• 한국지구물리탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지구물리탐사학회 1999년도 제2회 학술발표회
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• pp.48-64
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• 1999

탄성파 굴절법 탐사를 이용한 지반조사시 탐사 결과로부터 표토층 및 풍화대 깊이, 연암 또는 기반암의 심도, 단층 파쇄대나 연약지반의 위치 및 규모, 지질경계 등을 파악, 지하 속도분포를 도출함으로서 Rippability 등 지반 공학적 특성의 정량적 평가가 가능하다. 양질의 자료 취득을 위하여는 조사목적과 탐사심도에 맞는 측선길이 및 배치, 수진점과 진원점 간격 및 배치, 지형기복 여부 등 현장조사 파라미터의 설정이 중요하다. 택지개발 지역의 절토 사면부에서는 수진점 간격을 3${\~}$5m, 터널 지역에서는 5${\~}$10m 정도가 적합하며 측선의 배열은 주측선과 주요 지점에서 이에 사교하는 부측선 배치가 필요하다. 굴절법 토모그라피 해석기법의 적용시, 조사장비의 가용 채널 수에 1/2 이상의 진원점으로부터 자료를 취득해야 자료처리시 지형의 영향을 받지 않는다. 편마암 지대인 절토사면부에서 시추자료와 비교하여 탄성파 속도에 의한 지반분류는 토사 700m/s 이하, 풍화암 700${\~}$l,200m/s, 연암 1,200${\~}$l,800ni/s이고 굴삭난이도(리퍼빌리티)는 리핑암 700~l,200m/s, 발파암 1,800m/s 이상으로 나타났다. 터널 지역에서는 전통적인 해석기법을 적용하였으며 터널 계획고와 탄성파 속도 1,200m/s${\~}$l,900m/s에 해당되는 연암층과 접하는 구간에서는 지질조사 및 비저항 탐사결과로부터 해석된 3개의 지질 구조선과 만나고 있으므로 터널 설계/시공 시 이의 결과 반영이 필요하다.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.139-158
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• 1998

The development of the superior cervical ganglion was studied by electron microscopic method in human fetuses ranging from 40 mm to 260 mm of crown-rump length (10 to 30 weeks of gestational age). At 40 mm fetus, the superior cervical ganglion was composed of clusters of undifferentiated cell, primitive neuroblast, primitive supporting cell, and unmyelinated fibers. At 70mm fetus, the neuroblasts and their processes were ensheated by the bodies or processes of satellite cells. The cytoplasm of the neuroblast contained rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, Golgi complex, Nissl bodies and dense-cored vesicles. As the neuroblasts grew and differentiated dense-cored vesicles moved away from perikaryal cytoplasm into developing processes. Synaptic contacts between the cholinergic axon and dendrites of postganglionic neuron and a few axosomatic synapses were first observed at 70 mm fetus. At 90 mm fetus the superior cervical ganglion consisted of neuroblasts, satellite cells, granule-containing cells, and unmyelinated nerve fibers. The ganglion cells increased somewhat in numbers and size by 150 mm fetus. Further differentiation resulted in the formation of young ganglion cells, whose cytoplasm was densely filled with cell organelles. During next prenatal stage up to 260 mm fetus, the cytoplasm of the ganglion cells contained except for large pigment granules, all intracytoplasmic structures which were also found in mature superior cervical ganglion. A great number of synaptic contact zones between the cholinergic preganglionic axon and the dendrites of the postganglionic neuron were observed and a few axosomatic synapses were also observed. Two morphological types of the granule-containing cells in the superior cervical ganglion were first identified at 90 mm fetus. Type I granule-containing cell occurred in solitary, whereas type II tended to appeared in clusters near the blood capillaries. Synaptic contacts were first found on the solitary granule-containing cell at 150 mm fetus. Synaptic contacts between the soma of type I granule-containing cells and preganglionic axon termials were observed. In addition, synaptic junctions between the processes of the granule- containing cells and dendrites of postganglionic neuron were also observed from 150 mm fetus onward. In conclusion, superior cervical ganglion cells and granule-containing cells arise from a common undifferentiated cell precursor of neural crest . The granule-containg cells exhibit a local modulatory feedback system in the superior cervical ganglion and nay serve as interneurons between the preganglionic and postganglionic cells.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2009년도 제38회 동계학술대회 초록집
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• pp.456-456
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• 2010

