• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.322-328
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• 2020

PURPOSE. This study evaluated the shear bond strength between 3D printed provisional resin and conventional provisional resin depending on type of conventional provisional resin and different surface treatments of 3D printed resin. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Ninety-six disc-shaped specimens (Ø14 mm × 20 mm thickness) were printed with resin for 3D printing (Nextdent C&B, Vertex-Dental B. V., Soesterberg, Netherlands). After post-processing, the specimens were randomly divided into 8 groups (n=12) according to two types of conventional repair resin (methylmethacrylate and bis-acryl composite) and four different surface treatments: no additional treatment, air abrasion, soaking in methylmethacrylate (MMA) monomer, and soaking in MMA monomer after air abrasion. After surface treatment, each repair resin was bonded in cylindrical shape using a silicone mold. Specimens were stored in 37℃ distilled water for 24 hours. The shear bond strength was measured using a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. Failure modes were analyzed by scanning electron microscope. Statistical analysis was done using one-way ANOVA test and Kruskal-Wallis test (α=.05). RESULTS. The group repaired with bis-acryl composite without additional surface treatment showed the highest mean shear bond strength. It was significantly higher than all four groups repaired with methylmethacrylate (P<.05). Additional surface treatments, neither mechanical nor chemical, increased the shear bond strength within methylmethacrylate groups and bis-acryl composite groups (P>.05). Failure mode analysis showed that cohesive failure was most frequent in both methylmethacrylate and bis-acryl composite groups. CONCLUSION. Our results suggest that when repairing 3D printed provisional restoration with conventional provisional resin, repair with bis-acryl composite without additional surface treatment is recommended.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.221-227
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• 2019

This study examines the role of the nano- and micro-particle ratio in dispersion stability and mechanical properties of composite resins for SLA(stereolithography) 3D printing technology. VTES(vinyltriethoxysilane)-coated $ZrO_2$ ceramic particles with different nano- and micro-particle ratios are prepared by a hydrolysis and condensation reaction and then dispersed in commercial photopolymer (High-temp) based on interpenetrating networks(IPNs). The coating characteristics of VTES-coated $ZrO_2$ particles are observed by FE-TEM and FT-IR. The rheological properties of VTES-coated $ZrO_2/High-temp$ composite solution with different particle ratios are investigated by rheometer, and the dispersion properties of the composite solution are confirmed by relaxation NMR and Turbiscan. The mechanical properties of 3D-printed objects are measured by a tensile test and nanoindenter. To investigate the aggregation and dispersion properties of VTES-coated $ZrO_2$ ceramic particles with different particle ratios, we observe the cross-sectional images of 3D printed objects using FE-SEM. The 3D printed objects of the composite solution with nano-particles of 80 % demonstrate improved mechanical characteristics.

• Advances in concrete construction
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.155-163
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• 2019

The objective of this study was to derive a cementitious material for three-dimensional (3D) concrete printing that fulfills key performance functions, extrudability, buildability and bondability for 3D concrete printing. For this purpose, the rheological properties shown by different compositions of cement paste, the most fundamental component of concrete, were assessed, and the correlation between the rheological properties and key performance functions was analyzed. The results of the experiments indicated that the overall properties of a binder have a greater influence on the yield stress than the plastic viscosity. When the performance of a cementitious material for 3D printing was considered in relation with the properties of a binder, a mixture with FA or SF was thought to be more appropriate; however, a mixture containing GGBS was found to be inappropriate as it failed to meet the required function especially, buildability and extrudability. For a simple quantitative evaluation, the correlation between the rheological parameters of cementitious materials and simplified flow performance test results-time taken to reach T-150 and the number of hits required to reach T-150-in consideration of the flow of cementitious materials was compared. The result of the analysis showed a high reliability for the correlation between the rheological parameters and the time taken to reach T-150, but a low reliability for the number of hits needed for the fluid to reach T-150. In conclusion, among several performance functions, extrudability and buildability were mainly assessed based on the results obtained from various formulations from a rheological perspective, and the suitable formulations of composite materials for 3D printing was derived.

• Composites Research
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.291-295
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• 2024

Vibration occurs not only in daily life but also in various fields such as semiconductors, aerospace, vehicles, and ships. Unexpected vibrations can cause fatigue damage to structures and degrade the performance of the entire system, having very detrimental effects. Particularly, low-frequency vibrations can be very harmful to precision equipment, human bodies, and buildings. Therefore, mitigating low-frequency vibrations is essential for effective vibration reduction. In this study, a kirigami-inspired composite meta-structure is proposed for low-frequency vibration reduction. Inspired by kirigami, the meta-structure is designed to transform from a three-dimensional to a two-dimensional form upon compression, leveraging structural advantages. Additionally, it is designed to have quasizero stiffness characteristics, providing excellent vibration reduction performance even at low frequencies. The kirigami composite meta-structure was fabricated using carbon fiber reinforced TPU through 3D printing. Its structural and vibrational characteristics were evaluated and analyzed through compression and vibration tests.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.89-94
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• 2016

