• 제목/요약/키워드: computer-based test

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무선공중망을 이용한 의료 정보 데이터 원격 모니터링 시스템에 관한 연구 (A study on the implementation of Medical Telemetry systems using wireless public data network)

  • 이택규;김영길
    • 한국정보통신학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국해양정보통신학회 2000년도 추계종합학술대회
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    • pp.278-283
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    • 2000
  • 정보 통신 기술이 발전함에 따라 가정에서 손쉽게 혈압, 맥박, 심전도, 혈중산소포화도, 혈액검사까지 할 수 있는 재택 의료기기와 무선 공중망을 연동하여 일반 국민들이 이제 집에서 간편하게 건강 검진을 받을 수 있는 서비스가 가능하게 되었다. 사람의 몸에서 검출되는 생체 데이터를 가정에서 무선 공중망을 이용하여 원격지 병원의 시스템에 전송함으로써 효율적인 원격 모니터링 의료 서비스에 활용될 수 있다. 무선 근거리 통신망을 이용한 의료 정보 전송 시스템에서 개인이 소지한 단말기를 통해 취득한 생체 신호를 무선으로 병원 내에 있는 기저 시스템을 통해 중앙의 시스템에 전송한다. 원격 모니터링 시스템은 필요한 무선 매체 액세스 프로토콜을 이용하여 구현한다. 이러한 매체 액세스 프로토콜로는 IEEE 802.11 의 CSMA/CA(Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance) 프로토콜에 폴링 방식을 접목시켜 구현하였다. 본 연구에서는 심전도, 혈압, 혈중산소포화도 측정장치를 가지는 재택 원격 모니터링 시스템 중에서 심전도 측정 부분을 구현하기 위해 이동형 단말기 내부에 심전계 기능을 내장하였다. 이동형 단말기에 900MHz 대역을 사용하는 무선 공중망 인터페이스를 첨가하여, 가정에서의 일반인, 허약 노인, 환자 등의 심전도를 취득하여 저장, 기록함으로써 건강 진단을 받거나 또는 심장 질환을 가졌을 경우, 복잡한 심장 질환을 효과적으로 감시·관리할 수 있는 시스템을 개발하였다. 제안한 무선 공중망에 기반한 의료 정보 전송 시스템을 구현함에 있어서, 이동형 단말기는 생체 신호 데이터 중에서 심전도 데이터를 무선 공중망 모뎀과 NCL(Native Con운ol Language) 프로토콜을 사용하여 무선 공중망과 접속되어 전송되고, 공중망에듣 SCR(Standard Context Routing) 프로토콜을 사용하여 유선 접속되어 있는 관리 호스트 컴퓨터에 등록되어 있는 개인 정보와 취득한 심전도 데이터를 검토하고 그에 상응하는 검진을 이동형 단말기로 보냄으로써, 무선 공중망을 이용한 의료 정보 전송 시스템을 구현될 수 있음을 검증하였다.

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온톨로지 기반 영화 메타데이터간 연관성을 활용한 영화 추천 기법 (The Ontology Based, the Movie Contents Recommendation Scheme, Using Relations of Movie Metadata)

  • 김재영;이석원
    • 지능정보연구
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    • 제19권3호
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    • pp.25-44
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    • 2013
  • 최근 IPTV와 스마트 TV 등의 등장과 영상 콘텐츠를 시청하고 검색할 수 있는 웹 서비스의 등장으로 영상 콘텐츠의 접근이 용이해져 사용자들은 자신이 원하는 콘텐츠를 찾고자 하는 요구가 증가하고 있다. 하지만 서비스되는 콘텐츠의 양이 방대하여 영상 콘텐츠를 검색할 때 사용하는 키워드 기반의 검색은 많은 양의 결과를 가져오며 사용자가 필요로 하지 않은 결과가 검색된다. 따라서 사용자가 원하는 콘텐츠의 검색 시간과 노력이 증가 하게 되었다. 이를 극복 하기 위해 콘텐츠 추천 및 검색에 대한 연구가 수행되어 왔다. 기존의 연구에는 사용자의 선호도 분석을 통하여 영상 콘텐츠를 추천하거나 비슷한 성향을 가지는 사용자들을 분류하여 콘텐츠를 추천하는 기법들이 연구되어 왔다. 본 논문에서는 영상 콘텐츠 중 영화의 추천을 위해 사용자 개인의 영화 메타데이터의 선호도를 분석하고, 영화의 메타데이터와 영화의 유사성을 도출하여 이를 기반으로 영화 추천 기법을 제안한다. 영화의 특징을 담고 있고, 사용자의 영화 선호도에 영향을 끼치는 장르, 줄거리, 배우, 키워드 등의 영화 메타데이터를 기반으로 온톨로지를 구축하고, 확률 기법을 통한 메타 데이터간의 유사성을 분석하여 유사 메타데이터를 연결한다. 또한 사용자의 선호도와 그룹을 정의하고, 사용자 정보를 활용하기 위한 사용자 모델을 정의한다. 제안하는 추천 기법은 1) 사용자 정보기반의 후보 영화 검색 컴포넌트, 2) 사용자 선호기반의 후보 영화 검색 컴포넌트, 3) 1)과 2)의 결과를 통합하고 가중치를 부여하는 컴포넌트, 4) 최종결과의 분석을 통한 개인화된 영화 추천 컴포넌트 등 총 4가지 컴포넌트로 구성된다. 제안하는 추천 기법의 실험을 위하여 20대 남/녀 10명씩 20명을 대상으로 실험을 진행하였으며, 실험결과 평균 Top-5에서 2.1개 Top-10에서 3.35개 Top-20에서 6.35의 영화가 보고 싶은 영화로 선택되었다. 본 논문에서는 영화 메타데이터간의 연관성 도출을 통하여 영화간의 유사성을 도출하고 이를 기반으로 사용자의 기본적인 정보를 활용한 추천뿐만 아니라 사용자가 예상하지 못한 영화의 추천이 가능하다.

