an essential factor for monitoring water balance, drought, crop growth, and climate change. Actual evapotranspiration (AET) corresponds to the consumption of water from the land surface and the necessary amount of water for the land surface. Because the AET is derived from multiplying the crop coefficient by the reference evapotranspiration (ET0), an accurate calculation of the ET0 is required for the AET. To date, many efforts have been made for gridded ET0 to provide multiple products now. This study presents a comparison between the ET0 products such as FAO56-PM, LDAPS, PKNU-NMSC, and MODIS to find out which one is more suitable for the local-scale hydrological and agricultural applications in Korea, where the heterogeneity of the land surface is critical. In the experiment for the period between 2016 and 2019, the daily and 8-day products were compared with the in-situ observations by KMA. The analyses according to the station, year, month, and time-series showed that the PKNU-NMSC product with a successful optimization for Korea was superior to the others, yielding stable accuracy irrespective of space and time. Also, this paper showed the intrinsic characteristics of the FAO56-PM, LDAPS, and MODIS ET0 products that could be informative for other researchers.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.18
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• pp.124-155
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• 1975

To obtain the fundamental informations on the varietal improvement of peanut and to study the ecological variations of the important agronomic traits and to the relationship between the traits studied, an investigation was made on varietal classification of 489 introduced on the basis of their morphological and ecological differences at Crop Experiment Station, Suweon in 1968, and the other study conducted at some location as above in 1969 was to investigate the ecological variations of the materials in accordance with changes of seeding date using classified varietal group under 5 different seeding times from April 16 to July 7 with twenty days interval. The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1. Peanut varieties tested were classified into Spanish, Virginia Erect, Virginia Runner, Southeast Runner. Valencia and Semirunner, on the basis of plant type, flowering time, number of grains per pod and grain size. 2. Characteristics of varietal group classified are as followings. (1) Spanish; erect, small grained and early maturing type. (2) Virginia Erect; erect, large grained and late flowering type. (3) Virginia Runner; runner, large grained and late maturing type. (4) Southeast Runner; runner, small grained and early maturing type. (5) Valencia; erect, small grained and early flowering type with 3-4 grains per pod. (6) Semi runner; semirunner, large grained and late flowering type. 3. Flowering period in respective varietal group was consistently shorted by delayed seeding date and the degree of shortening was more serious in late flowering varietal group. 4. Number of branches per plant was generally decreased in late seeding date in respective group. However, Spanish and Virginia Runner exhibited lower number of branches in the first seeding rather than the second seeding and the lowest number of branches was found in Spanish while the highest were Virginia Erect in all seeding date. 5. Shelling ratio was high in Spanish and Southeast Runner in any seeding date and decreased remarkedly by seeding after May. 6. Number of pod per plant in all varietal groups was remarkedly decreased by delayed seeding date and the degree of decreasing was more serious in large grain varietal group. 7. The higher pod weight per plant was found in second seeding date rather than first seeding and pod weight per plant was decreased obviously in all late seeding after the second. Therefore, among the cultivars tested, Southeast Runner noted the highest pod weight per plant while Virginia Runner showed the lowest. 8. Grain number per plant expressed the similar tendency as the pod weight per plant but was low in large grain group and high in small grain group in all seeding date employed. 9. 100 grain weight was heaviest in second seeding and was decreased remarkedly after the second and even the first seeding date. 10. Yield per 10a noted considerable variations in accordance with seeding date in all groups classified. However, the yield was increased in second seeding date (May 7) and decreased in the others. 11. Length of main stem and branches were exceptionally decreased in the first seeding date compare to the second in Spanish while other varieties were tend to be same between the indicated seeding date, but. these two traits were strikingly decreased in all seeding after the second. This tendency, however, strongly suggested the importance of environmental effects on peanut growth in terms of their changes due to the different seeding date. 12. Highly significant positive correlations were showed between yield and yield componets such as pod weight per plant, 100 grain weight and the number of grains per plant in all varietal groups except, Virginia Runner. However, the other characters were almost not correlated with yield and differences in correlation coefficients among the seeding dates were found. 13. Path coefficients estimated for yield components to yield was higher in number of grains per plant pod weight per plant and 100 grain weight in terms of direct effect and the other components were negligible in all varietal groups. 14. Heritabilities estimated were generally high in pod number per plant, shelling ratio, 100 grain weights and number of grains per pod and the other traits were relatively low.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.460-470
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• 1985

