• International Journal of High-Rise Buildings
• /
• v.10 no.4
• /
• pp.299-310
• /
• 2021

External fire spread has the potential to breach vertical compartmentation and violate the fire safety strategy of a building. The traditional design solution to this has been the use of non-combustible materials and spandrel panels but recent audits show that combustible materials are widespread and included in highly complex systems. Furthermore, most jurisdictions no longer require detailing of spandrel panels under many different circumstances. These buildings require rapid investigation using rational scientific methods to be able to adequately classify the fire risk. In this work, we use an extensive experimental campaign of material-scale data to explore the critical parameters driving upward flame spread. Two criteria are outlined using two different approaches. The first evaluates the time to ignition and the time to burnout to assess the ability for a fire to spread, and can be easily determined using traditional means. The second evaluates the preheated flame length as the critical parameter driving flame spread. A wide range of cladding materials are ranked according to these criteria to show their potential propensity to flame spread. From this, designers can use conservative approaches to perform fire risk assessments for buildings with combustible materials or can be used to aid decision-making. Precise estimates of flame spread rates within complex façade systems are not achievable with the current level of knowledge and will require a substantial amount of work to make progress.

• 한국HCI학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 2006.02a
• /
• pp.931-936
• /
• 2006

This paper presents different issues of the real-time compression algorithms without compromising the video quality in the distributed environment. The theme of this research is to manage the critical processing stages (speed, information lost, redundancy, distortion) having better encoded ratio, without the fluctuation of quantization scale by using IP configuration. In this paper, different techniques such as distortion measure with searching method cover the block phenomenon with motion estimation process while passing technique and floating measurement is configured by discrete cosine transform (DCT) to reduce computational complexity which is implemented in this video codec. While delay of bits in encoded buffer side especially in real-time state is being controlled to produce the video with high quality and maintenance a low buffering delay. Our results show the performance accuracy gain with better achievement in all the above processes in an encouraging mode.

• Smart Structures and Systems
• /
• v.14 no.6
• /
• pp.1005-1030
• /
• 2014

The need for assessing dynamic response of typical industrial piping systems subjected to seismic loading motivated the authors to apply model reduction techniques to experimental dynamic substructuring. Initially, a better insight into the dynamic response of the emulated system was provided by means of the principal component analysis. The clear understanding of reduction basis requirements paved the way for the implementation of a number of model reduction techniques aimed at extending the applicability range of the hybrid testing technique beyond its traditional scope. Therefore, several hybrid simulations were performed on a typical full-scale industrial piping system endowed with a number of critical components, like elbows, Tee joints and bolted flange joints, ranging from operational to collapse limit states. Then, the favourable performance of the L-Stable Real-Time compatible time integrator and an effective delay compensation method were also checked throughout the testing campaign. Finally, several aspects of the piping performance were commented and conclusions drawn.

• Journal of Construction Engineering and Project Management
• /
• v.1 no.3
• /
• pp.45-51
• /
• 2011

During disaster response, prioritization of limited resources is one of the most important but challenging tasks. At the same time, it is imperative to timely provide to the rescuers with the adequate heavy equipment to facilitate lifesaving operations. However, supply of high demand equipment is usually insufficient during the initial phase of disaster response, challenging lifesaving operations. At the same time, resources outside of the disaster affected zone converge into the area to assist the response efforts, which is the effect of convergence that often made resource coordination challenging in large scale disasters. Meanwhile, the initial condition of the disaster is usually best known by civilians already at the area before and during impact of the disaster. The knowledge of the civilians is not always received and considered by the responding organizations. With the help of these civilians, critical information such as victim location, infrastructure damage, and risk condition could be better know before any response actions are taken. To efficiently collect information and utilize the converging resources, this paper proposes a geospatial information repository for initial condition reporting and update to guide search and rescue operations and deployment of equipment with safety considerations for the rescuers in large scale disaster response scenarios.

• Steel and Composite Structures
• /
• v.43 no.5
• /
• pp.639-660
• /
• 2022

The bending and buckling behaviours of FG-GRNC laminated sandwich plates are investigated by using novel five-variables quasi 3D higher order shear deformation plate theory by considering the modified continuum nonlocal strain gradient theory. To calculate the effective Young's modulus of the GRNC sandwich plate along the thickness direction, and Poisson's ratio and mass density, the modified Halpin-Tsai model and the rule of the mixture are employed. Based on a new field of displacement, governing equilibrium equations of the GRNC sandwich plate are solved using a developed approach of Galerkin method. A detailed parametric analysis is carried out to highlight the influences of length scale and material scale parameters, GPLs distribution pattern, the weight fraction of GPLs, geometry and size of GPLs, the geometry of the sandwich plate and the total number of layers on the stresses, deformation and critical buckling loads. Some details are studied exclusively for the first time, such as stresses and the nonlocality effect.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
• /
• v.37 no.5
• /
• pp.302-313
• /
• 2012