어촌지도사업의 평가 (An Evaluation on the Operating of Fisheries Extension Services)

  • 최정윤
    • 수산경영론집
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    • 제17권2호
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    • pp.65-106
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    • 1986
  • 1, The Purpose of Study This is a study on the Evaluation of the operating of Fisheries Extension Services of Korea, for performing the activities such as guiding fisheries technique as well as offering industrial information to the fishermen in fishing village. By doing so, the Fisheries Extension Sevices(FES) can materialize the continued growth of fisheries, the social and economic development of fishing village, and the increase in income by enhancing the knowledge level of Fishermen, etc. In performing fisheries policy, this activity plays a great role on the research and development activity, and it has become practical since 1976 in Korea. In order to meet immediately with the problem of fisheries technical innovation and rapid environmental changes surrounding the fisheries, the fishermen should not only enhance their scientific and comprehensive capacity in fisheries technique but abtain various effective information. Generally, as most of all the fishemen are poor in the managerial structure and scattered in fishing villages, they have little opportunity in the contact of information. As a result, it is nessessary for the FES to perform the fishing business by the extension service officials who has received special training and acquired fisheries know-how in these fields. And yet, FES is under the unfullfilled circumstance in such factors as manpower, technical know-how, equipment, and the service system etc., which is required in promoting the social, economic development of fishing village and in resolving the high technique demand of fisherman. This study on the fisheries extension services have been studied from those backgrounds. 2. Research Method The data of collecting methods which were necessary in carrying out this study was adopted by the questionaire research on the present extension service activity, through the subject of the extension services (driving agency of the work and the officials), the object(fishemen) and the 3rd observers to the extension services (the authorities concerned). The research sample was taken by the sampling extraction of total 1, 774 men from the above 3 groups. And the research was carried out from August, 1986 to October, 1986, supported from the Fisheries Extension Office (FEO) located in field during the research process. In this study, the levels of the extension operating were determined and estimated in accordance with the extension service method, morale of extension service officials and the extension service system, etc. through the collected data of the research questionaire paper. And based on this result, the essential conditions of the extension services were grasped, and also we tried to present the various activity plan necessary to promote the operating of the extension services. The questionaire research data was calculated by the computer center of National Fisheries University of Pusan, and the total result was again tried on the one demension analysis along with two dimension analysis to search out the relativity between the questionaire, and the statistical test was done $\chi$$^2$test in significance level of l~5%. 3. Contents of Study This study consists of 7 chapters and the contents are as follows : Chapter I : The object and method of the study Chapter II : The assessment and analysis of the extension services Chapter III : The contents and method of the extension services Chapter IV : Analysis of the essential conditions for the extension services Chapter V : The evaluation of activities of extension services Chapter Ⅵ : Conclusion.4. Results and RecommendationTherefore, the results of this study estimated by logical process and analysis are as follows : 1) Most of Korean fishing villages and coastal fishermen have shown much concerns about fisheries technique and social changes, thus many of them were confronted with new problems on how to adapt and to meet changes. 2) Majority of fishermen estimated FEO as an organization of specific technologies with all the thing concerning the fisheries technique in general. Therefore the fishermen wanted to utilize the FEO as an adaptable method for the modern fisheries techniques as well as the environmental changes. 3) In contrast with the fast changes of the fisheries technique, the complexity and variety of technical system and the broadness of fishing village and fishermen, it was revealed that the necessary factors such as the facilities, manpower, budget, and the level of applying techniques of the FEO located in field were highly insufficient. Accordingly, the guiding efficiency was low and the extension services did not provide full solution to the various request from fishermen. 4) It is possible to classify the activation factor for the extension service into two large dimension ; personal dimension relevant to guidance officials and work dimension relevant to the organization. And it was found that the activation level of the work dimension was far lower than the personal dimension between them. So, the activation should be done first in the dimesion to promote the activation of the extension services. 5) The extension services officials are now demoralized in general, thus it is necessary to take reality into consideration : the expense of activity, the adequate endowment of activity scope and the reasonable operation of the position class, etc to enhance its morale. However, in order to do the FES activation, first of all, the systems should be established which is lain unsettled stage until now. And there must be change in the understanding of government i.e. the fisheries extension services are the essential policy subject to build up the base of fisheries growth and modernize the fisheries management. And it should be driven positively with the recognition of the "lasting project".g project".uot;.

