• Title/Summary/Keyword: credit rating(s)

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An Empirical Research on the Firm Value and Credit Rating of Development Expenses (개발비 지출이 기업가치와 신용등급에 미치는 영향)

  • Jin, Dong-Min
    • Asia-Pacific Journal of Business
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    • v.9 no.4
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    • pp.119-135
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    • 2018
  • Currently, Korean firms are making a lot of effort to invest in research and development (R&D) by spending a lot of development costs in order to cope with the 4th industrial revolution. On the other hand, the capital market of Korea, which is the main source of funding, has caused a lot of cost of capital for firms by its reorganization mainly with safe assets in the experience of foreign exchange crisis at the end of 1997, the sub-prime mortgage crisis in 2007 and the bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers in September 2008. Thus, this study empirically analyzed the effect of development expenses on credit rating and firm value. The credit rating was measured by commercial paper(CP) credit rating which is sensitive for investors in terms of risk because it is issued only by the credit of the firms. Firm value was defined as Tobin's Q, which has been widely used in prior studies. The results of the analysis are summarized as follows; Firstly, development expenses did not affect credit rating. Development expenses are recognized as intangible assets for uncertainty of economic benefits and long-term investment. Thus, it seems that there is no effect of development expenses on CP credit rating as CP credit rating is evaluated by short-term credit rating.

Capital Structure Decisions Following Credit Rating Changes: Evidence from Japan

  • FAIRCHILD, Lisa;HAN, Seung Hun;SHIN, Yoon S.
    • The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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    • v.9 no.4
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    • pp.1-12
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    • 2022
  • Our study adds to the body of knowledge about the relationship between credit ratings and the capital structure of bond issuers. Using Bloomberg and Datastream databases and employing panel regression models, we study the capital structure changes of Japanese enterprises after credit rating changes by global rating agencies (S&P and Moody's) as well as their local counterparts (R&I and JCR) from 1998 to 2016. We find that after rating downgrades, Japanese enterprises considerably reduce net debt or net debt relative to net equity, similar to the findings of Kisgen (2009), who focused on U.S. industrial firms. They do not, however, make adjustments to their financial structure as a result of rating improvements. In comparison to downgrades by S&P and Moody's, Japanese corporations issue 1.89 percent less net debt and 1.50 percent less net debt relative to net equity after R&I and JCR rating downgrades. To put it another way, Japanese companies consider rating adjustments made by local agencies to be more significant than those made by global rating organizations. Our findings contradict earlier research that suggests S&P and Moody's are more prominent in the investment community than R&I and JCR in Japan.

Corporate Bond Rating Using Various Multiclass Support Vector Machines (다양한 다분류 SVM을 적용한 기업채권평가)

  • Ahn, Hyun-Chul;Kim, Kyoung-Jae
    • Asia pacific journal of information systems
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    • v.19 no.2
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    • pp.157-178
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    • 2009
  • Corporate credit rating is a very important factor in the market for corporate debt. Information concerning corporate operations is often disseminated to market participants through the changes in credit ratings that are published by professional rating agencies, such as Standard and Poor's (S&P) and Moody's Investor Service. Since these agencies generally require a large fee for the service, and the periodically provided ratings sometimes do not reflect the default risk of the company at the time, it may be advantageous for bond-market participants to be able to classify credit ratings before the agencies actually publish them. As a result, it is very important for companies (especially, financial companies) to develop a proper model of credit rating. From a technical perspective, the credit rating constitutes a typical, multiclass, classification problem because rating agencies generally have ten or more categories of ratings. For example, S&P's ratings range from AAA for the highest-quality bonds to D for the lowest-quality bonds. The professional rating agencies emphasize the importance of analysts' subjective judgments in the determination of credit ratings. However, in practice, a mathematical model that uses the financial variables of companies plays an important role in determining credit ratings, since it is convenient to apply and cost efficient. These financial variables include the ratios that represent a company's leverage status, liquidity status, and profitability status. Several statistical and artificial intelligence (AI) techniques have been applied as tools for predicting credit ratings. Among them, artificial neural networks are most prevalent in the area of finance because of their broad applicability to many business problems and their preeminent ability to adapt. However, artificial neural networks also have many defects, including the difficulty in determining the values of the control parameters and the number of processing elements in the layer as well as the risk of over-fitting. Of late, because of their robustness and high accuracy, support vector machines (SVMs) have become popular as a solution for problems with generating accurate prediction. An SVM's solution may be globally optimal because SVMs seek to minimize structural risk. On the other hand, artificial neural network models may tend to find locally optimal solutions because they seek to minimize empirical risk. In addition, no parameters need to be tuned in SVMs, barring the upper bound for non-separable cases in linear SVMs. Since SVMs were originally devised for binary classification, however they are not intrinsically geared for multiclass classifications as in credit ratings. Thus, researchers have tried to extend the original SVM to multiclass classification. Hitherto, a variety of techniques to extend standard SVMs to multiclass SVMs (MSVMs) has been proposed in the literature Only a few types of MSVM are, however, tested using prior studies that apply MSVMs to credit ratings studies. In this study, we examined six different techniques of MSVMs: (1) One-Against-One, (2) One-Against-AIL (3) DAGSVM, (4) ECOC, (5) Method of Weston and Watkins, and (6) Method of Crammer and Singer. In addition, we examined the prediction accuracy of some modified version of conventional MSVM techniques. To find the most appropriate technique of MSVMs for corporate bond rating, we applied all the techniques of MSVMs to a real-world case of credit rating in Korea. The best application is in corporate bond rating, which is the most frequently studied area of credit rating for specific debt issues or other financial obligations. For our study the research data were collected from National Information and Credit Evaluation, Inc., a major bond-rating company in Korea. The data set is comprised of the bond-ratings for the year 2002 and various financial variables for 1,295 companies from the manufacturing industry in Korea. We compared the results of these techniques with one another, and with those of traditional methods for credit ratings, such as multiple discriminant analysis (MDA), multinomial logistic regression (MLOGIT), and artificial neural networks (ANNs). As a result, we found that DAGSVM with an ordered list was the best approach for the prediction of bond rating. In addition, we found that the modified version of ECOC approach can yield higher prediction accuracy for the cases showing clear patterns.