CMOS 소자가 서브마이크론($0.1\;{\mu}m$) 이하로 스케일다운 되면서 단채널 효과(short channel effect), 게이트 산화막(gate oxide)의 누설전류(leakage current)의 증가와 높은 직렬저항(series resistance) 등의 문제가 발생한다. CMOS 소자의 구동전류(drive current)를 높이고, 단채널 효과를 줄이기 위한 가장 효율적인 방법은 소스 및 드레인의 얕은 접합(shallow junction) 형성과 직렬 저항을 줄이는 것이다. 플라즈마 도핑 방법은 플라즈마 밀도 컨트롤, 주입 바이어스 전압 조절 등을 통해 저 에너지 이온주입법보다 기판 손상 및 표면 결함의 생성을 억제하면서 고농도로 얕은 접합을 형성할 수 있다. 그리고 얕은 접합을 형성하기 위해 주입된 불순물의 활성화와 확산을 위해 후속 열처리 공정은 높은 온도에서 짧은 시간 열처리하여 불순물 물질의 활성화를 높여주면서 열처리로 인한 접합 깊이를 얕게 해야 한다. 그러나 접합의 깊이가 줄어듦에 따라서 소스 및 드레인의 표면 저항(sheet resistance)과 접촉저항(contact resistance)이 급격하게 증가하는 문제점이 있다. 이러한 표면저항과 접촉저항을 줄이기 위한 방안으로 실리사이드 박막(silicide thin film)을 형성하는 방법이 사용되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 (100) p-type 웨이퍼 He(90 %) 가스로 희석된 $PH_3$(10 %) 가스를 사용하여 플라즈마 도핑을 실시하였다. 10 mTorr의 압력에서 200 W RF 파워를 인가하여 플라즈마를 생성하였고 도핑은 바이어스 전압 -1 kV에서 60 초 동안 실시하였다. 얕은 접합을 형성하기 위한 불순물의 활성화는 ArF(193 nm) excimer laser를 통해 $460\;mJ/cm^2$의 에니지로 열처리를 실시하였다. 그리고 낮은 접촉비저항과 표면저항을 얻기 위해 metal sputter를 통해 TiN/Ti를 $800/400\;{\AA}$ 증착하고 metal RTP를 사용하여 실리사이드 형성 온도를 $650{\sim}800^{\circ}C$까지 60 초 동안 열처리를 실시하여 $TiSi_2$ 박막을 형성하였다. 그리고 $TiSi_2$의 두께를 측정하기 위해 TEM(Transmission Electron Microscopy)을 측정하였다. 화학적 결합상태를 분석하기 위해 XPS(X-ray photoelectronic)와 XRD(X-ray diffraction)를 측정하였다. 접촉비저항, 접촉저항과 표면저항을 분석하기 위해 TLM(Transfer Length Method) 패턴을 제작하여 I-V 특성을 측정하였다. TEM 측정결과 $TiSi_2$의 두께는 약 $580{\AA}$ 정도이고 morphology는 안정적이고 실리사이드 집괴 현상은 발견되지 않았다. XPS와 XRD 분석결과 실리사이드 형성 온도가 $700^{\circ}C$에서 C54 형태의 $TiSi_2$ 박막이 형성되었고 가장 낮은 접촉비저항과 접촉저항 값을 가진다.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제23권1호통권72호
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• pp.61-70
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• 1995