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단순화된 산전위험득점체계를 이용한 고위험 임부의 확인 (The Identification of the High-Risk Pregnacy, Usign a Simplified Antepartum Risk-Scoring System)

  • 조정호
    • 대한간호
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    • 제30권3호
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    • pp.49-65
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    • 1991
  • This study was carried out to assess the problems with the pregnant women, and check out the risk-factors in the high-risk pregnancies, using a simplified antepartum risk-scoring system, which was revised from Edwards' scoring system to be suitable for Korean situaition. This instrument was included 4 categories, demographic, obstetric, medical and miscellaneous factors. This survey was based on the 1300 pregnant women who were admitted, $x^2$-test, F-test, Pearsons correation, using statistical package SAS in NAS computer system, KIST. The results of the study were as follows; 1. 1313 infants were deliveried of these 560 infants(42.7%) were born to mothers with risk-scores > 7, and 753 infants(57.3%) were born to mothers risk-scores <7. 2. Maternal age" parity, education level, of the demographic factors were significant relation statistically to identify the high risk pregnancies($X^2$=20.88, 42.87, 15.60 P < 0.01). 3. C-section, post term, incompetent cervix, uterine anomaly, polyhydramnios, congenital anomaly, sensitized RH negative, abortion, preeclampsia, excessive size infant, premature, low birth weight infanl, abnormal presentation, perinatal loss, multiple pregnancy, of the obstetric factors were significant relation statistically to identify the high risk-pregnancies. ($X^2$ = 175.96, 87.5, 16.28, 21.78, 9.46, 8. 10, 6.75, 22.9, 64.84, 6.93, 361.43, 185.55, 78.65, 45.52, P < 0.01). 4. Abnormal nutrition, anemia, UTI, other medicalcondition(pulmonary disease, severe influenza), heart disease, V.D., of the miscellaneous and medical factors, were significant relation statistically to identify the high risk-pregnancies. 5. Premature, low birth weight infant, contracted pelvis, abnormal presentation, of the risk factors were significantly related with Apgar score at 1 '||'&'||' 5 minute after birth and neonatal body weight. 6. Apgar score at 1 '||'&'||' 5 minute after, birth and neonatal body weight were significantly negative correlated with risk-score. 7. There were statistically significant difference between risk-score and Apgar score at 1 '||'&'||' 5 minute after birth, 3 group(0-3, 4-6, above 7), and neonatal body weight, 2 group(below 2.5kg, the other group) (F=104.65, 96.61, 284.92, P<0.01). 8. Apgar score at 1 '||'&'||' 5 minute after birth(below 7), and neonatal body weight(below 2.5kg), were significant relation statistically with risk score.($x^2$=65.99, 60.88, 177.07, P<0.01) were 60.8 %, 60% . 9. Correct classifications of morbid infants(l '||'&'||' 5 minute Apgar score < 7) were 77.8%, 83.8% and that of nonmorbid infants(l '||'&'||' 5 minute Apgar score > 7) were 60.8%, 60%. 10. There were statistically significant difference between dislribution of maternal risk-score among the morbid infants(l '||'&'||' 5 minute Apgar score < 7) and non morbid infants(l '||'&'||' 5 minute Apgar score> 7) ($x^2$=64.8, 58.8, P < 0.001). 11. There were statistically significant difference between distribution of morbid infants(l '||'&'||' 5 minute Apgar score < 7) and fetal death. 12. The predictivity for classifying high.risk cases was 12 % and for classifying low-risk cases was 98.3 % in 5 minute Apgar score. Suggestions for further studies are as follows; 1. Contineous prospective studies, using this newly revised scoring system are strongly recommended in the stetric service. 2. Besides risk facto~s used in this study, assessmenl of risks by factors in another scoring system and paralled studies related to perinatal outcome are strongly recommended.