Experiments were carried out to evaluate the standard gravity in determining potential kernel size and to determine the effective sampling way by analyzing intra - and inter - plant variations for some source and sink characters using eleven semi-dwarf indica and three japonica cultivars including four semi-dwarf indica nearisogenic lines. Also, additional experiments were conducted to understand yearly variation and variety x year interaction effects for ten characters related to source and sink and to characterize the varietal difference of pre- and post-heading self-competition employing three parental varieties and their F$\sub$5/ progenies in 1982 and 1983. It is desirable to determine the potential kernel size by average kernel wight of rice grains showing above 1.15 specific gravity. There was significant difference in leaf area per tiller, spikelets and sink capacity per panicle among vigorous, intermediate and inferior tillers classified by differentiated order and vigorousness. Although it was difficult to find out any significant difference in grain-fill ratio, ratio of perfectly ripened grain, potential kernel size and sink/source ratio between vigorous and intermediate tillers, there was big difference between them and inferior one. The coefficients of variation within each tiller-group for some characters related to source and sink were larger with the order of vigorous tillers < intermediate one '||'&'||'lt; inferior one, and the average heritability of all characters, evaluated by the ratio of varietal variance (equation omitted) to total variance (equation omitted), were higher with the order of inferior tillers '||'&'||'lt; intemediate one '||'&'||'lt; superior one. Therefore, it is desirable to sample the vigorous tillers to represent the varietal difference of these traits. '82-'83 year variations of three parental cultivars were significant for all traits except for leaf area/tiller, panicles/hill, leaf area index and rough rice yield. The characters showing highly significant variance of variety x year interaction were growth duration from transplanting to heading, leaf area/tiller, sink/source ratio, sink capacity/panicle and grain yield. Generalized yearly response of three parental varieties (Suweon 264, Raegyeong, IR1317-70-l) and their F$\sub$5/ progenies on the 1st and 2nd principal components extracted from ten source and sink characters generally exhibited reduction in both source and sink. However, there were diverse variety x year interactions such as progenies showing similar reaction with their parents and intermediate or recombinational yearly response with little or considerable yearly movement on the four-dimensional planes of the two upper principal components between 1982 and 1983. Sink characters revealing highly significant border effect were grain-fill ratio, spikelets and sink capacity per panicle. Among them the latter two especially showed significant variety x border effect interaction. Self-competition characterized by relative weakness of inside plant's sink characters compared to the border one was more severe during the reproductive stage before heading than maturing stage. Though the larger sink capacity per panicle generally disclosed the severer self-competition, some lines (like Suweon 264) revealed severe self-competition with small sink capacity while a few others showed tender self-competition in spite of big sink capacity per panicle.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.43-50
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• 1978

In order to compare the effectiveness of different phosphorus forms (pulverized as regranulized) and formulars (compound fertilizers) of fused phosphate and to compare the effectiveness of boron from different forms (straight borax, granulized with fused phosphate and included in compound fertilizer), a field experiment was conducted on a relatively fertile upland soil using soybean as a test crop. Results are summarized as following. 1. Yield of soybean was significantly higher in the plots fertilized with P when compared to check plot (no p). However, no significant differences were observed among the different forms or formulars of fused phosphate, indicating that the regranulization or formulation of compound fertilizer did not influence the effectiveness of phosphorus. 2. The application of boron, regardless of its formular, brought about higher B content in plant tissue and higher grain yield. There was a tendency that boron contained in ragranulized fused phosphate was more effective than straight borax. The results also indicated that when boron is to be included in NPK compound fertilizer, its content should be at the least 1.5% as $B_2O_3$. 3. The effectiveness of boron appeared as increased number of pod, higher B, and Ca contents in plant and the amounts of uptake of these elements by soybean. 4. The analysis of soil after the experiment indicated that different forms or formulars of fused phosphate were similarly effective in increasing the available P, Ca, and Mg contents in the soil. 5. Slight increase in available B contents in the experimental plot soils applied with boron fertilizer was observed after the trial.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.207-213
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• 2009

