• International Journal of Fluid Machinery and Systems
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.353-362
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• 2009

In the process of turbine modernizations, the investigation of the influences of water passage roughness on radial flow machine performance is crucial and validates the efficiency step up between reduced scale model and prototype. This study presents the specific losses per component of a Francis turbine, which are estimated by CFD simulation. Simulations are performed for different water passage surface roughness heights, which represents the equivalent sand grain roughness height. As a result, the boundary layer logarithmic velocity profile still exists for rough walls, but moves closer to the wall. Consequently, the wall friction depends not only on roughness height but also on its shape and distribution. The specific losses are determined by CFD numerical simulations for each component of the prototype, taking into account its own specific sand grain roughness height. The model efficiency step up between reduced scale model and prototype value is finally computed by the assessment of specific losses on prototype and by evaluating specific losses for a reduced scale model with smooth walls. Furthermore, surveys of rough walls of each component were performed during the geometry recovery on the prototype and comparisons are made with experimental data from the EPFL Laboratory for Hydraulic Machines reduced scale model measurements. This study underlines that if rough walls are considered, the CFD approach estimates well the local friction loss coefficient. It is clear that by considering sand grain roughness heights in CFD simulations, its forms a significant part of the global performance estimation. The availability of the efficiency field measurements provides an unique opportunity to assess the CFD method in view of a systematic approach for turbine modernization step up evaluation. Moreover, this paper states that CFD is a very promising tool for future evaluation of turbine performance transposition from the scale model to the prototype.

• 한국주거학회논문집
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.145-153
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• 2006

Making of agreement with participation subjects is important process laying stress on presentation and a reasonable design guide line to form space order grant and synthetic space in Housing Complex plan. This study analyzed residing application specific character of design guide line that is presented to architects in general planning laying stress on plan only of 'Bongmu-dong town house' and design agreement of by architectural result that appear analyze. Result that analyze is as following: 1) Confer in 18 plan contents and integrate design or was adjusted. Being main conduct and unit plan and residing only in plan many negotiations accomplish. Architect who confer most Designs of 5 architects is 'Jean Michel Wilmott' and 'Shigeru Ban' 2) contents that confer much in plan main conduct and unit generation were details plan. Contents that is conferred with many architects are about door/core/rooftop be and asked a question about proper size of entrance. Negotiation about size was expose to the tribe of knowledge about element that do furniture and detail of necessary each space in life style of our country. We must present furnitures or detail element that appear by emotion of our country and detailed item of furnitures' size etc.. in guide line. It is immediate that creation of guide that architects can approach easily for lacking abroad architects of interests by code difference in each country is pressing. 3) In residing plan 4 architects of 5 architects applied similarly guide line in design. Most architects look by active support that make synthetic housing complex. and this is construed that act positively to make by unified residing. That plan of woods or landscape architecture and security of green area space are thing to approach on 'Environment-friendly mode of life residing only' that is general planning subject of 'Bongmu-dong town house'. 4) common question items of architects guide line of though is refered definitely when make out effective interests plan. So that can overcome legislation difference, countermeasure to make understood construction code of our country is pressing

• 통상정보연구
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.143-166
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• 2011

현재 원산지 규정이 국제무역상 쟁점으로 등장하게 된 주된 이유는 원산지규정이 각 국가마다 상이할 뿐만 아니라 그 자체의 불명확성, 복잡성, 차별적 적용 가능성으로 인해 상당한 무역장벽으로 작용하고 있기 때문이다. 또한, 생산의 글로벌화 글로벌 기업 활동이 증가함에 따라 2개국 이상에 걸쳐 생산된 물품이 증가하여 해당품목의 원산지가 어디인지 결정 문제가 발생하는 사례가 발생한다. 본 연구에서는 원산지규정에 관한 가장 기초적이고 기본적인 연구로 원산지 결정기준에 대해 연구하였다. 이를 위해 한 미국 FTA, 한 EU FTA, 한 ASEAN FTA 원산지규정을 연구 대상으로 하여 관련 사례를 구체적으로 분석하여, 상호 비교를 통해 시사점을 파악하고자 하였다. 분석 결과, 한 미 FTA, 한 EU FTA와 한 ASEAN FTA로 원산지결정은 부가가치기준(value percentage content), HS 세번변경기준(change of tariff heading), 특정공정기준(specific process rule) 등이 이용되며 실질변형기준은 한 미 FTA에서는 역내에서 창출된 부가가치가 일정 수준 이상이면 그 국가를 원산지로 인정하는 방식 (RVC : Regional Value Content)을 인정하고 있으며, 한편, 한 EU FTA에서는 역외산 부품 및 원재료의 금액이나 수량이 일정 기준 이하로 사용되는 경우 원산지자격을 부여하는 방식 (MC : Import Content)을 인정하고 있다.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제34권10B호
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• pp.1031-1042
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• 2009

