• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2017

Objectives: This study was performed to identify the anti-inflammatory effect of Pulsatilla koreana (PK) methanol extract on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced inflammatory. Methods: There were five groups. They were control group, LPS-exposed PK methanol extract group ($0{\mu}g/ml$, $10{\mu}g/ml$, $30{\mu}g/ml$, $100{\mu}g/ml$). To measure out cytotoxicity of PK, we performed the MTT assay. To evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of PK, we examined the inflammatory mediators, such as nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin $[IL]-1{\beta}$, IL-6, tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$ [$TNF-{\alpha}$], IL-10). Results: 1. The extract of PK (${\sim}100{\mu}g/ml$) itself did not have any cytotoxic effect in RAW 264.7 cells. 2. The concentration of plasma NO and PGE2 in PK methanol extract group showed a lower values than those of control group. 3. The concentration of plasma $IL-1{\beta}$, plasma IL-6, and plasma $TNF-{\alpha}$ in PK methanol extract group showed a lower values than those of control group. 4. The concentration of Plasma IL-10 in PK methanol extract groups showed higher than control group; however, these values showed no significantly different. Conclusions: According to this study, the extract of PK could be used as a protective agent against inflammation.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.210-217
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• 2011

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to measure the concentration of volatile organic compound (VOC)s originated from the chemicals used and/or derived from the original parental chemicals in the photolithography processes of semiconductor manufacturing factories. Methods: A total of four photolithography processes in 4 Fabs at three different semiconductor manufacturing factories in Korea were selected for this study. This study investigated the types of chemicals used and generated during the photolithography process of each Fab, and the concentration levels of VOCs for each Fab. Results: A variety of organic compounds such as ketone, alcohol, and acetate compounds as well as aromatic compounds were used as solvents and developing agents in the processes. Also, the generation of by-products, such as toluene and phenol, was identified through a thermal decomposition experiment performed on a photoresist. The VOC concentration levels in the processes were lower than 5% of the threshold limit value (TLV)s. However, the air contaminated with chemical substances generated during the processes was re-circulated through the ventilation system, thereby affecting the airborne VOC concentrations in the photolithography processes. Conclusion: Tens of organic compounds were being used in the photolithography processes, though the types of chemical used varied with the factory. Also, by-products, such as aromatic compounds, could be generated during photoresist patterning by exposure to light. Although the airborne VOC concentrations resulting from the processes were lower than 5% of the TLVs, employees still could be exposed directly or indirectly to various types of VOCs.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.255-260
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• 2017

Ketosis has become a very common and important metabolic disorder that causes substantial economic loss in modern dairy herds. We determined the risk factors for ketosis and associations with some blood metabolite concentrations in dairy cows. Blood from 475 Holstein cows on four dairy farms was collected weekly until 4 weeks after calving to measure blood ${\beta}$-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) concentrations using electronic handheld meters. Cows were grouped based on the BHBA concentration into two groups: a ketosis group (${\geq}1.2mmol/L$, n = 150) and a non-ketosis group (< 1.2 mmol/L, n = 325). Peripartum health status (dystocia, retained placenta, and metritis), cow parity, and calving season were recorded to identify the risk factors for ketosis. Serum albumin, total cholesterol (TCH), and haptoglobin concentrations were compared between sub-groups of cows selected from the ketosis (n = 92) and non-ketosis (n = 50) groups 1 week postpartum ($7.5{\pm}0.2days$). The farm influenced the incidence of ketosis (P < 0.05). Cows calved during summer tended to have a higher risk (odds ratio [OR]: 1.61, P < 0.1) of ketosis than cows calved during spring. Cows with parities of two (OR: 1.95, P < 0.05) and three or higher (OR: 2.55, P < 0.01) were at higher risk than primiparous cows. Cows with metritis had a higher risk (OR: 7.02, P < 0.0001) of ketosis than cows without metritis. Serum albumin and TCH concentrations were lower (P < 0.01) in the ketosis group than in the non-ketosis group, whereas haptoglobin concentration was higher (P < 0.05) in the ketosis group than in the non-ketosis group. In conclusion, our results indicate that farm, summer calving, parity greater than one, and postpartum disease (metritis) were risk factors for ketosis. In addition, lower serum albumin and TCH concentrations and higher haptoglobin concentration were also associated with the incidence of ketosis in dairy cows.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.347-358
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• 2016