Armillaria 속균은 천마를 생산하는데 아주 중요한 균이다. 한국에서는 천마재배지의 골목과 이병수목 그리고 그 곳에서 발생한 자실체로부터 72균주가 분리 되었다. 이들 분리균에 대한 정확한 biological species를 분류하기 위하여 tester를 이용하여 교배시험을 한 결과 A. mellea가 2균주로 이들 균주는 천마재배포장에서 분리 된 균주이며 이제까지 채집한 자실체에서 분리된 균주에서는 A. mellea가 없었다. A. tabescens는 7균주로 치악산에서는 신나무, 속초에서는 해송의 그루터기와 강원대 연습림의 참나무에서 형성된 자실체에서 분리되었으며 A. ostoyae는 24균주로 주로 본 병원균에 침입을 받아 죽은 10년생 전후의 잣나무의 지표면 부위에 형성된 자실체에서 분리되었다. A. gallica는 39균주로 주로 참나무 등 14 종류의 기주식물 그루터기에 형성된 자실체에서 분리되었다. Armillaria 속균들은 배양적 특성에 따라서 4가지 Group 들로 분리되었으며 Group II인 KNU-A110(A. gallica)은 다른 Group들에 비해 균사의 생장과 균사속 형성이 대단히 왕성하였고 천마의 생산에도 우수한 것으로 판별되었다. 이 균들은 식물조직에 있는 mycelial fan과 천마 사이를 균사속에 의하여 연결하고 있다. 또한 재배 방법에 있어서는 종균접착법이 가장 좋았다. 천마는 강원도 내의 13개 지역에서 발견되었다. 천마는 줄기의 색에 의하여 3가지 종류로 구별되었으며 줄기색이 brownish orange와 greyish yellow는 G. elata로 판별되었고 줄기색이 greyish green 인 것은 G. gracilis로 판별되었다. 천마는 주로 5월 중순에서 6월 중순 사이에 낙엽이 덮여진 부식토층의 남향 경사지에서 채집되었다. 자마는 성숙한 천마가 싹이나고 썩으며 생산되든지 다른 자마로부터 출아로 생산되었다. 자마는 균사속으로부터 영양분을 얻어서 자라게 되며 자마가 성숙한 천마가 되기까지는 약 3년이 소요된다.

• 식물조직배양학회지
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.253-275
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• 1994

Many flowering plants possess genetically controlled self -incompatibility (SI) system that prevents inbreeding and promotes outcrosses. SI is usually controlled by a single, multiallelic S-locus. In gametophytically controlled system, SI results when the S-allele of the pollen is matched by one of the two S-alleles in the style, while in the sporophytic system self-incompatible reaction occurs by the interaction between the pistil genotype and genotype of, not the pollen, but the pollen parent In the former system the self-incompatible phenotype of pollen is determined by the haploid genome of the pollen itself but in the latter the pollen phenotype is governed by the genotype of the pollen parent along with the occurrence of either to-dominant or dominant/recessive allelic interactions. In the sporophytic type the inhibition reaction occurs within minutes following pollen-stigma contact, the incompatible pollen grains usually failing to germinate, whereas in gametophytic system pollen tube inhibition takes place during growth in the transmitting tissue of the style. Recognition and rejection of self pollen are the result of interaction between the S-locus protein in the pistil and the pollen protein. In the gametophytic SI the S-associated glycoprotein which is similar to the fungal ribonuclease in structure and function are localized at the intercellular matrix in the transmitting tissue of the style, with the highest concentration in the collar of the stigma, while in the sporophytic SI deposit of abundant S-locus specific glycoprotein (SLSG).is detected in the cell wall of stigmatic papillae of the open flowers. In the gametophytic system S-gene is expressed mostly at the stigmatic collar the upper third of the style length and in the pollen after meiosis. On the other hand, in the sporophytic SI S-glycoprotein gene is expressed in the papillar cells of the stigma as well as in e sporophytic tape is cells of anther wall. Recognition and rejection of self pollen in the gametophytic type is the reaction between the ribonuclease in the transmitting tissue of the style and the protein in the cytoplasm of pollen tube, whereas in the sporophytic system the inhibition of selfed pollen is caused by the interaction between the Sycoprotein in the wall of stigmatic papillar cell and the tapetum-origin protein deposited on the outer wall of the pollen grain. The claim that the S-allele-associated proteins are involved in recognition and rejection of self pollen has been made merely based on indirect evidence. Recently it has been verified that inhibition of synthesis of S$_3$ protein in Petunia inflata plants of S$_2$S$_3$ genotype by the antisense S$_3$ gene resulted in failure of the transgenic plant to reject S$_3$ pollen and that expression of the transgenic encoding S$_3$ protein in the S$_1$S$_2$ genotype confers on the transgenic plant the ability to reject S$_3$ pollen. These finding Provide direct evidence that S-proteins control the s elf-incompatibility behavior of the pistil.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.243-253
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• 2000

