• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.179-184
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• 2005

This study was carried out to evaluate the quality of confectioneries among processed foods. Total samples were 3,716, and violative samples among them were 36. The snacks in confectioneries showed violative rate of $1.0\%$, and the traditional snack in snacks showed $8.4\%$. Violative items were acid value and peroxide value for the most part, so the fried snacks need to control the management hygienically. The nutrition ingredients were measured far carbohydrates, protein, fats, sodium and calories in bread. Indication values at packing were not suited to 18 of 20 breads on the indication criterion of ingredient. And nutrition ingredients were not indicated to breads of some company nevertheless be sure to indicated. The processed food should be managed thorough with regard indicated nutrition ingredient.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.544-556
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• 2011

This study investigated how elementary schoolers (n=159, 9~11 years) and middle schoolers (n=176, 13~15 years) perceived maternal parenting style dimensions, both general and child-feeding related, and whether these dimensions are associated with the subject's food behaviors. The exploratory factor analysis resulted in a solution of 10 parenting dimensions (reasonable guidance, affection and involvement, achievement expectation, clear behavioral regulation, criticism and anger, overprotection, psychological punishment, harsh punishment, punish by withdrawal of child's privileges, and lack of punishment) and 8 child-feeding dimensions (portion control, restriction, pressure to eat, monitor, undesirable model, desirable model, discourage unhealthful eating, and encourage healthful eating) with 49 and 43 items, respectively. Three parenting styles, authoritarian, permissive, and authoritative, were extracted via a second factor analysis using the 10 parenting dimensions. The correlation analysis indicated that authoritarian style was positively correlated with 'restriction' and 'undesirable model', while permissive style was negatively correlated with 'encourage healthful eating' in both groups. Authoritative style was strongly associated with all of the child-feeding dimensions except for 'undesirable model'. For food behaviors, the more likely elementary schoolers and middle schoolers perceived their mothers as authoritarian and permissive, respectively, the more unhealthful foods were consumed. The consumption frequency of healthful foods increased as mothers were perceived to be authoritative. More elementary schoolers of authoritative mothers ate meals with parents. Findings suggest that maternal parenting styles and dimensions, child-feeding dimensions, and child's food behaviors are associated. It may be that authoritarian and permissive styles are more detrimental for elementary schoolers and middle schoolers, respectively, whereas authoritative style is beneficial for both groups in terms of subject's food behaviors.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.399-408
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• 2019

Arbutin, which is used as a whitening ingredient, can produce hydroquinone, known as causing skin disease and carcinogen. Preservatives are essential to prevent microbial contamination during long-term storage and use of cosmetics, but safety issues such as toxicity and skin irritation are being raised. This study was conducted to determine hydroquinone and 21 preservatives levels in 40 arbutin-containing whitening functional cosmetics sold on-line and off-line. Result showed that 9 products contained hydroquinone. The concentrations in 7 products were ranged from 0.3 to 0.9 ppm, which were within the maximum allowed amount established by the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety. However, 2 products were 8.4 and 50.5 ppm and exceeded the allowed amount. Preservatives were detected 20 products. Detected items and ranges were phenoxy ethanol 0.1 ~ 0.7% (N = 15), Methyl paraben 0.19 ~ 0.21% (N = 2), Chlorphenesin 0.13% (N = 1), chlorhexidine 0.006% (N = 1), Propyl paraben 0.06% (N = 1), which were within maximum allowed amount established by the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety. Also, in cases of functional cosmetics the phrase "functional cosmetics" should be expressed on the primary or secondary package of cosmetics by cosmetics act. However, 1 product did not state the phrase as functional cosmetics. This study suggest that preservatives were safely managed. However, hydroquinone in hydroquinone-detected products could be produced by the decomposition of arbutin. Thus, further studies on the decomposition of arbutin are required to improve the quality control of the cosmetics.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.905-916
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to investigate the educational needs of a mother when nurturing children from neonates to the schoolage. A total of 657 subjects responded to the survey about the level of educational needs when nurturing children. The subjects of the study constituted of 401 mothers who visited the health center for immunization and 256 mothers who visited the pediatric outpatient department or whose children were hospitalized in pediatrics. This instrument had 64 items about nurturing children from neonates to the schoolage and one item had a score range of one to four. In data analysis, SPSSWIN 9.0 program was utilized for descriptive statistics. The results were as follows. 1) Mothers who had the neonates represented the highest educational needs about parental-neonates attachments with 3.47 of mean score compared to neonatal convulsion(3.44), management of common colds(3.44), nutrition (3.44), fever control (3.42). 2) Mothers who had infancy represented the highest educational needs about management of common colds with 3.34 of mean score compared to psychosocial developments (3.23), management of foreign bodies (3.22), feeding the food(3.19), playing with the infant(3.16). 3) Mothers who had toddlers represented the highest educational needs about psychosocial developments with 3.35 of mean score compared to discipline for children(3.34), management of teeth (3.29), management of common colds (3.21), management of accidents(3.20). 4) Mothers who had the a child in preschool represented the highest educational needs about psychosocial developments with 3.53 of mean score compared to management of accidents(3.23), discipline for children (3.00). 5) Mothers who had the child in secondary school represented the highest educational needs about psychosocial developments with 3.42 of mean score compared to management of teeth(3.13), management of accidents (3.05).

