• East Asian Economic Review
• /
• v.20 no.4
• /
• pp.447-467
• /
• 2016

The RTAs with trade facilitation provisions have been expected to generate a larger net trade-creating effect and complement the discriminatory feature of RTAs but have yet to be empirically proven. Recognizing the limitations of existing studies, we conducted a quantitative analysis on the effects of RTAs with and without trade facilitation provisions on both intra- and extra-bloc trade by using a modified gravity equation. We applied the Poisson Pseudo-Maximum Likelihood (PPML) estimation with time varying exporter and importer fixed effect method to panel data consisting of 45,770 country pairs covering 170 countries for 2000-2010. We found that the trade facilitation provisions in existing RTAs are non-discriminatory by generating more intra- and extra-bloc trade in general. In particular, we found that the trade effects of RTAs in the APEC region are much stronger than the general case covering all RTAs in the world. In addition, as we control the trade effect of a country's trade facilitation, which is ranked by the World Bank's logistic performance index, RTAs consisting of trade facilitation provisions are discriminatory for trade in final goods and non-discriminatory for trade in intermediate goods. Overall, we endeavor to "explain," instead of "hypothesizing," why most of the recent RTAs contain trade facilitation provisions, especially in light of the deepening regional interdependence through trade in parts and components under global value chains and support the necessity of multilateralizing RTAs by implementing non-discriminatory trade facilitation provisions.

• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
• /
• v.24 no.1
• /
• pp.81-88
• /
• 2008

Two oxytrichid ciliates collected from the mosses and estuarine littoral in Korea were identified as Oxytricha longigranulosa Berger and Foissner, 1989 and O. marina Kahl, 1932. These species are reported for the first time from Korea. The description was based on living and protargol impregnated specimens. Diagnostic characters for each species are as follows. Oxytricha longigranulosa: Cell in vivo $80-115{\times}30-50{\mu}m$, mostly $90{\times}40{\mu}m$. Length/width ratio about 2.4/1. Cortical granules about $1{\times}1.5{\mu}m$ in size, colorless, arranged in short and discontinued longitudinal rows. Four frontoventral cirri. Adoral zone of membrane lies (AZM) covering 30-50% of cell length with 25-27 adoral membranelles (AM). Buccal area flat, typical Oxytricha pattern. Five transverse cirri, 19-23 right marginal cirri, 19-24 left marginal cirri, three caudal cirri, five dorsal kineties. Two macronuclear nodules 2 in number and spherical in shape, two micronuclei in number. Oxytricha marina: Cell in vivo $100-150{\times}30-60{\mu}m$. Cytoplasm colorless without cortical granules. Four frontoventral cirri. AZM covering 50% of cell length with 28-44 AMs, Buccal area flat, typical Oxytricha pattern. Five transverse cirri, 23-38 right marginal cirri, 19-25 left marginal cirri, three caudal cirri, five dorsal kineties. Two macronuclear nodules and spherical in shape, 1-5 micronuclei, mostly two in number.

• Fire Science and Engineering
• /
• v.3 no.3
• /
• pp.3-7
• /
• 1989

The aim of this study is to provide the basic data of spray setting method for the fireproof covering. For this purpose, the purpose, the behavior of different three kinds method which is the number of thimes, interval, finishing for a required performance. The result of the data analysis shows that it is better to spray setting method at a time and to finish by natural becomes to reduce a period and labor cost for works.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
• /
• v.34 no.1
• /
• pp.29-37
• /
• 1985

During Severe emergencies which result in the case of outage of large generator units, an automatic underfrequency protection scheme can prevent the system frequency from decaying and improve the system stability. This paper presents methods and results of a study on the optimum load shedding scheme which covering as follows. 1) Detail representation of governor model 2) Determination of optimum load shedding amount 3) Selection of action time settings of UFR 4) Comparsson of load shedding programs By this study, the optimum system operating method was recommended for reliable operation of power system.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Nondestructive Testing
• /
• v.23 no.6
• /
• pp.635-644
• /
• 2003

To ensure the reliability of ultrasonic nondestructive testing techniques for modern structural materials, the effects of anisotropy and inhomogeneity and the influence of non-planar component geometries on ultrasonic wave propagation have to be taken into account. In this article, fundamentals and applications of two analytical approaches to three-dimensional elastic beam field calculation are presented. Results for both isotropic materials including curved interfaces and for anisotropic media like composites are presented, covering field profiles for various types of transducers and the modeling of time-dependent rf-signals.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
• /
• 2006.07a
• /
• pp.179-180
• /
• 2006