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국군간호사관학교 교육과정 개선을 위한 기초 연구 (A Study on Curriculum Improvement of the Korea Army Nursing Academy)

  • 고자경
    • 대한간호학회지
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    • 제13권2호
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    • pp.22-43
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    • 1983
  • 1. Need for and Purpose of the Study. There is an increasing demand for curriculum improvement of the Korean Army Nursing Academy (KANA), since it was upgraded into 4-year institution of higher learning from 3-year one. In particular, it is strongly advocated that the KANA needs the outside expertise for its curriculum improvement-namely not only from the internal military view of points but also from the viewpoints of professional educational society, In line with such a necessity for the study, this study was aimed at 1) analyzing the current actual practices of KANA'S curriculum, 2) investigating the desired practices of KANA'S curriculum, and 3) identifying the discrepancy between the actual and desired practices of curriculum. 2. Problems for the Study This study had 4 problems to be answeared as follows: 1) What are the actual curriculum practices of KANA? 2) What are the desired curriculum practices of KANA? 3) How are the extents of perception of actual and desired curriculum different in four groups (student, faculty & administrator, nurse, and medical doctor in militay hospital) ? 4) What are the restraining forces that impede the change from actual to desired curriculum practices? 5) What are the relationships of curriculum component,』 in actual and desired curriculum practices? 3. Methods and Procedures This study was conducted by means of document analysis in addition to literature review and by means of needs assessment questionnaire which was developed by the researcher. The questionnaire included 62 statments with 7 questions for demographic data collection. The needs assessment questionnaire was managed to a total of 243 subjects (100 students, 46 faculty & administrators, 55 nurses, and 42 medical doctors), The collected data were treated using SPSS computer system so as to calculate mean scores, standard deviations, and correlation coefficients. The significance test was made through t-test and one-way ANOVA. The statistical significance level was set at both .05 and .01 level. 4. Major findings The major findings in this study are as follows: 1) The score of desired practices was significantly greater than that of actual practices, representing a strong need for curriculum betterment. 2) There were significant differences in the perceptions of actual practices as well as desired practices among four groups (student, faculty & administrater, nurse, and medical doctor). 3) The most frequently selected restraining forces were army's inherent character, economical limitation, and educational expertise limitations. 4) Such variables as sex, position attachment to the KANA and grade made a statistically significant effect on the perception of desired curriculum practice, while the variables like marrige, position, and military class made it on the perception of actual curriculum practice. 5) The coefficients among the curriculum components were lower in perception of the actual curriculum practices than those in the desired practices. 5. Conclusions The conclusions based on the major findings of this study are as follows: 1) The current curriculum development procedure of the KANA is not consistent with the theoretical frame of systematic development sarategy of curriculum. 2) There are wide conflicts among the groups who are supposed to participate in curriculnm development, concerning the actual and desired practices of KANN'S curriculum. 3) A great deal of need for curriculum improvement for the KANA is clearly felt, and in particular, in the process of teaching and learning. 4) Each component of curriculum is not intergrated into a whole development procedure, being segregated each other. 5) For better curriculum improvement, such restraining forces as financial and professional limitations should be eliminated. 6. Recommendations 1) For Further Research a. There is a need to replicate this study after in-depth statistical analysis of each item of need assessment questionnaire, and with more representative subjects. b. A study should be conducted which. has its focus on the analysis of restraining forces for the change from actual to desired curriculum practices of the KANA. 2) For KANA'S Curriculum Improvement a. There is a need to promote the professional expertise of the participants in curriculum development and the communication among them. b. It is desirable to establish an institution or section of administration, which is soley in charge of curriculum development. c. To better develop KANA's curriculum not only faculty and administrators but also students should be encouraged to participate in development process, while the military medical doctors' participation should be carefully considered.

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건설 현장 악력 작업안전 기준 설정에 관한 실험적 연구 (An Experimental Study on Establishing Criteria of Gripping Work in Construction Site)

