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Quality and Functional Components of Commercial Chungkukjang Powders (시판 청국장 분말제품의 품질 및 기능성분)

  • Lee, Hyo-Jin;Cho, Sang-A;Shin, Jin-Gi;Kim, Jeong-Sang;Jeong, Yong-Jin;Moon, Kwong-Duck;Kwon, Joong-Ho
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.36 no.1
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    • pp.65-71
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    • 2007
  • Five different commercial chungkukjang powders (A$\sim$E) were compared based on their physicochemical, organoleptic and functional properties. The proximate composition of the five samples ranged from 6.07 to 8.54% in moisture, 15.31 to 27.07% in crude protein, 20.19 to 24.75% in crude lipid, 34.84 to 52.41% in carbohydrate, and 3.69 to 5.26% in ash. The pH of the samples ranged from 5.58 to 6.11, and Hunter's colors showed 70.01$\sim$77.22 for L value, 0.91$\sim$4.64 for a value and 23.72$\sim$31.00 for b value depending on the product. The microbial counts were 8.16$\sim$g.60 log CFU/g for aerobic bacteria, $\sim$4.16 log CFU/g for yeasts & molds, and 1.07$\sim$3.88 log CFU/g for coliforms. The contents of reducing sugars and amino-N were 1.89$\sim$2.41% and 2.83$\sim$7.31%, respectively. Free amino acids were mainly composed of glutamic acid, valine, leucine, phenylalanine, and lysine. The amounts of total phenolics and total flavonoids were 108$\sim$302 mg% and 2.73$\sim$9.41, respectively, with some variations in the products. However, the isoflavone contents, which were composed of genistein (63.26$\sim$217.16${\mu}g/g$), daidzein (58.24$\sim$166.65${\mu}g/g$), genistin (2.66$\sim$55.68${\mu}g/g$), and glycitein (12.26$\sim$17.82${\mu}g/g$), were apparently different per product. The sensory scores for color, smell, taste and overall preference for the five chungkukjang products, which were evaluated by panels in their 20's and 30's using 7-point scoring test, ranged from 3.20 to 4.05.

CONDITIONS FOR ALASKA POLLACK AND FILE FISH SKIN GLUE PROCESSING AND THE QUALITY OF PRODUCT (명태피 및 말쥐치피를 이용한 피교의 최적가공조건과 품질에 대하여)

  • LEE Eung-Ho;HA Jin-Whan;HEO Woo-Deock
    • Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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    • v.10 no.1
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    • pp.1-9
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    • 1977
  • The purpose of this study is to complish a method of fish glue malting with residual products such as fish head and skin discarded from sea food processing. Using the skins of Alaska pollack and file fish from fillet packers, the optimum conditions of skin glue processing were investigated and physical and chemical properties of the product were also determined. The yields of Alaska pollack, Thelagra calcogramma, skin and file fish, Novodon modestus, skin to the total body weight were $4.6\%\;and\;5.0\%$ respectively. The optimum conditions for a $49.3\%$n yield Alaska pollack skin glue processing were considered the extraction of previously tinted in $0.1\%$ calcium hydroxide solution for 3 hours with the additional water as much as 3 times of sample weight at $70^{\circ}C$ for 3 hours under the controlled pH 5.0. The conditions for file fish skin glue were similar to those of Alaska pollack except the addition of five times of water to the weight of sample skin needed for extraction. The content of crude protein of Alaska pollack and file fish skin glue were $98.0\%\;and\;96.0\%$ respectively. The contents of crude ash and crude lipid were not different from that of chemical grade gelatin. Relative viscosity, melting point, gelation temperature and jelly strength of Alaska pollack skin glue marked 5.84, $21.8^{\circ}C,\;7.1^{\circ}C\;and\;10.0g$ respectively and those of file fish skin glue showed $5.79,\;25.0^{\circ}C,\;7.4^{\circ}C\;and\;11.6g$ respectively.The color and turbidity of Alaska pollack skin glue are slightly superior to those of file fish skin glue. It is supposed that the extract residue of skin glue is valuable for use the animal feeds by the results of amino acid composition. And the ratio of each amino acid content to the total amino acid of Alaska pollack and file fish skin glue is similar to that of chemical grade gelatin.

