• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.145-152
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• 2013

The growth behavior of nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) film has been studied for three different substrates, i.e. bare Si wafer, 1 ${\mu}m$ thick W and Ti films deposited on Si wafer by DC sputter. The surface roughness values of the substrates measured by AFM were Si < W < Ti. After ultrasonic seeding treatment using nanometer sized diamond powder, surface roughness remained as Si < W < Ti. The contact angles of the substrates were Si ($56^{\circ}$) > W ($31^{\circ}$) > Ti ($0^{\circ}$). During deposition in the microwave plasma CVD system, NCD particles were formed and evolved to film. For the first 0.5h, the values of NCD particle density were measured as Si < W < Ti. Since the energy barrier for heterogeneous nucleation is proportional to the contact angle of the substrate, the initial nucleus or particle densities are believed to be Si < W < Ti. Meanwhile, the NCD growth rate up to 2 h was W > Si > Ti. In the case of W substrate, NCD particles were coalesced and evolved to the film in the short time of 0.5 h, which could be attributed to the fact that the diffusion of carbon species on W substrate was fast. The slower diffusion of carbon on Si substrate is believed to be the reason for slower film growth than on W substrate. The surface of Ti substrate was observed as a vertically aligned needle shape. The NCD particle formed on the top of a Ti needle should be coalesced with the particle on the nearby needle by carbon diffusion. In this case, the diffusion length is longer than that of Si or W substrate which shows a relatively flat surface. This results in a slow growth rate of NCD on Ti substrate. As deposition time is prolonged, NCD particles grow with carbon species attached from the plasma and coalesce with nearby particles, leaving many voids in NCD/Ti interface. The low adhesion of NCD films on Ti substrate is related to the void structure of NCD/Ti interface.

• 접착 및 계면
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.9-15
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• 2001

표면 에너지가 낮아 접착이 어려운 EVA foam을 용해도 파라미터와 표면장력이 다른 용매로 표면처리하여 표면의 상태 변화를 SEM, 접촉각 측정 등으로 조사하였으며 표면의 변화가 접착력에 미치는 영향을 고찰하였다. Zismann plot에 의해 계산된 EVA foam의 임계표면장력 (${\gamma}_{c,0}$)은 27.08 dyne/cm이었다. 용매 처리에 의해 EVA foam 표면의 형태 및 임계포면장력이 변화하였으며 EVA foam의 팽윤도가 용해도 파라미터에 의해 영향을 받는 것에 비해 표면의 변화 정도는 용매의 표면장력에 더 크게 의존하였다. 표면의 변화는 용매의 표면장력 (${\gamma}_L$)이 EVA foam의 임계표면장력 보다 낮아 wetting이 잘될수록 커지는 것으로 나타났다. 용매 처리된 EVA foam을 접착한 결과 처리하지 않은 것에 비해 접착력이 600% 이상 크게 향상되었으며, ${\gamma}_c$가 프라이머의 ${\gamma}_{L,p}$에 근접하여 ${\gamma}_c/{\gamma}_{L,p}$가 1에 가까워질수록 접착력이 증가하였다.

• 접착 및 계면
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2006

미처리 Jute와 Hemp섬유와 처리된 Jute와 Hemp섬유가 강화된 polypropylene-maleic anhydride-g-polypropylene copolymer (PP-MAPP) 복합재료의 계면 물성을 미세역학시험법과 동적접촉각 측정을 통해서 평가하였다. Jute와 Hemp섬유의 통계적인 인장강도의 경우 두 형태 와이블 분포가 단일 형태 분포보다 더 일치하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 천연섬유 복합재료의 계면전단강도(IFSS)에 대한 산-염기 상호작용변수는 접착일($W_a$)의 계산을 통해 그 특성을 기술 할 수 있다. 천연섬유에 대한 알칼리, 실란커플링제의 영향은 PP-MAPP 기지재의 MAPP 함량을 변화시킴으로써 얻을 수 있었다. 알칼리 처리된 Jute와 Hemp섬유의 경우 약한 계면층이 모두 제거되고 표면적이 증가됨으로 인해 표면에너지는 더 증가하였다. 반면 실란 커플링제를 이용하여 표면 처리된 Jute와 Hemp 섬유의 경우 차단된 높은 에너지의 기들로 인해 표면에너지는 감소하였다. PP-MAPP기지재속의 MAPP의 함량증가는 산-염기 기의 도입으로 인해 표면에너지는 증가하였다. 두 천연섬유 복합재료의 미세파괴 형상은 두 섬유의 인장강도가 다르기 때문에 명확히 구분되었다.

• 접착 및 계면
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.3-9
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• 2006

세 개의 isocyanate작용기를 가지는 IP-$75^{(R)}$와 하나의 hydroxyl작용기를 가지는 여러 가지 amino alcohol을 ionomer로 이용하여 수분산에 필요한 ionic center가 측쇄에 위치하는 양이온성 수분산 polyurethane (PU)을 합성하였다. NCO/OH몰 비, ionomer의 종류 및 중화제의 종류에 따라 수분산 PU의 입도, 점도, 분산안정성, 접촉각, 표면에너지, $T_g$, 그리고 접착강도의 변화를 알아보았다. 제조된 수분산 PU는 주쇄에 ionic center를 가지는 양이온 수분산 PU보다 더 작은 입도를 가지며 분산안정성도 우수함을 확인하였다.