이동통신시장은 초기부터 경쟁을 도입하여 급격히 성장하였으며 통신시장에서 가장 큰 비중을 차지하는 시장으로 등장하였다. 그러나 이동사업자들은 착신망에서의 독점력을 이용하여 비용보다 높은 이동착신접속료를 부과함으로 초과 수익을 달성하게 되었고, 이는 시장의 경쟁 왜곡을 초래하고 소비자 효용을 축소시키는 문제를 야기하게 되었다. 이동착신접속료 규제는 이동통신시장의 핵심 과제로 EU와 호주, 미국 등 대부분의 국가에서 규제하고 있다. 각 국의 이동착신접속료 조사결과 접속료 격차가 매우 큰 것으로 나타났다. 본 논문에서는 28개국 자료를 이용하여 이동착신접속료 결정에 영향을 주는 주요 요인을 밝히기 위하여 국가환경, 시장환경, 규제환경 변수들을 고려한 실증분석을 실시하였다. 실증 연구 결과 이동착신접속료는 규제환경변수인 선불가입자비율과 규제기간에 의해서만 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.77-103
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• 2012

과거 연구들은 원산지(COO)효과의 존재여부에 주목하였으나, 본 연구는 사회판단이론(social judgeability theory)을 적용하여, 어떤 상황에서 원산지(COO)가 소비자의 제품평가에 영향을 미치는지를 연구하였다. 두 개의 실험결과에 의하면, 단지 어느 나라에서 자동차가 만들어졌다는 정보(COO only information)만으로는 제품에 대한 평가에 영향을 미치지 않고, 그 차를 만든 나라와 그 차를 만든 기업의 이름(product-specific information)이 제시될 때, 응답자들은 원산지 효과를 활용할 수 있는 충분한 근거(단서)를 가졌다고 느끼고, 또한 응답자들이 사회의 공통적인 판단 기준(socially shared criteria of validity)에 부합하여 판단하여야 하는 동기를 부여 받았을 때, 원산지 효과가 제품 평가에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 특히, 각 실험 결과는 단순히 원산지 평가성향으로만 소비자 평가가 이루어지는 것이 아니라 원산지 평가성향에 영향을 미치는 정보의 제시방법이 영향을 미친다는 사실을 보여주었다. 이러한 결과는 향후 인상형성 모델의 틀 안에서 좀 더 논의되어야 할 것이다.

• 무역학회지
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.55-71
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• 2021

The purpose of this study was to establish the causal structural model among brand image and country image associated with consumers' purchase decision of products. The specific objectives were 1) to analyze the effects of brand image on consumers' purchase decision of products, 2) to analyze the effects of country image on consumers' purchase decision of products, 3) to analyze the effects of brand image on country image, 4) to analyze the mediating effects of country image between brand image and consumers' purchase decision of products. The conclusions of this study are as follows: First, companies must have an advantage strategy for brand image along with country image. To this end, a strategy to promote the brand image through various media is effective. Second, it is necessary to find new transformation through the establishment of brand identity at the corporate level so that consumers can have a good impression on the brand image. Third, it is important for companies to make efforts at the level of brand image and country image to provide consumers with information that can increase expectations and actual satisfaction and to build product reputation. In addition, it is necessary to embody brand images and country images into global marketing mix strategies. Fourth, if companies build a brand image that symbolizes a differentiated culture, the brand image can have a positive effect on consumer purchase decisions. Along with this, companies can further increase their positive effects by developing representative brand image contents. Fifth, this study confirmed that the higher the image level of the manufacturing country in a situation where consumers' preferences are diversifying, the more the brand image leads to consumers' purchasing decisions. Therefore, brand managers are required to build a country image suitable for the existing brand image when advertising at the time of product introduction.