The real time monitoring of the power systems covering wide area are essential for the stable operation and control of the power system. Synchronized phasor measurement is a key for the precise monitoring and control of the power systems. In this paper, to suggest an appropriate network topology of Power Infrastructure Defense System(PIDS) and to estimate the maximum network bandwidth with using the network analyzer, we simulate a PIDS and analyze the network traffic.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics B
• /
• v.32B no.12
• /
• pp.1663-1669
• /
• 1995

This paper is a study on the recognition of Korean proverb using neural network and Markov model. The neural network uses, at the stage of training neurons, features such as the rate of zero crossing, short-term energy and PLP-Cepstrum, covering a time of 300ms long. Markov models were generated by the recognized phoneme strings. The recognition of words and proverbs using Markov models have been carried out. Experimental results show that phoneme and word recognition rates are 81. 2%, 94.0% respectively for Korean proverb recognition experiments.

• Proceedings of the Optical Society of Korea Conference
• /
• 2000.02a
• /
• pp.270-271
• /
• 2000

Among many optical modulators, we are interested in traveling-wave(TW) multiple quantum well(MQW) electro-absorption modulator which can be used for wide-band applications, covering DC to 30GHz or higher frequencies. In this study, we simulate a 1.3mm InGaAs/lnGaAsP TW MQW EAM using the 3D Finite Difference-Time Domain (FDTD) method. We identify that several geometric factors affect Microwave charateristics. Our calculated data provide useful information to optimize and fabricate ridge-type TW CPW EAM.

• Journal of Korean Institute of Industrial Engineers
• /
• v.6 no.1
• /
• pp.27-38
• /
• 1980

This paper presents the validation of a stochastic model of muscle fatigue during static muscle contractions. Forty four laboratory experiments, covering eleven test conditions for two trained subjects, were run in order to estimate fatigue and recovery rates, based on EMG observations. The validation of the model was made by comparing the model predictions to the experimental fatigue time. The validation study supports that the stochastic model of muscle fatigue accurately represents the underlying fatigue process. The study also provides support that the fatigue model can be used as a monitor of individual muscle capabilities.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
• /
• v.19 no.3
• /
• pp.184-197
• /
• 2006

${\ulcorner}$Hwangje-Naegyeong${\lrcorner}$ described Tae Hue(太虛) cosmos which consist of the Great Gi(大氣) produce ${\ulcorner}$Hwangje-Naegyeong${\lrcorner}$ which affected by the theory of activity of Gi(氣化說) in the Han period represent that Tae Hue is spring head of Gi(氣), concurrently said the Time and the Space were established by operating of Gi(氣). As of the Theories of heavenly structure, ${\ulcorner}$Hwangje-Naegyeong${\lrcorner}$ was write in long perod, so it include three branch theory. ${\ulcorner}$Hwangje-Naegyeong${\lrcorner}$ contained the Hypothesis of Covering Heaven(蓋天說), the Hypothesis of Armillary Sphere(渾天說) and the Hypothesis of Chaosheavens(宣夜說) in the Han perod. The Hypothesis of Covering Heaven(蓋天說) means that the sky is round and the ground falls Square(天圓地方). ${\ulcorner}$Hwangje-Naegyeong${\lrcorner}$ involve the Hypothesis of Covering Heaven by the fact that it divide heaven and earth by top and bottom. The Hypothesis of Armillary Sphere(蓋天說) is not directly appeared in ${\ulcorner}$Hwangje-Naegyeong${\lrcorner}$. But ${\ulcorner}$Hwangje-Naegyeong${\lrcorner}$ include the Hypothesis of Armillary Sphere by the astronomical observation and understand the universe with interior-exterior viewpoint. ${\ulcorner}$Hwangje-Naegyeong${\lrcorner}$ describe the circulation of the universe (周天度數) at 365 1/4 terms, the length of daytime and night of the vernal equinox and the autumnal equinox is same and use the The Twenty Eight Constellations by the ecliptic(黃道). It prove that ${\ulcorner}$Hwangje-Naegyeong${\lrcorner}$ observes the celestial body according to the Hypothesis of Armillary Sphere. The Hypothesis of Chaosheavens(宣夜說) appears most is the theory which lately. ${\ulcorner}$Hwangje-Naegyeong${\lrcorner}$ describe Tae Hue(太虛) infinite outer space and the earth is floating by Gi(氣). This with the Hypothesis of Chaosheavens is similar from like this point.