  • 손기상;이인홍;최만진;안병준
    • 한국안전학회지
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    • 제10권3호
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    • pp.81-95
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    • 1995
  • Now, safety assurance in construction sites should be accomplished by its own organization rather than control of the code or government. It is believed that the safety assurance can be considerably improved by a lecture or an education using the existing theories or literatures up to now, but it is thought that fundamental safety assurance we not able to be accomplished without developing safety devices '||'&'||' equipment or taking fundamental measures, based on the result analyzed from workers behaviors. There are various behaviors of the workers showed in construction site, but only tests for hammerusing works such as form, re-bar, stone workers directly related to the grip strength are mainly performed, investigated and measured here for the study. The above works are similar to power grip, 7th picture on seven items which are categorized for hand grip types(Ammermin 1956 ; Jones ; Kobrick 1958). Measurements of grip strength are commonly taken in anthropometric surveys. They are easy to administer but unfortunately it is rather dubious whether they yield any data that are of interest to the engineer. Very fewer controls of tools are grasped and squeesed studies showed very little overall correlation between grip strength and other measures of bodily strength (Laubach, Kromer, and Thordsen 1972), but hammer-using work which is practically progressed in construction site are mainly influenced with grip strength. According to the investigation on work measurement, it is shown that 77% of form worker are using hammer to be related to grip strength. In this study, it is particularly noticed that wearing safety gloves in construction site is required for workers safety but 20% difference between grip strength with safety gloves and without ones are commonly neglected in the site(Fig. 1). Nevertheless, safety operation with consideration of the above 20% difference is not considered in the construction site. Factors of age, kinds of work, working time, with or without safety gloves are in vestigated '||'&'||' collected at the sites for this study. Test, not at each working hour but at 14 : 00 when the almost all of the workers think the most tired, resulting from the questionaires, also when it is shown on the research report has been performed and compared for main kinds of works : form '||'&'||' re-bar work. Tests were performed with both left SE rightand of the workers simultaneously in construction site using Rand Dynamometer(Model 78010, Lafayette Instrument Co., Indiana, U.S.A) by reading grip strength on the gauge while they are pulling, and then by interviewing on their ages, works, experiences and etc., directly. The above tests have been performed for the dates of 15th march-26th May '95 with consideration of site condition. And even if various factors of ambient temperature on the testing date, working condition, individual worker's habit and worker's condition of the previous ate are concerned with the study. Those are considered as constants in this study. Samples are formwork 53, rebar 62, electrician 5, plumber 4, welding 1 from D construction Co., Ltd, ; formwork 12, re-bar 5, electrician 2, from S construction Co., Ltd, , formwork 78, re-bar 18, plumber 31, electrician 13, labor 48, plumber 31, plasterer 15, concrete placer 6, water proof worker 3, maisony 5 from B construction Co., Ltd. As In the previously mentioned, main aspect to be investigated in this study will be from '||'&'||' re-bar work because grip strength will be directly applied to these two kinds of works ; form '||'&'||' re-bar work, eventhough there are total 405 samples taken. It is thought that a frequency of accident occurrence will be mainly two work postures "looking up '||'&'||' looking down" to be mainly sorted, but this factor is not clarified in this study because It will be needed a lot of work more. Tests has been done at possible large scale of horizontally work-extended sites within one hour in order to prevent or decrease errors '||'&'||' discrepancies from time lag of the test. Additionally, the statistical package computer program SPSS PC+has been used for the study.

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CDMA2000 1X-EVDO망을 이용한 이동형 응급 의료영상 전송시스템의 설계 (The Design of Mobile Medical Image Communication System based on CDMA 1X-EVDO for Emergency Care)

  • 강원석;양건호;장봉문;남궁욱;정해조;유선국;김희종
    • 한국의학물리학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국의학물리학회 2004년도 제29회 추계학술대회 발표논문집
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    • pp.53-55
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    • 2004
  • 본 연구에서는 병원에서 멀리 떨어진 교통사고, 낙상에 의한 두개골이나 경추, 척추등의 골절을 동반한 심각한 외상이 있거나 기흉등의 육안으로 진단하기 힘든 응급환자에 있어서는, 구급차를 이용하여 후송중이라 하더라도 방사선검사를 하여 전문의로부터 적절한 진단을 받고 응급조치를 할 필요가 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 응급상황에 사용할 수 있도록 CDMA 1X EVDO 방식의 통신망을 기반으로 하는 이동형 의료영상 전송장치의 프로토타입을 구현하고 성능을 평가하는 것이다. 설계된 시스템은 영상을 전송하기 위한 DICOM 영상전송 클라이언트로 노트북 컴퓨터에 CDMA 1X EVDO 방식을 지원하는 셀룰러폰을 연결하였으며, 병원에는 영상을 받기 위한 DICOM 영상수신 서버를 설치하였다. DR영상을 영상전송 클라이언트의 저장소에 저장한 후, JPEG2000형식으로 압축하여 수신서버로 전송하였다. 모든 영상은 progressive하게 전송되어지고 디스플레이에 표시되었다. 영상의 질을 평가하기 위하여 PSNR을 계산하였으며, 전송품질을 측정하기 위하여 차량의 속도에 따른 CDMA2000 1X-EVDO의 전송률 및 영상의 전송속도를 측정하였다.