This experiment was performed to understand the relationship between uptake of Fe and Mn by plants, red pepper and tomato, and soil physico-chemical properties under different soil conditions at an environmentally controlled chamber in NAAS(National Academy of Agricultural Science) in 2008. After the dipping for 3 days, four treatments, dipping, dipping+aeration, drainage, drainage+aeration, were set up to investigate the changes in soil redox potential and moisture content. Drainage+aeration changed soil to the oxidation condition from 72 hrs of treatment, and soil moisture content was immediately reduced after treatment. Uptake of Fe and Mn of red pepper was investigated with two treatments, soil only and the mixed[soil(50%) : bed soil(35%) : bark(15%)]. Red pepper leaves taken at 30 days after treatment absorbed excessively Mn from the treatment of soil only and the mixed, and thus uptake of iron was strongly reduced. Also, uptake pattern of Fe and Mn of tomato was examined with four treatment, soil only, soil(50%) + rice straw(50%), soil(50%) + compost(50%) and soil + aeration. Contents of Fe and Mn in tomato leaves was measured at 60 days after treatment. Fe content was the greatest in soil(50%) + compost(50%) whereas Mn content was the highest in soil only. As a result of this experiment, plant growth was stronger influenced by soil moisture content than redox potential or porosity, and the oxidation status of soil was likely to promote that plant predominantly absorbed Mn from soil and thus resulted in Fe deficiency.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.77-83
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• 1981

In order to obtain an imformation on the exchangeable potassium and it's activity ratio to other cations in wet paddy top soil grown by rice, soil samples were taken from bottomless middle size (60cm in dia, and height, respectively) round concrete pot being car ride out with an experiment on the split application of potassium in relation to lime and analysed. The pot experiment was being conducted from 1974 at a farm of the City University of Seoul and the wet soil samples were taken from the paddy in the year of 1976. The samples were extracted with $0.1N-AlCl_3$ solution and analysed regarding the elements. Results obtained are as follows : 1. Less exchangeable potassium was extracted from the soils limed than those unlimed when the same amount of potassium was applied immediatly after flooding. However, when the Potassium was applied two weeks after flooding, the reverse was observed. The fact that the exchangeable potassium is increased in the case that potassium fertilizer applied two weeks after flooding explained as due either to the prohibiting effect of iron or less abserption of potassium by the crop. 2. A remarkable decrease of exchangeable potassium of soils was observed during the vigorous growth stage of rice. 3. The activity ratio of $\frac{K}{(Fe^{{+}{+}}){\frac{1}{2}}}$ was remarkabley low after July 16th at which the soil was considerably reduced. 4. The activity ratio $\frac{K^+}{NH^+}$ of limed soil lasted highly until July 16th. It may be resulted from slow progress of ammonification caused by high pH. 5. A positive correlation was found between $Fe^{{+}{+}}$ and $Ca^{{+}{+}}$ under reduced condition. But there was no correlation between $Fe^{{+}{+}}$ and $K^+$ or $NH^+_4$, because that the concentrations of $K^+$ and $NH^+_4$ in soil fluctuates during growing season.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.93-104
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• 1996