The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate dentin bonding by two different dentin bonding systems(DBS) using acetone based primer or adhesive [All Bond 2(AB2), One Step(OS)] when they were applied by wet or dry bonding technique. Morphology of resin-dentin interface and hybrid layer thickness(HLT) were investigated using Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope(CLSM) and compared to shear bond strength(SBS). 72 extracted sound human molars were randomly divided into 4 groups of 18 teeth each - Group 1.(AW); AB2 by wet bonding. Group 2(AD); AB2 by dry bonding. Group 3.(OW); OS by wet bonding, Group 4.(OD); OS by dry bonding. In 6 teeth of each group, notch-shaped class V cavities(depth 2mm) were prepared on buccal and lingual surface at the cementoenamel juction(12 cavities per group). To obtain color contrast in CLSM observation, bonding resins of each DBS were mixed with rhodamine B and primer of AB2 was mixed with sodium fluorescein. Prepared teeth of each group were treated with AB2, OS, respectively according to the manufacturer's instructions except for dentin surface moisture treatment after acid etching. In group 1 and 3, after acid etching, excess water was removed with wet tissue(Kimwipes), leaving consistently shiny, visibly hydrated dentin surface. In group 2 and 4, dentin surface was dried for 10 seconds at 1 inch distance. The treated teeth were then packed with composite resin(${\AE}$litefil) and light-cured. 12 microscopic samples($60{\sim}80{\mu}m$ thickness) of each group were obtained after longitudinal section and grinding(Exakt cutting and grinding system). Morphological investigation of resin-dentin interface and HLT measurement using CLSM were done. For measurement of SBS, remaining 12 teeth of each group were flattened occlusally to remove all enamel and grinded to 500 grit SiC(Pedemet Specimen Preparation Equipment). After applying DBS on the exposed dentin surface, composite resin was applied in the shape of cylinder, which has 5mm diameter, 1.5mm thickness, and light cured. SBS was measured using Instron with a crosshead speed of 0.5mm/min. It was concluded as follows, 1. HLT of AW(mean: $2.59{\mu}m$) was thicker than any other group, and followed by AD, OW, OD in descending order(mean; 2.37, 2.28, $1.92{\mu}m$). Only OD had statistically significant differences(p<0.05) to AW and AD. 2. There were intimate contact of resin and dentin at the interface in wet bonding groups, but gaps or irregular interfaces were observed in dry bonding groups. 3. The length, diameter, density of resin tags were various even in the same group without significant differences between groups and lots of adhesive lateral branches were observed. 4. There were no statistically significant difference of SBS between AB2 and OS, but SBS of wet bonding groups were significantly higher(p<0.05) than dry bonding groups. 5. There were no consistent relationships between HLT and SBS.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제57권4호
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• pp.328-334
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• 2019

목적: 0.9% NaCl solution 에 2주간 담근 레이저 처리 임플란트 표면의 친수성 증가현상을 확인하고 그것이 각 임플란트의 초기 치유기간 10일 후에 임플란트의 회전 제거력에 미치는 영향을 확인하고자 한다. 재료 및 방법: 지름 3 mm, 길이 8 mm 되는 10개의 선반 가공된 티타늄 임플란트를 대조군은 레이저 처리하고, 다른 실험군 10개는 레이저 처리 후 2주간 0.9% 생리적 식염수에 담근 후 뉴질랜드산 흰 토끼의 경골에 식립한후, 10일 후에 각각 회전 제거력을 측정하였다. 각 시편의 젖음각과 표면조성 및 형태를 분석하였다. 결과: 10일 후에 실험군의 회전 제거력이 대조군보다 의미있는 증가세를 보였다 (P = .002, < .05). 주사전자 현미경 성분분석과, 형태는 별다른 차이를 보이지 않았다. 결론: 식염수에 담그는 과정은 의미있는 회전 제거력의 증진을 초기기간(10일 후)에 나타낼 수 있다.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.503-512
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• 2020