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온톨로지 지식 기반 특성치를 활용한 Bidirectional LSTM-CRF 모델의 시퀀스 태깅 성능 향상에 관한 연구 (Improving Bidirectional LSTM-CRF model Of Sequence Tagging by using Ontology knowledge based feature)

  • 진승희;장희원;김우주
    • 지능정보연구
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    • 제24권1호
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    • pp.253-266
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    • 2018
  • 본 연구는 질의 응답(QA) 시스템에서 사용하는 개체명 인식(NER)의 성능을 향상시키기 위하여 시퀀스 태깅 방법론을 적용한 새로운 방법론을 제안한다. 사용자의 질의를 입력 받아 데이터베이스에 저장된 정답을 추출하기 위해서는 사람의 언어를 컴퓨터가 알아들을 수 있도록 구조화 질의어(SQL)와 같은 데이터베이스의 언어로 전환하는 과정이 필요한데, 개체명 인식은 사용자의 질의에서 데이터베이스에 포함된 클래스나 데이터 명을 식별하는 과정이다. 기존의 데이터베이스에서 질의에 포함된 단어를 검색하여 개체명을 인식하는 방식은 동음이의어와 문장성분 구를 문맥을 고려하여 식별하지 못한다. 다수의 검색 결과가 존재하면 그들 모두를 결과로 반환하기 때문에 질의에 대한 해석이 여러 가지가 나올 수 있고, 계산을 위한 시간복잡도가 커진다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 단점을 극복하기 위해 신경망 기반의 방법론을 사용하여 질의가 가지는 문맥적 의미를 반영함으로써 이러한 문제를 해결하고자 했고 신경망 기반의 방법론의 문제점인 학습되지 않은 단어에 대해서도 문맥을 통해 식별을 하고자 하였다. Sequence Tagging 분야에서 최신 기술인 Bidirectional LSTM-CRF 모델을 도입함으로써 신경망 모델이 가진 단점을 해결하였고, 학습되지 않은 단어에 대해서는 온톨로지 기반 특성치를 활용하여 문맥을 반영한 추론을 사용하였다. 음악 도메인의 온톨로지(Ontology) 지식베이스를 대상으로 실험을 진행하고 그 성능을 평가하였다. 본 연구에서 제안한 방법론인 L-Bidirectional LSTM-CRF의 성능을 정확하게 평가하기 위하여 학습에 포함된 단어들뿐만 아니라 학습에 포함되지 않은 단어들도 포함한 질의를 평가에 사용하였다. 그 결과 L-Bidirectional LSTM-CRF 모형을 재학습 시키지 않아도 학습에 포함되지 않은 단어를 포함한 질의에 대한 개체명 인식이 가능함을 확인하였고, 전체적으로 개체명 인식의 성능이 향상됨을 확인할 수 있었다.