Purpose: The biogas productivity potential of fish waste (FW) was evaluated. Methods: Batch trials were carried out in 1.3 L glass digesters kept in a temperature controlled chambers at $36.5^{\circ}C$. The first order kinetic model and the modified Gompertz model were evaluated for biogas production. The Chen and Hashimoto model was used to determine the critical hydraulic retention time (HRT $_{Critical}$) for FW under mesophilic conditions. The feasibility of co-digestion of FW with animal manure was studied. Results: The biogas and methane potential of FW was found to be 757 and 554 mL/g VS, respectively. The methane content in the biogas produced from FW was found to be 73% and VS removal was found to be 77%. There was smaller difference between measured and predicted biogas production when using the modified Gompertz model (16.5%) than using first order kinetic model (31%). The time period for 80%-90% of biogas production ($T_{80-90}$) from FW was calculated to be 50.3-53.5 days. Similarly, the HRT $_{Critical}$ for FW was calculated to be 13 days under mesophilic conditions. The methane production from swine manure (SM) and cow manure (CM) digesters could be enhanced by 13%-115% and 17%-152% by mixing 10%-90% of FW with SM and CM, respectively. Conclusions: The FW was found to be highly potential substrate for anaerobic digestion for biogas production. The modified Gompertz model could be more appropriate in describing anaerobic digestion process of FW. It could be promising for co-digestion of FW with animal manure.

• International Journal of Costume and Fashion
• /
• v.15 no.1
• /
• pp.75-85
• /
• 2015

Due to the plethora of political, economic, and social challenges experienced on a global scale in the 21st century, students need to be concerned with more than their immediate surroundings (Johnson, 2005). When implemented in an educational setting, topics encompassing social justice may provide students with the confidence and skills to become "reflective, moral, caring, and active citizens in a troubled world" (Banks and Banks, 2009, p.5). The purpose of this article was to provide examples of undergraduate lessons focused on sweatshop conditions within three time periods of United States history that incorporate social justice into the course curriculum. By implementing social justice lessons into the curriculum, students can engage in critical reading, writing, and thinking about injustices faced by society. Girded with knowledge of past oppression within the apparel industry, students may become actively engaged in challenging social injustices in our world.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
• /
• v.5 no.11
• /
• pp.1929-1945
• /
• 2011

RFID technologies have attracted a lot of attention in recent years because of their cost/time-effectiveness in large-scale logistics, supply chain management (SCM) and other various potential applications. One of the most important issues of the RFID-based systems is how quickly tags can be identified. Tag collision arbitration plays a more critical role in determining the system performance especially for passive tag-based ones where tag collisions are dealt with rather than prevented. We present a novel tag collision arbitration protocol called Optimum Frame-Slotted Aloha (OFSA). The protocol has been designed to achieve time-optimal efficiency in tag identification through an analytic study of tag identification delay and tag number estimation. Results from our analysis and extensive simulations demonstrate that OFSA outperforms other collision arbitration protocols. Also, unlike most prior anti-collision protocols, it does not require any modification to the current standards and architectures facilitating the rollout of RFID systems.

• Smart Structures and Systems
• /
• v.23 no.2
• /
• pp.123-139
• /
• 2019

Impact forces induced by external object collisions can cause serious damages to civil engineering structures. While accurate and prompt identification of such impact forces is a critical task in structural health monitoring, it is not readily feasible for civil structures because the force measurement is extremely challenging and the force location is unpredictable for full-scale field structures. This study proposes a novel approach for identification of impact force including its location and time history using a small number of multi-metric observations. The method combines an augmented Kalman filter (AKF) and Genetic algorithm for accurate identification of impact force. The location of impact force is statistically determined in the way to minimize the AKF response estimate error at measured locations and then time history of the impact force is accurately constructed by optimizing the error co-variances of AKF using Genetic algorithm. The efficacy of proposed approach is numerically demonstrated using a truss and a plate model considering the presence of modelling error and measurement noises.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
• /
• 2016.05a
• /
• pp.199-199
• /
• 2016

In recent decades, climate change phenomenon has developed towards critical tendency and increased in both frequency, intensity and time which causes catastrophic damage in both people and property, especially in the field of agriculture and water resources. At the current, some researches in the world and Viet Nam studies on climate change impacts on the water resources sectors. Results of scientists'studies showed that climate change will seriously impact productivity, livelihoods and the environment on a global scale; especially large flood phenomena increasingly developing in intensity, drought more violently occurring in a long time. In recent years, the shortage of water supply for economic activity has started to happen with quite serious degree at the Viet Nam, especially in the northern mountainous provinces of Viet Nam.