• 한국융합학회논문지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.17-25
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• 2020

본 연구는 식당에서 사용하는 외식서빙 로봇의 서비스 절차 및 인터랙션 방식에 중점을 두고 연구한다. 사용자 설문조사,사용자를 관찰하고 고객과 레스토랑 종업원의 인터뷰를 통한 레스토랑 서빙 로봇과 고객의 교류방식을 분석하고 사용자 요구를 파악하기 위해 사용자 여정 지도를 구축한다. 또한 서비스 절차에서 배달 서비스 뿐만 아니라 주문 서비스, 접대 서비스 및 테이블 정리 등을 모두 서비스 로봇이 행하는 것을 의도한다.최종 제안 연구 목적은 기존의 서빙 로봇 GUI을 개선하고 새로운 서비스 청사진을 설계하는 것이다.

• 한국윤활학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국윤활학회 2004년도 학술대회지
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• pp.289-295
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• 2004

The relationship between friction characteristics and iron oxides at the sliding interface was investigated. Three friction materials containing iron, magnetite $(Fe_3O_4)$ or hematite $(Fe_2O_3)$ were manufactured and friction tests were performed on gray cast iron disks to evaluate the friction coefficient as a function of sliding speed $\mu-\nu$. In-situ noise spectrum analyzer was employed to compare noise propensity during friction tests. Results show that the specimens with magnetite are more sensitive to velocity than those with iron or hematite. The specimens containing magnetite and hematite generated noise with different peaks in the spectrum. The difference in the peak frequency seems attributed to the different surface aggressiveness of iron oxides and intermittent changes of real contact area at the sliding interface during sliding. Surface morphology and roughness of the counter disc after the tests are also consistent with the aggressiveness of iron oxides.

• Advances in concrete construction
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.221-240
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• 2017

The modeling of the mechanical behavior of quasi-brittle materials is still a challenge task, mainly in failure processes when fracture and plasticity phenomena become important actors in dissipative processes which occur in materials like concrete, as instance. Many homogenization-based approaches have been proposed to deal with heterogeneous materials in the last years. In this context, a computational homogenization modeling for concrete is presented in this work using the concept of Representative Volume Element (RVE). The material is considered as a three-phase material consisting of interface zone (ITZ), matrix and inclusions-each constituent modeled by an independent constitutive model. The Representative Volume Element (RVE) consists of inclusions idealized as circular shapes symmetrically and nonsymmetrically placed into the specimen. The interface zone is modeled by means of cohesive contact finite elements. The inclusion is modeled as linear elastic and matrix region is considered as elastoplastic material. A set of examples is presented in order to show the potentialities and limitations of the proposed modeling. The consideration of the fracture processes in the ITZ is fundamental to capture complex macroscopic characteristics of the material using simple constitutive models at mesoscopic level.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.288-295
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• 2015

The present work addresses crevice and galvanic corrosion processes occurring at the cylinder head gasket/cylinder head interface and cylinder head gasket/cylinder liner interface of four-stroke medium-speed diesel engines for marine applications. The contact between these systems and the marine environment can promote formation of demanding corrosion conditions, therefore influencing the lifetime of the engine components. The electrochemical behavior of various metals and alloys used as head gasket materials (both ferrous alloys and copper alloys) was investigated. The efficacy of corrosion inhibitors was determined by comparing electrochemical behavior with and without inhibitors. In particular, crevice corrosion has been investigated by electrochemical tests using an experimental set-up developed starting from the requirements of the ASTM G-192-08, with adaptation of the test to the conditions peculiar to this application. In addition to the crevice corrosion resistance, the possible problems of galvanic coupling, as well as corrosive reactivity, were evaluated using electrochemical tests, such as potentiodynamic measurements. It was possible to quantify, in several cases, the corrosion resistance of the various coupled materials, and in particular the resistance to crevice corrosion, providing a basis for the selection of materials for this specific application.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.247-255
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• 2014

Charged polymer chains, i.e., polyelectrolytes, are known to show superior aqueous lubricating properties compared to those of neutral polymer chains, especially in brush conformation. This is primarily because of the incorporation of a large amount of counterions within the polymer layers and the consequently increased osmotic pressure. However, this effect is active only when the polymer chains remain immobilized even under tribostress, which is not realistic for high-contact pressure tribological applications, especially when they are irreversibly immobilized on tribopair surfaces. In contrast, with free polymers, which can be included as surface-active additives in the base lubricant (water), long-term lubricating performance based on "self-healing" properties is readily expected. In order to assess whether the superior aqueous lubricating properties of polyelectrolyte chains are valid for free polymers too, this study reviews recent studies on the tribological properties of many charged biopolymer and synthetic copolymers at a nonpolar, hydrophobic interface. In contrast to the irreversibly immobilized polyelectrolyte chains, free polyelectrolyte chains show inferior aqueous lubricating properties compared to their neutral counterparts owing to charge accumulation and the consequently impeded surface adsorption on the nonpolar surface. Nevertheless, bovine submaxillary mucin (BSM), a representative biopolymer, shows a sufficiently effective surface adsorption and aqueous lubricating capabilities even at neutral pH without losing the polyanionic characteristics.

• 한국전산유체공학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.49-57
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• 2014

In the present study, 2-D gas-kinetic flow solver on unstructured meshes was developed for flows from continuum to transitional regimes. The gas-kinetic BGK scheme is based on numerical solutions of the BGK simplification of the Boltzmann transport equation. In the initial reconstruction, the unstructured version of the linear interpolation is applied to compute left and right states along a cell interface. In the gas evolution step, the numerical fluxes are computed from the evaluation of the time-dependent gas distribution function around a cell interface. Two-dimensional compressible flow calculations were performed to verify the accuracy and robustness of the current gas-kinetic approach. Gas-kinetic BGK scheme was successfully applied to two-dimensional steady and unsteady flow simulations with strong contact discontinuities. Exemplary hypersonic viscous simulations have been conducted to analyze the performances of the gas-kinetic scheme. The computed results show fair agreement with other standard particle-based approaches for both continuum part and transitional part.