Perceptional Change of a New Product, DMB Phone

  • Kim, Ju-Young;Ko, Deok-Im
    • 마케팅과학연구
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    • 제18권3호
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    • pp.59-88
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    • 2008
  • Digital Convergence means integration between industry, technology, and contents, and in marketing, it usually comes with creation of new types of product and service under the base of digital technology as digitalization progress in electro-communication industries including telecommunication, home appliance, and computer industries. One can see digital convergence not only in instruments such as PC, AV appliances, cellular phone, but also in contents, network, service that are required in production, modification, distribution, re-production of information. Convergence in contents started around 1990. Convergence in network and service begins as broadcasting and telecommunication integrates and DMB(digital multimedia broadcasting), born in May, 2005 is the symbolic icon in this trend. There are some positive and negative expectations about DMB. The reason why two opposite expectations exist is that DMB does not come out from customer's need but from technology development. Therefore, customers might have hard time to interpret the real meaning of DMB. Time is quite critical to a high tech product, like DMB because another product with same function from different technology can replace the existing product within short period of time. If DMB does not positioning well to customer's mind quickly, another products like Wibro, IPTV, or HSPDA could replace it before it even spreads out. Therefore, positioning strategy is critical for success of DMB product. To make correct positioning strategy, one needs to understand how consumer interprets DMB and how consumer's interpretation can be changed via communication strategy. In this study, we try to investigate how consumer perceives a new product, like DMB and how AD strategy change consumer's perception. More specifically, the paper segment consumers into sub-groups based on their DMB perceptions and compare their characteristics in order to understand how they perceive DMB. And, expose them different printed ADs that have messages guiding consumer think DMB in specific ways, either cellular phone or personal TV. Research Question 1: Segment consumers according to perceptions about DMB and compare characteristics of segmentations. Research Question 2: Compare perceptions about DMB after AD that induces categorization of DMB in direction for each segment. If one understand and predict a direction in which consumer perceive a new product, firm can select target customers easily. We segment consumers according to their perception and analyze characteristics in order to find some variables that can influence perceptions, like prior experience, usage, or habit. And then, marketing people can use this variables to identify target customers and predict their perceptions. If one knows how customer's perception is changed via AD message, communication strategy could be constructed properly. Specially, information from segmented customers helps to develop efficient AD strategy for segment who has prior perception. Research framework consists of two measurements and one treatment, O1 X O2. First observation is for collecting information about consumer's perception and their characteristics. Based on first observation, the paper segment consumers into two groups, one group perceives DMB similar to Cellular phone and the other group perceives DMB similar to TV. And compare characteristics of two segments in order to find reason why they perceive DMB differently. Next, we expose two kinds of AD to subjects. One AD describes DMB as Cellular phone and the other Ad describes DMB as personal TV. When two ADs are exposed to subjects, consumers don't know their prior perception of DMB, in other words, which subject belongs 'similar-to-Cellular phone' segment or 'similar-to-TV' segment? However, we analyze the AD's effect differently for each segment. In research design, final observation is for investigating AD effect. Perception before AD is compared with perception after AD. Comparisons are made for each segment and for each AD. For the segment who perceives DMB similar to TV, AD that describes DMB as cellular phone could change the prior perception. And AD that describes DMB as personal TV, could enforce the prior perception. For data collection, subjects are selected from undergraduate students because they have basic knowledge about most digital equipments and have open attitude about a new product and media. Total number of subjects is 240. In order to measure perception about DMB, we use indirect measurement, comparison with other similar digital products. To select similar digital products, we pre-survey students and then finally select PDA, Car-TV, Cellular Phone, MP3 player, TV, and PSP. Quasi experiment is done at several classes under instructor's allowance. After brief introduction, prior knowledge, awareness, and usage about DMB as well as other digital instruments is asked and their similarities and perceived characteristics are measured. And then, two kinds of manipulated color-printed AD are distributed and similarities and perceived characteristics for DMB are re-measured. Finally purchase intension, AD attitude, manipulation check, and demographic variables are asked. Subjects are given small gift for participation. Stimuli are color-printed advertising. Their actual size is A4 and made after several pre-test from AD professionals and students. As results, consumers are segmented into two subgroups based on their perceptions of DMB. Similarity measure between DMB and cellular phone and similarity measure between DMB and TV are used to classify consumers. If subject whose first measure is less than the second measure, she is classified into segment A and segment A is characterized as they perceive DMB like TV. Otherwise, they are classified as segment B, who perceives DMB like cellular phone. Discriminant analysis on these groups with their characteristics of usage and attitude shows that Segment A knows much about DMB and uses a lot of digital instrument. Segment B, who thinks DMB as cellular phone doesn't know well about DMB and not familiar with other digital instruments. So, consumers with higher knowledge perceive DMB similar to TV because launching DMB advertising lead consumer think DMB as TV. Consumers with less interest on digital products don't know well about DMB AD and then think DMB as cellular phone. In order to investigate perceptions of DMB as well as other digital instruments, we apply Proxscal analysis, Multidimensional Scaling technique at SPSS statistical package. At first step, subjects are presented 21 pairs of 7 digital instruments and evaluate similarity judgments on 7 point scale. And for each segment, their similarity judgments are averaged and similarity matrix is made. Secondly, Proxscal analysis of segment A and B are done. At third stage, get similarity judgment between DMB and other digital instruments after AD exposure. Lastly, similarity judgments of group A-1, A-2, B-1, and B-2 are named as 'after DMB' and put them into matrix made at the first stage. Then apply Proxscal analysis on these matrixes and check the positional difference of DMB and after DMB. The results show that map of segment A, who perceives DMB similar as TV, shows that DMB position closer to TV than to Cellular phone as expected. Map of segment B, who perceive DMB similar as cellular phone shows that DMB position closer to Cellular phone than to TV as expected. Stress value and R-square is acceptable. And, change results after stimuli, manipulated Advertising show that AD makes DMB perception bent toward Cellular phone when Cellular phone-like AD is exposed, and that DMB positioning move towards Car-TV which is more personalized one when TV-like AD is exposed. It is true for both segment, A and B, consistently. Furthermore, the paper apply correspondence analysis to the same data and find almost the same results. The paper answers two main research questions. The first one is that perception about a new product is made mainly from prior experience. And the second one is that AD is effective in changing and enforcing perception. In addition to above, we extend perception change to purchase intention. Purchase intention is high when AD enforces original perception. AD that shows DMB like TV makes worst intention. This paper has limitations and issues to be pursed in near future. Methodologically, current methodology can't provide statistical test on the perceptual change, since classical MDS models, like Proxscal and correspondence analysis are not probability models. So, a new probability MDS model for testing hypothesis about configuration needs to be developed. Next, advertising message needs to be developed more rigorously from theoretical and managerial perspective. Also experimental procedure could be improved for more realistic data collection. For example, web-based experiment and real product stimuli and multimedia presentation could be employed. Or, one can display products together in simulated shop. In addition, demand and social desirability threats of internal validity could influence on the results. In order to handle the threats, results of the model-intended advertising and other "pseudo" advertising could be compared. Furthermore, one can try various level of innovativeness in order to check whether it make any different results (cf. Moon 2006). In addition, if one can create hypothetical product that is really innovative and new for research, it helps to make a vacant impression status and then to study how to form impression in more rigorous way.