Some Issues on Criterion for Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test in Credit Rating Model Validation (신용평가모형에서 콜모고로프-스미르노프 검정기준의 문제점)

  • Park, Yong-Seok;Hong, Chong-Sun
    • Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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    • v.15 no.6
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    • pp.1013-1026
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    • 2008
  • Kolmogorov-Smirnov(K-S) statistic has been widely used for the model validation of credit rating models. Validation criteria for the K-S statistic is empirically used at the levels of 0.3 or 0.4 which are much larger than the critical values of K-S test statistic. We examine whether these criteria are reasonable and appropriate through the simulations according to various sample sizes, type II error rates, and the ratio of bads among data. The simulation results say that the currently used validation criteria are too lower than values of K-S statistics obtained from any credit rating models in Korea, so that any credit rating models have good discriminatory power. In this work, alternative criteria of K-S statistic are proposed as critical levels under realistic situations of credit rating models.

Executive Excess Compensation and Credit Rating (경영자 초과보상과 신용등급)

  • Kim, Ji Hye
    • Journal of Digital Convergence
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    • v.20 no.5
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    • pp.585-592
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    • 2022
  • The purpose of this paper is to examine the relation between executive excesss compensation and credit rating. According to the prior research which show the negative effects of excess compensation on a firm's future performance, this paper expects the negative effect of excess compensation on credit rating. Using a sample of Korean listed non-financial firms from 2014 to 2019, I perform the multivariate regressions analysis of excess compensation on credit rating. I find that excess compensation is negatively related to credit rating when executive compensation exceed expected executive compensation. Moreover, I find that the result is constant when a fim belongs to small-medium business. These results show that credit rating is affected by executive excess compensation and the relation could be different by the type of firm's size. Therefore, this study contributes to the literature by suggesting the possibility that capital market is aware of negative effect of executive excess compensation.

Empirical Bayes Estimation and Comparison of Credit Migration Matrices (신용등급전이행렬의 경험적 베이지안 추정과 비교)

  • Kim, Sung-Chul;Park, Ji-Yeon
    • The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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    • v.22 no.3
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    • pp.443-461
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    • 2009
  • In order to overcome the lack of Korean credit rating migration data, we consider an empirical Bayes procedure to estimate credit rating migration matrices. We derive the posterior probabilities of Korean credit rating transitions by utilizing the Moody's rating migration data and the credit rating assignments from Korean rating agency as prior information and likelihood, respectively. Metrics based upon the average transition probability are developed to characterize the migration matrices and compare our Bayesian migration matrices with some given matrices. Time series data for the metrics show that our Bayesian matrices are stable, while the matrices based on Korean data have large variation in time. The bootstrap tests demonstrate that the results from the three estimation methods are significantly different and the Bayesian matrices are more affected by Korean data than the Moody's data. Finally, Monte Carlo simulations for computing the values of a portfolio and its credit VaRs are performed to compare these migration matrices.