ICT sector has been made a great deal of achievements for past 20 or more years in the aspects of the industrial promotion and the efficiency improvement under the strong leadership by the government for the informatization and still leads the Korean industries. However, the previous studies are mostly on how the quantitative growth of patents impacts a company's management achievements while being insufficient on the qualitative level. In this study, an analysis is attempted on the impact from the qualitative level of patents held by a ICT company leading Korean industry to its management achievements. In other words, if the concentration of technological innovation activities, a scale to measure the qualitative level of possessed patents is influential to the growth and the profit of a company is analyzed. The analysis result shows that the current time technological superiority index, RTA and the concentration index, CRn of the technological innovation activities significantly impact to the growth and the profit of company. This study demonstrates the positive impact from a highly qualitative level of patents to the growth and the profit of a company in ICT sector in the current circumstance of insufficient researches on the qualitative level of patents. Therefore, this study is expected to present a new start point for the future studies.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.217-224
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• 1992

The study was undertaken to determine the effect of dietary magnesium on the eggshell quality and other performance in laying Tsaiya ducks and Leghorn hens. Twenty-five Tsaiya ducks and 25 Leghorn hens were raised in individual cages. The basal diet was mainly consisted of corn starch and isolated soybean protein. At the beginning of the experiments, birds were fed for 10 days with the basal diet supplemented with 500 mg/kg Mg (1070 mg/kg in total by analysis) in order to allow the birds adapting to the new diet. Both Tsaiya ducks and Leghorn hens were then each randomly divided into five groups and each group of five birds were fed with the experimental diets containing 690, 1070, 1690, 2150 or 2380 mg/kg Mg, respectively for 21 days. Eggs were collected in order to measure eggshell quality, Mg and Ca content of the eggshell. At the end of the experiments, blood samples of all birds were taken from their brachial veins for measuring the concentration of Mg and Ca in the plasma. Experimental results appeared that the dietary Mg content did not significantly affect egg production, egg weight, eggshell breaking strength and thickness in both Tsaiya ducks and Leghorn hens. In Tsaiya ducks, however, the plasma Mg concentration was affected by the dietary Mg content, but the plasma Mg almost reached a plateau (4.66 mg/dl) as long as the dietary Mg level was over 1070 mg/kg. In Leghorn hens, the plasma Mg level was significantly increased from 1.66 mg/dl to 4.03 mg/dl when the dietary Mg content in the diet had been increased from 690 mg/kg to 2380 mg/kg, suggesting that the plasma Mg concentration seems to be directly influenced by the Mg absorbed in the intestine. In the Tsaiya ducks, however, the dietary Mg level did not significantly affect the eggshell Mg content (from 0.113% to 0.123%). Whereas, there was a negative correlation between the eggshell thickness and eggshell Mg content (r = -0.50, p<0.01), revealing that the increase in eggshell Mg content probably associated with the impairment of eggshell quality in Tsaiya ducks. In Leghorn hens, however, there was no significant correlation between eggshell quality and eggshell Mg content, although the Mg content in the eggshell was also increased from 0.279% to 0.427% when the dietary Mg had been elevated from 690 mg/kg to 2380 mg/kg.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.89-101
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• 2016

This study investigated spectral characteristics of heavy metal contaminated soil samples in the vicinity of abandoned Boksu mine. Heavy metal concentrations including arsenic, lead, zinc, copper and cadmium were analyzed by XRF analysis. As a result, all of the soil samples excluding control sample were over-contaminated based on the counter measure standard. The XRD results revealed that quartz, kaolinite and smectite were detected for all of the soil samples and heavy metals in soil were adsorbed on clay minerals such as kaolinite and smectite. The spectral analyses confirmed that spectral reflectance of near-infrared and shorter portion of shortwave-infrared spectrum decreases as heavy metal concentration increases. Moreover, absorption depths at 2312 nm and 2380 nm, the absorption features of clay minerals, decreases with higher heavy metal concentration indicating adsorption of heavy metal ions with clay minerals. It indicates that spectral features and heavy metal contamination of soil samples have high correlations.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.277-285
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• 2005

Israeli carps were intraperitoneally injected with an aqueous extract of red ginseng (RG) at five different concentrations (0, 1, 10, 25 and 50 mg/kg of body weight). The fish were sacrificed after 3 days and measured the neutrophil activity and plasma components. The activity of lysozyme, Ht, TIC and NBT reduction were significantly enhanced in the concentrations of more than 10 mg/kg. Further attempts were made to measure the effects of RG on leucocyte function at five different concentrations (1-100 ${\mu}g/m{\ell}$), in vitro. The proliferation of lymphocytes co-incubated with phytohaemagglutin (PHA) and concanavalin A (Con A) was significantly increased at 10 ${\mu}g/m{\ell}$ concentration, but suppressed at the highest concentration (100 ${\mu}g/m{\ell}$). RG alone or with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) had no effect on proliferation at any concentrations tested. Migration and reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) production of leucocytes were enhanced in all concentration higher than 10 ${\mu}g/m{\ell}$. These results suggest that the RG activates the leucocyte function and may be able to be used as a stimulant of fish innate defences.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.775-786
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• 2017