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산란계 동물복지에 대한 국내 소비자의 인지도 조사 (A Survey of Korean Consumers' Awareness on Animal Welfare of Laying Hens)

  • 홍의철;강환구;박기태;전진주;김현수;김찬호;김상호
    • 한국가금학회지
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    • 제45권3호
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    • pp.219-228
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    • 2018
  • 본 연구는 국내 소비자의 계란 구매 형태와 산란계 동물복지에 대한 인지도를 조사하기 위하여 살충제 계란 파동 사태 전후 2차례에 걸쳐 수행되었다. 조사대상은 가정 내 계란 구입 주 결정권자 및 취식자인 전국 만 25~59세 여성과 만 25~35세의 1인 가구 남성을 대상으로 하였다. 조사방법은 웹조사(Computer Assisted Web Interview; CAWI) 방법과 Gang survey 방법으로 수행되었다. 계란 구매 시 주요 고려 요인에 대하여 '가격'을 고려한다는 응답이 모두 가장 높았으며, 2차 조사에서 '포장일자/제조일자'를 고려한다는 응답률이 증가하였다. 계란 10개의 적정 가격으로 '2,000~3,000원 미만' 응답 비율이 1와 2차 조사에서 각각 53.8%과 42.9%로 가장 높았으며, 적정 가격 평균은 각각 2,482원과 2,132원이었다. 국내 계란 소비자의 구매 장소에 대해 '대형마트'에서 구입한다는 응답 비율이 가장 높고, 다음으로 '중대형 슈퍼마켓', '체인 슈퍼마켓'의 순이었다. 동물복지 관련 인지도를 보면 2차 조사의 결과에서 인지 비율(73.5%)이 높아졌다. 동물복지 용어 인지 시기는 살충제 계란 파동 사태 이전 59.0%, 이후 41.0%였다. 동물복지 인증마크와 동물복지 축산농장 인증마크를 본 적이 있는지에 대해서는 처음 본다는 응답이 59.6%이며, 동물복지 인증마크를 알고 있다는 응답비율이 37.6%였다. 동물복지 사육시스템에 대하여 가장 현실적으로 적합한 동물복지형 계사로는 '방사형' 응답율이 85.8%로 가장 높았다. 동물복지 사육시스템 정보 제시 후 '방사형' 적합 응답은 34.2%p 감소한 반면, '평사형'과 '유럽형' 적합 응답은 각각 13.2%p와 24.1%p 증가하였다. 국내 소비자의 동물복지 인증 계란에 대한 인지 및 취식경험에 대하여 '본 적이 없다'는 감소한 반면, '본 적이 있다'와 '먹어 본 경험이 있다'는 응답은 모두 증가하였다. 백화점, 유기농 관련 협동조합, 인터넷 쇼핑몰에서 동물복지 인증 계란을 구입했다는 응답이 일반 계란을 구입했다는 응답비율보다 높았다. 가격 제시 전 기준으로 전체 응답자 중 동물복지 계란을 구입할 의향은 92.0%이었으나, 동물복지 계란 가격을 제시후 구입 의향은 62.7%로 가격 제시 전 대비 약 30%p 감소하였다. 동물복지 인증 계란 구입 의향 이유로는 '식품 안전성이 높을 것 같아서' 응답이 71.0%로 가장 높고, 구입 의향이 없는 이유로는 '가격이 비쌀 것 같아서'가 38.1%로 가장 높았다. 동물복지 계란 관능평가 조사에서 일반 계란의 난각색과 껍질 촉감이 동물복지인증계란보다 유의하게 더 높은 것으로 나타났으며(P<0.05), 삶은 계란은 동물복지인증계란의 흰자 색이 일반계란보다 더 밝은 것으로 인식되었다(P<0.05). 결과적으로, 본 연구결과는 동물복지 인증 농가들에게 소비자 인식에 대한 기초자료를 제공함으로써 산란계 동물복지 인증제도의 활성화에 도움이 될 것으로 판단된다.