The Effect of Financial Ratios on Credit Rating by Adoption of K-IFRS (K-IFRS 도입에 따른 재무비율이 신용평가에 미치는 영향)

  • Wang, Hyun-Sun
    • Management & Information Systems Review
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    • v.35 no.4
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    • pp.37-56
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    • 2016
  • This study investigates how adapting of K-IFRS effects NI and OCI affecting of credit rating on changing of the period and variable by using samples of around adapting of K-IFRS. First of all, after adapting of K-IFRS(2011-2013), it was noticeable that how NI affecting after adapting of K-IFRS(2007-2010) had been increased more than that of before affecting of K-IFRS. However, there was not a single difference in affecting OCI on credit rating comparing to the past of adapting of K-IFRS. Second, it seemed like NI affected more after adapting of K-IFRS(2011-2013). The first year of K-IFRS had bigger incremental effect than after adapting of K-IFRS. However, after adapting of K-IFRS, OCI affecting on credit rating had no ncremental effect. Third, it seemed like NI in the first year affected more than OCI on credit rating. After adapting(2012-2013) of K-IFRS, it seemed like NI and OCI do not affect on credit rating. To interpret this, NI and OCI affected the first year of adapting of K-IFRS; therefore, adapting of K-IFRS affected without affecting financial ratio on adapting credit rating. As the time goes on, it can be expected that adapting K-IFRS became stable; therefore, extra incremental effect will not be seen comparing to the early adaption. The implication of this study is when information users use credit rating, they have to concern of affecting of K-IFRS. This is because NI in financial ratio is affecting on credit rating.

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Influence of Global versus Local Rating Agencies to Japanese Financial Firms

  • Han, Seung Hun;Reinhart, Walter J.;Shin, Yoon S.
    • The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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    • v.5 no.4
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    • pp.9-20
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    • 2018
  • Global rating agencies, such as Moody's and S&P, have assigned credit ratings to corporate bonds issued by Japanese firms since 1980s. Local Japanese rating agencies, such as R&I and JCR, have more market share than the global raters. We examine the yield spreads of 1,050 yen-denominated corporate bonds issued by financial firms in Japan from 1998 to 2014 and find no evidence that bonds rated by at least one global agency are associated with a significant reduction in the cost of debt as compared to those rated by only local rating agencies. Unlike non-financial firms, the reputation effect of global rating agencies does not exist for Japanese financial firms. We also observe that firms with less information asymmetry are more likely to acquire ratings from Moody's or S&P. Additionally, the firm's financial profile does not affect its choice to seek out ratings from global raters. Our findings are contradictory to those by Han, Pagano, and Shin (2012), who employ bonds issued by non-financial firms in Japan. Our conjecture is that the asymmetric nature of financial firms makes investors less likely to depend on a credit risk assessment by rating agencies in determining the yields of new bonds.

An Application of the Rough Set Approach to credit Rating

  • Kim, Jae-Kyeong;Cho, Sung-Sik
    • Proceedings of the Korea Inteligent Information System Society Conference
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    • 1999.10a
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    • pp.347-354
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    • 1999
  • The credit rating represents an assessment of the relative level of risk associated with the timely payments required by the debt obligation. In this paper, we present a new approach to credit rating of customers based on the rough set theory. The concept of a rough set appeared to be an effective tool for the analysis of customer information systems representing knowledge gained by experience. The customer information system describes a set of customers by a set of multi-valued attributes, called condition attributes. The customers are classified into groups of risk subject to an expert's opinion, called decision attribute. A natural problem of knowledge analysis consists then in discovering relationships, in terms of decision rules, between description of customers by condition attributes and particular decisions. The rough set approach enables one to discover minimal subsets of condition attributes ensuring an acceptable quality of classification of the customers analyzed and to derive decision rules from the customer information system which can be used to support decisions about rating new customers. Using the rough set approach one analyses only facts hidden in data, it does not need any additional information about data and does not correct inconsistencies manifested in data; instead, rules produced are categorized into certain and possible. A real problem of the evaluation of the evaluation of credit rating by a department store is studied using the rough set approach.

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Nonparametric homogeneity tests of two distributions for credit rating model validation (신용평가모형에서 두 분포함수의 동일성 검정을 위한 비모수적인 검정방법)

  • Hong, Chong-Sun;Kim, Ji-Hoon
    • Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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    • v.20 no.2
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    • pp.261-272
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    • 2009
  • Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) statistic has been widely used for testing homogeneity of two distributions in the credit rating models. Joseph (2005) used K-S statistic to obtain validation criteria which is most well-known. There are other homogeneity test statistics such as the Cramer-von Mises, Anderson-Darling, and Watson statistics. In this paper, these statistics are introduced and applied to obtain criterion of these statistics by extending Joseph (2005)'s work. Another set of alternative criterion is suggested according to various sample sizes, type a error rates, and the ratios of bads and goods by using the simulated data under the similar situation as real credit rating data. We compare and explore among Joseph's criteria and two sets of the proposed criterion and discuss their applications.

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