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Seeding Soils and Tray Types Mediate Growth Characteristics of Perilla Seedlings (상토 및 트레이 종류에 따른 종실용 들깨의 육묘 특성)

  • Park, Jin-Ki;Han, Won-Young;Han, Kil-Su;Ryu, Jong-Soo;Won, Ok-Jae;Jeong, Tae-Uk;Yoon, Young-Ho;Bae, Jin-Woo
    • KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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    • v.65 no.1
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    • pp.63-71
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    • 2020
  • The purpose of this study was to analyze the growth characteristics of perilla according to the materials of the seedbed for the development of seedling plug technology suitable for the mechanical transplantation of perilla. Perilla (Perilla frutescens var. japonica Hara) cultivars Deulsaem and Sodam were used in this experiment. The composition ratios of 170 products from 16 companies published in the 'Korean Association of Seedbed Media' homepage were compared according to usage and type, and 11 products that corresponded to the average were selected. The seedbed was classified according to the seedbed for paddy rice as light-weight, semi-weight, and weight, and based on the seedbed for horticulture, as light-weight and ultra-light. The seedlings were placed in 72-cell (semi-automatic), 128-cell (automatic) and 220-cell (automatic) plug trays. We selected 2 light-weight seedbeds of paddy rice and 2 light-weight seedbeds of horticultural products with the highest plant growth. We analyzed plant height and mat formation of the perilla roots. Results showed that the perilla height and mat formation were the best in light-weight seedbeds of paddy rice (product R1). Therefore, light-weight seedbeds of rice (product R1) were suitable for perilla plant transplantation. The estimated major components were vermiculite 41.0%, cocopeat 31.0%, peat moss 5.7%, and red-yellow soil 20.0%. The mechanical transplantation of perilla significantly boosts plant growth and reduces sowing and thinning efforts. However, continuous evaluation of newly introduced, commercial seedbeds is needed.

Studies on the Production of Alcohol Fermented Milk (알코올 발효유(醱酵乳)의 제조(製造)에 대(對)하여)

  • Yoo, Jin-Young;Kang, Tong-Sam;Min, Byong-Yong
    • Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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    • v.10 no.3
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    • pp.337-343
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    • 1978
  • In order to develope a new kind of fermented milk, basic studies on several lactic acid bacteria and yeasts were conducted, 8 kinds of alcohol fermented milk were manufactured and sensory evaluation was undertaken. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Four kinds of lactic acid bacteria were isolated, among which Y-2 strain was strongest in acid productivity and it was elucidated that acid productivity of all strains was stornger in synthetic medium than in milk medium. 2. The pH in milk medium inoculated with Y-2 strain and incubated at $30^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours was dropped from 5.8 to 3.8 and fluctuation in amino nitrogen content was found during incubation. 3. The pH in milk medium inoculated with K. fragilis and incubated at $30^{\circ}C$ for 7 days was dropped from 6.2 to 5.2 and amino nitrogen content was in the range of $0.12{\sim}0.27mg/ml$. Alcohol productivity of K. fragilis was stronger than E-2 and E-4 strain but no difference in alcohol productivity was found between milk medium and synthetic medium. 4. The repression in growth and acid productivity of lactic acid bacteria was recongnized if inoculated after inoculating yeast firstly. 5. Alcohol productivity was increased rapidly at the end of acid production of lactic acid bacteria if lactic acid bacteria if lactic acid bacteria and yeast were inoculated simultaneously. 6. Sensory evaluation showed that the product that alcohol content and acidity were 1% and 0.8% respectively had the best palatability(p<0.01). 7. Chemical composition of final product was similar to that of milk koumiss in ash, protein and moisture content.