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.139-150
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• 1994

Egg cholesterol has been a hot issue in respect of it's effect on health and diseases in human. There is a general recognition that the cholesterol from eggs is similar to that from the other dietary sources in its biochemical functions. Many evidences show that egg yolk increased plasma cholesterol levels at an average rate of 2.3 mg /100 rnL plasma for every 100 mg cholesterol consumed. The elevation of plasma cholesterol could, however, be altered by various dietary factors such as ratios of polyunsaturated fatty acids and saturated fatty acids. Blood cholesterol levels of Korean adults have been raised up to, on the average, 193 and 187 mg /100 mL plasma for men and women, respectively, from 167/5 mg /100 mL in 1980. Furthermore, proportion of hypercholesterolemics(> 210 mg /dL) has been increased up to 23% of the population. These changes in blood cholesterol levels are attributed to the changes of dietary patterns, suggesting the arguement that Koreans are insensitive to changes of blood cholesterol is not right. Egg cholesterol levels have never been successfully reduced to any significant levels even with tremendous amounts of efforts made during last decades. The alternative and the best way to control blood cholesterol level originating from egg consumption appeares to enrich egg fat with omega-3 series fatty acids. Ingestion of the fatty acid group has specific functions to reduce hypertension and prevent various types of cancer as well as to reduce blood cholesterol. Another way to reduce egg cholesterol directly is to produce smaller egg yolk without reducing whole egg size since cholesterol is located only in the yolk. It is important to keep faith with consumers by providing correct informations on eggs, meanwhile efforts need to focus on to improve the quality of eggs as one of the best protein food items.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.109-120
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• 2016

Purpose : This study surveyed the relationship between the dietetic behaviors of high school students and nutrition information available from mass media thereby suggesting the way of improving the dietetic health promotion of adolescents. Method : This study surveyed coeducational high school students in S region. 220 questionnaires have been collected and analyzed, which is statistically significant as in other previous studies. The survey lasted for one month, March 14 through April 14 in 2016. The statistical analysis was performed by using the windows version 21.0 of SPSS. Primarily, the frequency analysis and descriptive statistics was carried out on the general information, the usage and confidence of mass media, and the diabetic behaviors of respondents. t-Test and One-way ANOVA were adopted to clarity the mass media usage and diabetic behaviors of respondents for general characteristics. Result : The statistical analysis on the diet usage of mass media among high school students shows that famous restaurants(Response rate 51%) and diet control(20%) are highly evaluated, but disease prevention(15%) is low. Regarding the dietetic information acquisition, the mass media including TV, radio, and Internet appear as main information carriages (p<.001). The confidence in mass media are analyzed in the relation with 10 dietetic behaviors, and 4 items(meal amount: p<.011, vegetable intake: p<.005, protein intake: p<.003) are inversely related to the mass media, which means regular intake party is less dependent of the exterior information. The seaweed(p<.017) intake is statistically significant in confidence level. Conclusion : To increase the interest and the health promotion of students, the dietetic information need to be offered in mass media and education course.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.239-254
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• 2008

This study was conducted in order to get basic data on standards and specifications of health and functional foods. A total of 101 kinds of functional healths foods were examined during the period of January to December 2005. Among them, 89 kinds were local products and 12 kinds were imported products. Test items were 6 kinds of heavy metals (lead, cadmium, mercury, copper, zinc and manganese), 5 bacteria (common bacteria, coliform group, E coli, Bacillus cereus and Clostridium perfringens), and 6 preservatives (sorbic acid, benzoic acid, DHA, ethyl paraben, propyl paraben and butyl paraben). As a result of heavy metals, cadmium, was detected from the glucosamine products by 1.52ppm in average, mercury from cereal products by 0.004ppm in average, and lead from chlorella foods by 3.48ppm in average. Bacteria were identified from 3 cereal products, and amount of common bacteria were about $4.8{\times}105cfu/g$ in average. E Coli and Coliform group were isolated from 2 products and 4 products, respectively. All of those products were flour meal products. Any of 6 kinds of preservatives was not detected from all the products. It is thought that these test results will be available as basic data for enactment of relevant laws and regulations for production and control of safer and more hygienic foods in the future because the standards of the harmful heavy metals are not complete or available yet according to the Food Sanitation Law and the Functional Healths Foods Law.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.1453-1461
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• 2016