Consumer orientation requires that companies understand consumer needs and produce products that meet their expectations. This study proposes a new additive method that creates a polymer/metal bonding layer and thus can lighten the weight of helmets to develop a consumer-oriented 3D printing helmet. The composite solution is experimentally prepared with copper formate and a photopolymer resin. Stereolithography apparatus and photothermal reactions are introduced to fabricate an adhesive hybrid layer of copper metal and polymer. A UV pulse laser with a 355 nm wavelength was installed to simplify this process. Resistance, adhesion, and accuracy were investigated to evaluate the properties of the layer produced.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.106-122
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• 2021

This study confirmed the mechanical properties of an auxetic re-entrant pattern prepared using 3D printing technology and its composite fabric with neoprene for the production of functional auxetic patterns/textiles for safety shoes. Samples were prepared by the tilt angle of a re-entrant pattern of 0°, 30°, 45°, 60° and 90°, and then analyzed using Poisson's ratio, bending, compression, and tensile properties. A 3D printed auxetic re-entrant pattern (3DP-RE) and its composite fabric (3DP-RE/NP) showed a negative Poisson's ratio in all tilting angles that indicated auxetic properties. The results of the bending property shown that strength of 3DP-RE/NP was 1.5 times lower than NP, but the strain improved 2.0 times. It was confirmed that the deformation of 3DP-RE/NP is possible with a low load. Each sample type of compression behavior indicated similar regardless of the tilting angles; in addition, the compression toughness of 3DP-RE/NP increased 1.2 times compared with NP. In the case of tensile properties, 3DP-RE and 3DP-RE/NP were affected by the tilting angle, samples with 90° (the opposite of load direction) showed best tensile property and toughness. 3DP-RE/NP indicated improved bending, compression, and tensile properties.

• Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.365-372
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• 2018

3D printing technology of construction field can be divided into structural materials, interior and exterior finishing materials, and is mainly done by extruding and adapting. Particularly when it is applied as an exterior materials, it is mainly applied to an unstructured exterior materials and high accuracy is required. The exterior materials can be used as a cement composite materials, it is suitable also for a additive type manufacturing, and the role of a redispersible polymer powder is important. But, high temperatures, redispersible polymer cement base material beget dehydration and micro crack of cement matrix. In this research, we developed a EVA, EVCL redispersible polymer cement base material applicable as a 3D printing exterior materials, confirmed density and strength characteristics for application as an exterior materials, a flame retardancy test for improving the fire resistance of buildings and confirmed its possibility. From the test result, developed EVCL redispersible polymer cement mortar showed good stability in high temperatures. These high temperature stability is caused by the ethylene-vinyl chloride binding. Thus, this result indicates that it is possible to fire resistant 3D printing interior and exterior finishing materials.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.73-80
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• 2022

This study evaluated changes in fluidity and rheological properties over time for 3D printed composite materials, and evaluated compressive strength and splitting tensile strength properties for laminated and molded specimens. The composite material for 3D printing starts to change rapidly after 30 minutes of extrusion, and the viscosity of the material tends to be maintained up to 90 minutes, but it was confirmed that construction within 60 minutes after mixing is effective. The compressive strength of the laminated test specimen showed equivalent or better performance at all ages compared to the molded test specimen. In the stress-strain curve of the laminated specimen, the initial slope was similar to that of the molded specimen, but the descending slope was on average 1.9 times higher than that of the molded specimen, indicating relatively brittle behavior. The splitting tensile strength of the P-V laminated specimen was about 6% lower than that of the molded specimen. It is judged that this is because the interfacial adhesion force against the vertical load is affected by the pattern direction of the laminated test specimen.

• Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.309-316
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• 2024

In this paper, additive manufacturing (AM)-structural coupled analysis was proposed to accurately predict the mechanical behavior of 3D printed short-fiber reinforced composite structures. Tensile specimens were printed using a composite 3D printer (Mark Two, Markforged), and tensile tests were conducted on specimens manufactured with various nozzle paths. In addition, a reverse engineering scheme was applied to the experimental data to reasonably derive local anisotropic material properties according to the nozzle paths. Consequently, AM-structural coupled analysis was performed using the enhanced finite element model with mapped local materials properties, and the mechanical behavior of the 3D printed short-fiber reinforced composite was accurately described. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed AM-structural coupled analysis model, the computational results obtained were compared with experimental results.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.89-96
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• 2022

In this paper, to evaluate the output quality of the cementitious composite mixture for printing with the ME method for construction 3D printer, visual inspection of the output appearance and the dimensional error rate, compressive strength and flexural strength of the output were measured. As a result of the test, the mixing design with excellent output appearance was P1-2, P1-4, P2-5, P2-6, and the mixing design with good output appearance was P0-1, P1-1, P1-3, P1-6, P1-7 and P2-4. Of these mixing designs, P0-1 and P2-6 had the lowest dimensional error rates As a result of evaluating the compressive strength and flexural strength of the various mixing designs, the Mixing design with excellent output designs showed good mechnical properties. However, mixing designs with excellent mechanical properties does not necessarily have excellent output quality. Therefore, in order to accurately evaluate the output quality, it is judged that visual inspection and dimensional error rate inspection should be performed first, and then the mechanical characteristics should be reviewed.