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STUDIES ON THE UTILIZATION OF ANTARCTIC KRILL 2. Processing of Paste Food, Protein Concentrate, Seasoned Dried Product, Powdered Seasoning, Meat Ball, and Snack (남대양산 크릴의 이용에 관한 연구)

  • PARK Yeung-Ho;LEE Eung-Ho;LEE Kang-Ho;PYEUN Jae-Hyeung;KIM Se-Kweun;KIM Dong-Soo
    • Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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    • v.13 no.2
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    • pp.65-80
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    • 1980
  • Processing conditions of the krill products such as paste food, krill protein concentrate, seasoned dried krill, powdered seasoning, meat ball, and snack have been examined and the quality was evaluated chemically and organoleptically. In the processing of paste food, krill juice was yielded $71\%$ and krill scrap $29\%$. The yields of paste and broth from the krill juice showed $53\%$ and $43\%$, respectively. In amino acid composition of the krill paste, proline, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, lysine, and leucine were abundant, while histidine, methionine, tyrosine, serine and threonine were poor. The optimum condition for solvent extraction in the processing of krill protein concentrate was the 5 times repetitive extraction using isopropyl alcohol at $80^{\circ}C$ for 5 mins. The yield of krill protein concentrate when used fresh frozen materials was $10.2\%$ in isopropyl alcohol solvent and $8.8\% in ethyl alcohol, and when used preboiled frozen materials, the yield was $13.0\%$ in isopropyl alcohol and $11.8\%$ in ethyl alcohol. Amino acid composition of krill protein concentrate showed a resemblance to that of fresh frozen krill meat. In quality comparison of the seasoned dried krill, hot air dried krill was excellent as raw materials and sun dried krill was slightly inferior to hot air dried krill, but preboiled frozen krill showed the poorest quality. The result of quality evaluation for seasoning made by combination of dried powdered krill, parched powdered sesame, salt, powdered beef extract, monosodium glutamate, powdered red pepper and ground pepper showed that the hot air dried krill was good in color and sundried krill was favorable in flavor. When krill meat ball was prepared using wheat flour, monosodium glutamate and salt as side materials, the quality of the products added up to $52\%$ of krill meat was good and the difference in quality upon the results of the organoleptic test for raw materials was not recognizable between fresh frozen and preboiled frozen krill. In the experiment for determining the proper amount of materials such as dried Powdered krill, $\alpha-starch$, sweet potato starch, sugar, salt, monosodium glutamate, glycine, potassium tartarate, ammonium bicarbonate, and sodium bicarbonate in processing krill snack, sample B(containing $7.7\%$ of dried powdered krill) and sampleC (containing $10.8\%$ of dried powdered krill) showed the most palatable taste from the view point of organoleptic test. Sweet potato starch in testing side materials was good in the comparison of suitability for processing krill snack. Corn starch and kudzu starch were slightly inferior to sweet potato starch, while wheat flour was not proper for processing the snack. In the experiment on frying method, oil frying showed better effect than salt frying and the suitable range of frying temperature was $210-215^{\circ}C$.

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Origin and Storage of Large Woody Debris in a Third-order Mountain Stream Network, Gangwon-do, Korea (강원도 산지계류 내 유목의 기원과 현존량)

  • Kim, Suk Woo;Chun, Kun Woo;Seo, Jung Il;Lim, Young Hyup;Nam, Sooyoun;Jang, Su Jin;Kim, Yong Suk;Lee, Jae Uk
    • Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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    • v.34 no.3
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    • pp.249-258
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    • 2020
  • This study aims to provide reference material for effective forest management techniques at the catchment scale, based on the field investigation of large woody debris (LWD) in 11 streams within a third-order forest catchment in Gangwon Province, Korea. To achieve this aim, we analyzed the morphological features of LWD pieces, and the storage and distribution status of LWD by stream order throughout the entire investigation. As a result, a total of 1,207 individual pieces of LWD were categorized into three types as follows: (ⅰ) 1,142 pieces (95%) as only trunk and 65 pieces (5%) as a trunk with root wad, (ⅱ) 1,015 pieces (84%) as non-thinned and 192 pieces (16%) as the thinned, and (ⅲ) 1,050 pieces (87%) as conifer and 157 pieces (13%) as broadleaf. Additionally, in-stream LWD loads (㎥/ha) decreased with increasing stream order, yielding 105.4, 71.3, and 35.6 for first-, second-, and third-order streams, respectively. On the other hand, the ratio of LWD jams to the total LWD volume increased with increasing stream order, yielding 11%, 43%, and 49% for first-, second-, and third-order streams, respectively. Finally, a comparison of the in-stream LWD load with previous studies in several countries around the world indicated that in-stream LWD load was positively correlated with forest stand age even though the climate, topography, forest soil type, forest composition, stand growth rate, disturbance regime, and forest management practices were different. These results could contribute to understanding the significance of LWD as a by-product of forest ecosystems and an indicator of riparian forest disturbance. Based on this, we conclude that advanced forest management techniques, including treatment of thinning slash and stand density control of riparian forest by site location (hillslope and riparian zone, or stream order), should be established in the future, taking the forest ecosystem and the aquatic environment from headwater streams to low land rivers into consideration.