A field experiment was conducted in Chungju and Jungwon to evaluate growth characteristics, dry matter yield, protein yield and palatability of intercropping comparing with monocropping forage crops by the use of sorghum $\times$ sudangrass hybrid(S.S.H.), five forage soybeans and two forage cowpeas of superior to selected experiment of varieties. All eight treatment plots were replicated three times and cutting date were cut July 6 and September 9. 1. The mean leaf number of S.S.H. in intercropping T2 treatment showed high compared to T1 treatment in all treatment except for Hwangkeum treatment, but T3 treatment was lower than the other treatments. In the leaf number of soybean, Jangbaek treatment was the highest as 47 leaves per plant, cowpea treatments showed high above 50 leaves. The stem diameter of S.S.H. in Jangyeob treatment of T2 treatment was 9.6mm. In legume, cowpea of T3 treatment was high as ranged from 7.9mm to 8.2mm. In stem hardiness of S.S.H., TI treatment was the lower than the other treatments, while Jangbaek treatment of T2 treatment was the highest as $2.0kg/cm^2$. In legume crops, Jangbaek and Baekun treatment were the highest as $1.6kg/cm^2$, but T3 treatment was very low as $0.3~0.6kg/cm^2$. 2. In the mean leaf ratio of S.S.H., T1 treatment was higher than T2 and T3 treatment as 34.9%. In the legume crops, Togyu treatment was the highest as 40.9%. In the mean tiller number of S.S.H., T2 treatment showed high compared to TI treatment, but T3 treatment of was rather decrease than The tiller number of S.S.H. in Jangyeob treatment of T2 treatment was the highest as 4.6 per plant. The dead stubble of S.S.H. was high in order to T3>T1>T2 treatment>, T3 treatment was highly about 2 times compared to T2 treatment. 3. S.S.H. as T3 treatment was resistant to lodging, but T3 and T1 treatment showed highly lodging. In the legums, T3 treatment was resistant to lodging, but T2 treatment showed highly lodging. In the S.S.H. of T2 treatment, the leaf of summer depression was not occurrence, but T3 treatment was higher than the other treatments. 4. The palatability of domestic animals was high in order of T2>Tl>T3, especially Togyu treatment of T2 treatment was the highest at the holstein and deer, and Jangyeob treatment of T2 treatment was the highest in the Korean native cattle. But T3 treatment was lower than other treatments in the holstein and Korean native cattle. 5. Fresh yield of monocropping(T1) was the highest as 94, 650kg/ha, while dry matter yield in Jangyeob treatment of T2 treatment was the highest as 15, 575/ha But fresh yield and dry matter yield of T3 treatment were the lowest(P<0.05). 6. Protein yield in T2 treatment was high, especially Jangyeob treatment of T2 treatment was the highest as 1, 605.5 kg/ha T3 treatment was low in spite of high protein content, because dry matter yield was lower than the other treatments. In conclusion, among T1, T2 and T3 treatment, Jangyeob, Togyu and Baekun treatments of T2 treatment showed optimum varieties for intercropping with S.S.H., because they showed high Dry matter yield, protein yield and palatability.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.20-26
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• 1985

Under the field condition mulched by polyethylene film, changes of the soil moisture content and soil temperature due to the meteorological influence, which have had a great effect upon productivity of upland - field crop, was investigated. The results obtained were as follows; 1. During the early growth stage from the first part of April to the last part of May, soil temperature at 15cm below the mulched surface of ridge (13:00) was about $5^{\circ}C$ higher than that of non-mulched plot. 20 days earlier than normal soil temperature reached up to $20^{\circ}C$ due to the mulching. The increasing of soil temperature resulted from poly ethylene film mulching had a similar tendency for the annual experiment of 3 years (1982-1984). 2. Changes of the soil moisture content in the plow layer during the growing season was remarkably less in the mulched plot than in the non-mulched plot due to suppression of evaporation by polyethylene film. 3. Soil moisture contents of the plots planted with tobacco was lower than those of the non-planted plots owing to the more transpiration induced by growing of the tobacco plant. As the results, it was refered that initial fresh weight of above ground part of tobacco that had an influence upon the consumption of soil moisture by the transpiration rather than evaporation was about 250g per plant. 4. At the appreciable amount of rainfall (for instance; 63.5mm), soil moisture content at middle place between plants in the plow layer of the mulched plot was not increased owing to the infiltration interruption by polyethylene film. 5. By the comparatively small amount of rainfall (e.g. 20mm) after the drought period, leaf water potential of the mulched plot was not increased as much as that of the non-mulched plot owing to the less moisture content of soil resulted from interruption of rainfall.