• 복식
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• 제51권1호
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• pp.105-117
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to reveal the existence of censorship in our country which was one of the method of wielding authority on bodies. For the purpose, the definition of censorship was studied through the concept of ′Symbolic Violence′ from Bourdieu and ′Panopticon′ from Foucault. A censorship can be defined as "all kinds of structural, systemical and psychological control mechanism on specific expression in our society". And follows historical consideration on censorship system from 1920′s to now in our country. The main subject consideration on censorship system from 1920′s to now in our country. The main subject consists of censorship system from 1920′s to now in our country. The main subject consists of censorships on midlle and high school uniforms and that of broadcasting deliberation about entertainer′s costumes.

• 통상정보연구
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.485-515
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• 2009

In this study aims to research and analyze what are decision factors between a wholly-owned subsidiary and a international company cooperation in the internationalization process. From 57 primary studies found 26 observed variables for aggregation of effect size in the using "Fixed Effect Model" on this mata-analysis. The article also links the theories that are used in the literature, not considered in the most of primary studies, to the empirical results and recommends global management strategy which is needed for business practical affairs. According to the result, the meta-analysis suggests that the number of employees of a MNC, the geological and cultural differneces between the host country and home country, the country-specific international experience of the MNC and export intensity, the international product diversification, the market growth and the market size of the foreign operations, and resource intensity of the foreign operations, the legal restrictions in the host country and the country risk of the home country do exert a significant effect on the decision between cooperative arrangement and a wholly-owned subsidiary. Conversely, for a large number of variables, no significant relationship seems to exist based on the combined results. This is the case, for example, for factor specificity, the r&d-intensity, the subsidiary size, the assets of the MNC and the sales volume of the MNC.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제8권5호
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• pp.53-60
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• 2021

Foreign direct investment (FDI) is especially important for developing countries. This study investigates the determinants of FDI in the case of Indonesia. Most empirical researches in this field used time series data of a single country or panel data of several countries. Although panel data analysis is more comprehensive, however results taken from cross-country analysis cannot be directly applied to any specific country in the dataset and therefore lacks practicality. In this research, panel data analysis of a single country is performed to overcome the aforementioned shortcomings. Five determinants of FDI are tested using panel data of 33 Indonesian provinces over 10-year period of time. Two methodologies are adopted, random/fixed effects model and Granger Causality. The results show that only market size significantly affects FDI when tested using both methodologies. Human capital and financial market development show significant result in one of the two methodologies. While, economic growth and infrastructure did not show any significant results at all. This research stresses the importance of comprehensive single country analysis since only one out of five commonly discussed determinants is applicable in the case of Indonesia. Governments should therefore carefully reconsider the use of cross-country analysis as a basis of their policy formulations.

• 벤처창업연구
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.1-31
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• 2010

Biotechnology has strategic importance related to the development of start-up companies, industries and nations in the near future. Therefore, many countries have promoted and developed biotechnology. The United States has led the world in promoting biotechnology. American biotechnology policies are diverse, and thus no comprehensive systematic studies have been done on it. In our paper, we will discuss American biotechnology policy in detail. For effective analysis, we will rely on the concept of a national innovation system, which emphasizes the institutional settings of innovation actors and their interaction. This paper deals with the American national innovation system for biotechnology. We will analyze the role of major actors, academia, public research institutes, and venture companies and their interactions. The American biotechnological innovation system is composed of diverse actors and numerous start-up companies in the biotechnology industry. In addition, there are many diverse policy programs for promoting biotechnology. Because of country-specific frame conditions, every country has different institutional settings and policies for promoting biotechnology. Our paper will render meaningful implications for various countries. We also think that this paper will be of interest for international readers.