Changes of Physicochemical Properties of Salted-Fermented Anchovy Meat Engraulis japonica with Different Salt Content During Fermentation at 15℃ (식염첨가량이 다른 멸치(Engraulis japonica)육젓의 15℃ 숙성 중 이화학적 특성의 변화)

  • LEE, Jae-Dong;KANG, Kyung-Hun;KWON, Soon-Jae;YOON, Moon-Joo;PARK, Si-Young;PARK, Jin-Hyo;KIM, Jeong-Gyun
    • Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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    • v.27 no.5
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    • pp.1457-1469
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    • 2015
  • This study was undertaken to investigate the quality changes of salted-fermented anchovy meat made by varying the amount of salt during fermentation at $15^{\circ}C$. Anchovy (11.0-14.0 cm of length, 10.7-17.5 g of weight) added with 15-25% of salt was filled in a round form plastic container (i.d. $10.5{\times}11cm$), and then fermented at $15^{\circ}C$ for 110 days. The factors such as proximate composition, pH, color value (L, a, b), TBA value, amino-N content, salinity, hardness value, free amino acid content and sensory evaluation of salted-fermented anchovy meat were measured. Ash content, color value (redness), TBA value, amino-N content. salinity and hardness value of salted-fermented anchovy meat were increased, but color value (lightness), and moisture content were decreased during fermentation at $15^{\circ}C$. A salted-fermented anchovy meat added with 15% of salt was shown higher content of moisture, amino-N content and free amino acid, TBA value than those of 20 or 25% of salt. Ash content, salinity and hardness value were highest in a product added with 25% of salt. From the result of sensory evaluation, Addition amount of 15% salt and fermentation periods of 110 days were determined to be the most desirable palatability of salted-fermented anchovy meat.

Effects of NaCl Concentration on Physicochemical Properties of Pork Emulsion (NaCl 첨가량에 따른 돈육 유화물의 이화학적 특성)

  • Park, Sin-Young;Kim, Hack-Youn
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.45 no.4
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    • pp.551-556
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    • 2016
  • This study was conducted to investigate the effects of NaCl concentration on the physicochemical properties of pork emulsion. Pork emulsion was produced containing 0% (control), 0.3%, 0.6%, 0.9%, 1.2%, and 1.5% NaCl. Proximate composition of pork emulsion containing 1.5% NaCl showed the highest moisture content (P<0.05). The ash contents of pork emulsion increased with an increase in NaCl, and protein contents decreased with increasing NaCl concentration. The pH levels of uncooked pork emulsion containing 0.9%, 1.2%, and 1.5% NaCl were lower than those of other treatments (P<0.05), and the pH level of cooked pork emulsion containing NaCl was lower than that of the control (P<0.05). The CIE $L^*$ value of the uncooked pork emulsion samples containing NaCl was higher than that of the control (P<0.05), whereas CIE $a^*$ and CIE $b^*$ values of samples with NaCl were lower than the control (P<0.05). CIE $L^*$ and CIE $b^*$ values of cooked pork emulsion decreased with an increase in NaCl level, and CIE $a^*$ value increased with increasing NaCl concentration (P<0.05). Viscosity of the pork emulsion increased with an increase in NaCl. Texture profile analysis of pork emulsion containing NaCl showed no significant difference in springiness or cohesiveness (P>0.05). Pork emulsion containing 1.5% NaCl showed the highest hardness, gumminess, and chewiness (P<0.05). These results suggest that pork emulsion containing 0.9% and 1.2% NaCl can be used as a low-salt meat product.