Regarding 'mate' intake (infusion of Ilex paraguariensis herb, a staple beverage in temperate South American regions), most epidemiologic studies showed positive associations with risk of some cancers, (e.g. upper aerodigestive tract), but evidence on breast cancer (BC) risk is limited to a previous multi-site study, which reported a non significant odds ratio [OR]=0.85, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.67-1.09, p for trend=0.31) for the highest quartile of intake. The present study was conducted in order to further assess associations of 'mate' intake with BC risk. We combined two databases of women belonging to public and private healthcare hospitals. The sample included 572 BC incident cases and 889 controls interviewed with a specific questionnaire featured by socio-demographic, reproductive and lifestyle variables, and a food frequency questionnaire of 64 items, also analyzing 'mate' intake (consumer status, daily intake, age at start, age at quit, duration of habit, intensity of intake). ORs and their 95%CI were calculated through unconditional logistic regression, adjusting for relevant potential confounders. The highest quartile of 'mate' intake was inversely associated with BC risk (OR=0.40, 95%CI 0.26-0.57, p for trend <0.001). Stratified analyses also displayed strong significant inverse associations for 'mate' in frequent tea drinkers (OR=0.22), high energy intake (OR=0.23), high body mass index (OR=0.29) and in postmenopausal women (OR=0.36), among other results. As conclusions, we found evidence of a significant inverse association for 'mate' intake and BC risk.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.41-53
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• 2022

Background: Due to the rapidly changing climatic conditions, South Korea faces the grand challenge of exotic species. With the increasing human movement, the influx of alien species to novel regions is prevalent across the globe. The latest research suggests that it is easy to prevent the introduction and establishment of alien species rather than controlling their spread and eradication. Like other countries, the Korean Ministry of Environment released a list (in 2018) of 45 potential risky exotic fish species considered likely to be invasive candidate fish species if they ever succeed in entering the Korean aquatic ecosystems. Results: The investigation into the invasion suitability traits showed that potential risky fish species could utilize those features in becoming invasive once they arrive in the Korean aquatic ecosystems. If the novel species establish viable populations, they are likely to incur higher economic costs, damage the native aquatic fauna and flora, and jeopardize the already perilled species. Furthermore, they can damage the installed infrastructure, decline overall abundance and biodiversity, and disturb the ecosystem services. Here we reviewed the list of fish species concerning their family, native origin, preferred aquatic biomes, main food items, current status in Korea, and potential threats to humans and the ecosystems. Data shows that most species are either already designated as invasive in the neighboring counties, including Japan, Vietnam, Thailand, and China, or originate from these countries. Such species have a higher climate match with the Korean territories. Conclusions: Therefore, it is exceptionally essential to study their most critical features and take regulatory measures to restrict their entry. The incoming fish species must be screened before letting them in the country in the future. The regulatory authorities must highlight the threatening traits of such species and strictly monitor their entrance. Detailed research is required to explore the other species, especially targeting the neighboring countries fish biodiversity, having demonstrated invasive features and matching the Korean climate.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.431-452
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• 1993

This study was done to determine the effect of music therapy on stress and quality of life in patients undergoing hemodialysis. The research design was a nonequivalent control group pre -post test design. The subjects consisted of 21 patients who received hemodialysis in two hospitals located in Kwang Ju. The fourteen receiving treatment in one hospital were assigned to the experimental group and the seven in the other hospital to the control group. Data were gathered from December 14, 1992 to January 16, 1993 through questionnaires and physiological measurement. Data were analyzed by the SAS package using frequency, t-test, paired t-test and Pearson Prod uct - Moment Correlation Coefficient. The results of this study are summarized as follows ; 1. There were no significant differences between the two groups on stress scores and quality of life scores before the treatment. 2. The mean score on the psychological stress scale for the patients undergoing hemodialysis was 2.48 out of a maximum mean score of four, the items with high stress scores were “feeling of weakness and annoyed by everything”, “limitation of food”, “limitation of fluid”, “change in skin color” in that order. The psychological category showed the highest stress score followed by developmental, scoioeconomic and physiological stress categories in that order. 3. In the experimental group, post - test diastolic blood pressure decerased significantly(t=3.24, p=0.0064), but in the control group pre and post - test diastolic blood pressure were not different. 4. There was no difference between the two groups on the pre and post -test psychological stress scores or the depression scores. 5. The mean score of quality of life for patients undergoing hemodialysis was 2.75 out of a maxi-mum mean score of five. The category of ‘emtional state’ showed the highest score followed by ‘self - esteem’, ‘physical state and function’, ‘economic life’, ‘relationship with neighbors’ and ‘family relationship’ categories in that order. There was no significant difference in the pre and post - test quality of life scores between the two groups. 6. Hypothesis 1 that patients undergoing hemodialysis who received music therapy would have less stress than patients undergoing hemodialysis who did not receive music therapy is divided into two sub - hypotheses. 1) The first sub-hypothesis that patients undergoing hemodialysis who received music therapy would have less physiological stress than patients undergoing hemodialysis who did not receive music therapy was partly supported. Among three physiological stress indices (pulse, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure), only diastolic blood pressure decreased significantly after the treatment in the experimental group. 2) The second sub-hypothesis that patients undergoing hemodialysis who received music therapy would have less psychological stress than patients undergoing hemodialysis who did not receive music therapy was not supported. Psychological stress score and depression score were not significantly different before and after the treatment. 7. Hypothesis 2 that patients undergoing hemodialysis who received music therapy would have a higher quality of life score than patients undergoing. hemodialysis who did not received music therapy was not supported. There were no significant changes in the quality of life scores before and after the treatment.