Monitoring sediment flux is crucial especially for maintaining river systems to understand morphological behaviors. Recently, hydroacoustic backscatter (or SNR) as a surrogate to empirically estimate suspended sediment concentration has been increasingly highlighted for more efficient acquisition of sediment dataset, which is difficult throughout direct sediment sampling. However, relevant contemporary researches have focused on wide range solution applicable for large natural rivers where H-ADCPs with relatively low acoustic frequency have been widely utilized to seamlessly measure streamflow discharge. In this regard, this study aimed at investigating hydroacoustical characteristics based on a very recently released H-ADCP (SonTek SL-3000) with high acoustic frequency of 3 MHz in order to capitalize its capacity to be applied for suspended sediment monitoring in laboratory conditions. SL-3000 was tested in a laboratory flume to collect SNR in conjunction with LISST-100X for actual sediment concentration and particle distribution in both sand and silt sediment injection in various amount. Conventional algorithms to correct signal attenuations for water and sediment were carefully tested to validate whether they can be applied for SL-3000. As result of analyzing the SNR-SSC correlation trand, through further study in the future, it is confirmed that SSC can be observed indirectly by using the SNR.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.56 no.6
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• pp.31-43
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• 2014

Confined and mechanically ventilated broiler house has been recently come into wide use to increase productivity and control rearing conditions. However, high dust concentration inside facility can threaten respiratory welfare of farmers and broilers. In Korea, there is no regulation in terms of air quality control inside agricultural facilities and sufficient data is not available. To cope with these, periodic monitoring of inhalable and respirable dust concentration were conducted according to season, broiler's activity and specific events such as shipment work for broilers in mechanically ventilated broiler house. Chamber experiment was also designed to analyze mechanism of dust generation from ground beds according to water contents and surrounding wind environment. Results showed that significant increase of inhalable (p=0.002) and respirable (p=0.03) dust were observed when activity of broilers was high according to entrance of the workers. Even shipment work for matured broilers, high level of dust were observed; inhalable dust was exceeded the threshold limit over maximum 303 % and respirable dust was over maximum 1,550 %, implying that acute respiratory symptoms could be manifested for the workers. From the chamber experiment, critical water contents for interrupting of dust generation were measured; about 45 % for inhalable dust and about 50 % for respirable dust. These results can be a trigger for designing plan of dust control however it still needs consideration of various environmental conditions, hygiene problems, etc.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.101-107
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• 2010

A rapid and sensitive reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed for the determination of N-(-4-Chlorophenyl)-6-hydroxy-7-methoxy-2-chromanecarboxamide (KAL-1120), a novel anti-inflammation agent, in the rat plasma. The method was applied to analyze the compound in the biological fluids such as bile, urine and tissue homogenates. After liquid-liquid extraction, the compound was analyzed on an HPLC system with ultraviolet detection at 275 nm. HPLC was carried out using reversed-phase isocratic elution with a $C_{18}$ column, a mobile phase of a mixture of acetonitril (40 v/v%) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The chromatograms showed good resolution and sensitivity and no interference of plasma. The calibration curve for the drug in plasma was linear over the concentration range of 0.05-50 ${\mu}g$/mL. The intra- and inter-day assay accuracies of this method ranged from 0.06% to 9.33% of normal values and the precision did not exceed 6.28% of relative standard deviation. The plasma concentration of KAL-1120 decreased to below the quantifiable limit at 1.5 hr after the i.v. bolus administration of 2-10 mg/kg to rats ($t_{1/2,({\alpha})}$ and $t_{1/2,({\beta})$ of 2.15 and 26.7 min at a dose of 2 mg/kg, 3.91 and 33.0 min at a dose of 10 mg/kg, respectively). The steady-state volume of distribution ($V_{dss}$) and the total body clearance ($CL_t$) were not significantly altered in rats given doses from 2 to 10 mg/kg. Of the various tissues tested, KAL-1120 was mainly distributed in the lung and heart after i.v. bolus administration. KAL-1120 was detected in the bile by 30 min after its i.v. bolus administration. However, the concentration in the urine after i.v. bolus administration became too low to measure, suggesting that KAL-1120 is mostly excreted in the bile. In conclusion, this analytical method was suitable for the preclinical pharmacokinetic studies of KAL-1120 in rats.