Investigation on Natural Radioactivity of Environmental Samples Near the Phosphate Rock Processing Facility (인광석 사용업체 주변 환경시료의 자연방사능 조사)

  • Lee, Gill-Jae;Koh, Sang-Mo;Chang, Byung-Uck;Kim, Tong-Kwon;Kim, Young-Ug
    • Economic and Environmental Geology
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    • v.44 no.1
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    • pp.37-48
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    • 2011
  • Some industrial minerals used in domestic industries such as monazite, apatite, bauxite, and ilmenite belong to NORM (Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials) because they show a high radioactivity. Products, semi-products, wastes, and by-products which show higher radioactivity than NORM belong to TENORM (Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials). Apatite used for manufacturing phosphate fertilizer in Namhae Chemical company belongs to NORM, and its by-product, phospo-gypsum, belongs to TENORM. A geological investigation is needed for the future environmental impact assessment of the Namhae Chemical company's site. According to survey results of the Namhae Chemical company's site, soil mineral composition indicated the mixture of minerals derived from the country rock (quartz, feldspar, mica, $l4{\AA}$ mineral, kaolin and amphibole) and minerals from the gypsum open-air storage yard (gypsum and apatite). Soil samples showed average content of U 4.6 ppm and Th 10 ppm, which are similar to average crustal abundances. They also show average contents of $^{40}K$ 191-1,166 Bq/kg, $^{226}Ra$ 15.6-710 Bq/kg, and $^{232}Th$ 17.4-72.7 Bq/kg, which indicate moderate levels of radio nuclide. But $^{226}Ra$ anomaly in the gypsum open storage yard is clearly confirmed and $^{232}Th$ anomaly is also confirmed in the east road side of the factory and nearby mountain areas. Soil external hazard indices ranged 0.24-2.01 with the average 0.54. Although most external hazard indices were lower than 1, which means radiation hazard index to be negligible, 5 samples out of total 40 samples showed higher values than 1, and further detailed investigation is needed.

Characteristics of Squid Viscera Oil (오징어 내장의 지방질조성)

  • KIM Eun-Mi;JO Jin-Ho;OH Se-Wook;KIM Young-Myoung
    • Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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    • v.30 no.4
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    • pp.595-600
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    • 1997
  • The oil content and composition of squid visera were determined to obtain data for utilization of this by-product. There was no significant difference in the glycolipid (GL) and phospholipid (PL) content in Illex argentinus and Todarodes pacificus, but neutral lipid (NL) was different (p<0.05). The viscera oil of I. argentinus contained $30.50\%$ total lipid which consisted of $96.24\%$ NL, $2.63\%$ GL, $2.37\%$ PL, and contained $644mg\%$ cholesterol. The viscera oil of T. pacificus contained $30.20\%$ total lipid which consisted of $94.82\%$ NL, $2.85\%$ GL, $2.34\%$ PL, and contained $1,224\;mg\%$ cholesterol. The NL, GL and PL of viscera oil in I. argentinus mainly consist of triglyceride $(44.01\%)$, esterified steryl glycosides $(58.95\%)$ and phosphatidyl cholines $(32.36\%)$, respertively. Those of viscera oil in T. pacificus mainly consist of triglyceride $(39.63\%)$, monogalactosyl diglycerides $(51.67\%)$ and phosphatidyl cholines $(31.98\%)$, respectively. The major fatty acids of the viscera oil of I. argentinus and T. pacificus were C16 : 0, $C16\;:\;0,\;C18\;:\;1\omega9,\;C20\;:\;4\omega6,\;C20\;:\;5\omega3,\;C22\;:\;6\omega3$. In Illex argentinus, the fatty acids of NL mainly were $C16\;:\;0,\;C18\;:\;1\omega9,\;C20\;:\;4\omega6,\;C20\;:\;5\omega3,\;C22\;:\;6\omega3$. PL were $C16\;:\;1\omega7,\;C20\;:\;5\omega3,\;C22\;:\;6\omega3$ and GL were $C18\;:\;1\omega9,\;C20\;:\;5\omega3,\;22\;:\;6\omega3$. The major fatty acids of NL in T. pacificus were $C16\;:\;0,\;C18\;:\;1\omega9,\;C20\;:\;4\omega6,\;C20\;:\;5\omega3,\;C22\;:\;6\omega3$, PL were $C16\;:\;1\omega7,\;C20\;:\;5\omega3,\;C22\;:\;6\omega3$, and GL were $C18\;:\;1\omega9,\;C20\;:\;5\omega3,\;C22\;:\;6\omega3$.

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