Identifying the water circulation status is one of the indispensable processes for watershed management in an urban area. Recently, various water circulation models have been developed to simulate the water circulation, but it takes a lot of time and cost to make a water circulation model that could adapt the characteristics of the watershed. This paper aims to develop a water circulation state estimation model that could easily calculate the status of water circulation in an urban watershed by using multiple linear regression analysis. The study watershed is a watershed in Seoul that applied the impermeable area ratio in 1962 and 2000. And, It was divided into 73 watersheds in order to consider changes in water circulation status according to the urban characteristic factors. The input data of the SHER(Similar Hydrologic Element Response) model, a water circulation model, were used as data for the urban characteristic factors of each watershed. A total of seven factors were considered as urban characteristic factors. Those factors included annual precipitation, watershed area, average land-surface slope, impervious surface ratio, coefficient of saturated permeability, hydraulic gradient of groundwater surface, and length of contact line with downstream block. With significance probabilities (or p-values) of 0.05 and below, all five models showed significant results in estimating the water circulation status such as the surface runoff rate and the evapotranspiration rate. The model that was applied all seven urban characteristics factors, can calculate the most similar results such as the existing water circulation model. The water circulation estimation model developed in this study is not only useful to simply estimate the water circulation status of ungauged watersheds but can also provide data for parameter calibration and validation.

• Composites Research
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.155-160
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• 2021

메타물질은 자연발생 물질에서 발견되지 않는 특성을 만들 수 있는 여러가지 요소들의 복합체로, 힘의 방향을 변환하거나, 음의 강성을 만들거나, 진동 및 충격 특성을 바꿀 수 있다. 제작이 용이하고, 수직방향의 진동과 충격을 저감시키는데 탁월한 성능을 지닌 우드파일 메타물질의 경우, 충격 저감을 위해 충격 전달에 영향을 끼치는 변수에 대한 기초 연구가 필요하다. 최근 기하학적 요소에 따른 충격저감에 대해 연구가 진행되고 있지만, 재료적 변수가 충격저감에 끼치는 영향에 대한 연구는 미흡하다. 본 논문에서는 우드파일 실린더의 기하학적 특성(적층각도, 직경, 길이)과 재료적 특성(탄성계수, 비중, 포아송 비)을 변수화하여 유한요소해석이 진행되었다. 유한요소해석을 통해 우드파일 실린더가 충격을 전달하는 양상을 확인하고, 주효과도 분석을 통해 충격 힘과 에너지의 저감에 대한 변수 별 영향이 고찰되었고, 고속 푸리에 변환(FFT)을 통해 주파수 대역에 대한 분석이 진행되었다. 충격 힘과 진동을 저감시키기 위하여 실린더의 접촉 면적에 영향을 주는 변수들이 크게 영향을 끼치는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.15-29
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• 2021

Urban green spaces offer a variety of benefits to living things and humans. However, existing green spaces have been reduced and fragmented due to urbanization, and there is a limit to creating new large green spaces in densely developed cities. Street trees have fewer restrictions on land use, which can be a measure to secure green areas in cities. In Korea, excessive pruning is being done on some street trees for reasons such as blocking of building signboards, contact with electric wires, and restrictions on sidewalk widths. Therefore, it is necessary to quantitatively understand the relationship between the benefits provided by street trees and their structures to come up with an efficient and systematic planning and management plan for urban street trees. In this study, we quantitatively analyzed the relationship between the thermal comfort improvement by the shades of street trees and the vertical structure, planting environment, and types of street trees. To calculate the thermal comfort felt by human body, we calculated UTCI (Universal Thermal Climate Index) of each street tree. For the vertical structure of street trees, we used Terrestrial LiDAR and the point clouds of street tree's crown was sliced vertically at 1m intervals. We conducted a multiple regression analysis on the thermal comfort improvement using the variables we obtained from fields. As a result, in the case of a street tree's vertical structure, the lager the volume of tree's crown located 3-4m (β=0.298, p<.05) and 6-7m (β=0.568, p<.001) above clear length, the better the cooling effect. In addition, the thermal comfort improvement was assessed to decrease as the DBH increased (β=-0.435, p<.001). In general, the crown diameter and DBH are positively correlated, with a cooling effect occurring as crown diameter increases. In this study, the opposite result was obtained due to the small number of trees measured, so additional research is needed by increasing the number of tree samples. In the case of the planting environment, the effect of improving thermal comfort was higher in the shaded area of trees planted to the south (β=-0.541, p<.001). Since unsystematic management of street trees can deteriorate the function of them, quantitative evaluations of the vertical structure of street trees are required, which can provide specific measures for planning and management of urban street trees with thermal comfort effect.