• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.164-170
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• 2023

With the recent advances in AI (artificial intelligence) and HPC (high-performance computing) technologies, deep learning is proliferated in various domains of the 4th industrial revolution. As the workload volume of deep learning increasingly grows, analyzing the memory reference characteristics becomes important. In this article, we analyze the memory reference traces of deep learning workloads in comparison with traditional workloads specially focusing on read and write operations. Based on our analysis, we observe some unique characteristics of deep learning memory references that are quite different from traditional workloads. First, when comparing instruction and data references, instruction reference accounts for a little portion in deep learning workloads. Second, when comparing read and write, write reference accounts for a majority of memory references, which is also different from traditional workloads. Third, although write references are dominant, it exhibits low reference skewness compared to traditional workloads. Specifically, the skew factor of write references is small compared to traditional workloads. We expect that the analysis performed in this article will be helpful in efficiently designing memory management systems for deep learning workloads.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 2005년도 제36회 하계학술대회 논문집 C
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• pp.2217-2219
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• 2005

In this paper, an inter-comparison test of lightning impulse reference measurement system between Korea and Japan is reported. At present, such a direct comparison test as the activity to sustain the traceability of the measurement system is generally proposed. Due to the inter-comparison test, ascertaining the grade of the measurement uncertainty and maintaining the level of reference system are accomplished.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제54권7호
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• pp.2599-2605
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• 2022

The Korea Retrospective Dosimetry network (KREDOS) performed an inter-laboratory comparison to confirm the harmonization and reliability of the results of retrospective dosimetry using mobile phone. The mobile phones were exposed to ¹⁹²Ir while attached to the human phantoms in the field experiment, and the exposure doses read by each laboratory were compared. This paper describes the reference dosimetry performed to present the reference values for inter-comparison and to obtain additional information about the dose distribution. Reference dosimetry included both measurement using LiF:Mg,Cu,Si and calculation via MCNP simulation to allow a comparison of doses obtained with the two different methodologies. When irradiating the phones, LiF elements were attached to the phones and phantoms and irradiated at the same time. The comparison results for the front of the phantoms were in good agreement, with an average relative difference of about 10%, while an average of about 16% relative difference occurred for the back and side of the phantom. The differences were attributed to the different characteristics of the physical and simulated phantoms, such as anatomical structure and constituent materials. Nevertheless, there was about 4% of under-estimation compared to measurements in the overall linear fitting, indicating the calculations were well matched to the measurements.

• 통합자연과학논문집
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.116-122
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• 2021

Properties and comparison of multivariate CUSUM and EWMA charts for monitoring Σ of multivariate normal N(${\underline{\mu}}$, Σ) process has considered. Comparison of the performances of the considered charts, the numerical values are obtained by simulation with 10,000 iteration in terms of ATS, ANSS and ANSW. We found that EWMA chart with small values of smoothing constant more effectively detects the process changes than with large smoothing constant. And we also found that CUSUM chart with small value of reference value is more effectively detecting the process change than with large reference value. If a process engineer has interest in detecting small amount of shift rather than large shift, he/she can be recommended to use small smoothing constant in EWMA chart and small reference value in CUSUM chart.

• Journal of Power Electronics
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.861-876
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• 2013

Instead of extracting every selected harmonic component, the current reference of selective active power filter (APF) can be also obtained by filtering out the fundamental component from distorted load current for computation efficiency. This type of mixed current reference contains kinds of harmonic components and easily involves noises. In this condition, selective harmonic compensation must be realized by the current controller. With regard that selectivity is the most significant feature of controller, this paper presents specific comparison analysis between two types of resonant controllers: proportional-resonant (PR) controller and vector-resonant (VR) controller. The comparison analysis covers the relations, performances, and stability of both controllers. Analysis results conclude that the poorer selectivity of the PR controller could be relatively improved, but limitations from system stability make the improvement hardly realized. By contrast, the VR controller exhibits excellent selectivity and is more suitable for selective APF with mixed current reference. Experimental results from laboratory prototype validate the reasonability of analysis. And the features of each resonant controller are concluded.

• Interdisciplinary Bio Central
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.11.1-11.8
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• 2012

Genes that are indispensable for survival are referred to as essential gene. Due to the momentous significance of these genes for cellular activity they can be selected potentially as drug targets. Here in this study, an essential gene for Streptococcus suis was predicted using coherent statistical analysis and powerful genome comparison computational method. At first the whole genome protein scatter plot was generated and subsequently, on the basis of statistical significance, a reference genome was chosen. The parameters set forth for selecting the reference genome was that the genome of the query (Streptococcus suis) and subject must fall in the same genus and yet they must vary to a good degree. Streptococcus pneumoniae was found to be suitable as the reference genome. A whole genome comparison was performed for the reference (Streptococcus pneumoniae) and the query genome (Streptococcus suis) and 14 conserved proteins from them were subjected to a screen for potential essential gene property. Among those 14 only one essential gene was found to be with impressive similarity score between reference and query. The essential gene encodes for a type of 'Clp protease'. Clp proteases play major roles in degrading misfolded proteins. Results found here should help formulating a drug against Strptococcus suis which is responsible for mild to severe clinical conditions in human. However, like many other computational studies, the study has to be validated furthermore through in vitro assays for concrete proof.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 1991년도 하계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.19-23
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• 1991

The revised draft of IEC Publication 60 "High Voltage Test Techniques" introduced a new calibration system for impulse measurements. In order to corespond to this draft, development of reference measuring systems and investigation of comparison tests are being carried out in Japan. This paper is a preliminary report on the topic.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 2006년도 춘계 학술발표회 논문집(II)
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• pp.65-68
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• 2006

In this study, comparison of setting time, compressive strength, watertightness and durability of between reference mortar with mortar using waterproof admixtures based on natural inorganic minerals. Test results shows that waterproof admixtures does not change setting time of mortar, but strongly improve compressive strength, permeability, absorption and durability of mortar. Especially early strength of mortar increased about 40% of reference.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 2015년도 제46회 하계학술대회
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• pp.312-313
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• 2015

For the traceability of high current measuring sensors of high power testing department II(HPTD II) in Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute(KERI), additional comparison tests with reference test object were performed repeatedly. The first intercomparison has been carried out between the reference shunt for Asia and high current shunt of HPTD II in 2013. This paper compares the test results of the calibration in 2014 with them in 2015. The assigned new scale factor of high current sensors will be applied to high power tests in HPTD II until the next high current intercomparison.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.29-35
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• 2003

In order to find the feasibility of feeding raw or processed cotton (Gossypium) seed meal (CSM), 30 male crossbred lambs were randomly assigned to 5 dietary treatments with 6 animals each. Lambs were fed each of the isonitrogenous and isocaloric concentrate mixtures containing 30% deoiled groundnut cake (DGNC) (reference diet), 40% raw, 45 minute cooked, 1% $Ca(OH)_2$ or iron (1 part free gossypol:0.3 parts iron) treated CSM (replacing about 50% nitrogen moiety of reference concentrate mixture). The concentrate mixture was fed to meet 80% of CP requirements (NRC, 1985) along with ad libitum maize (Zea mays) hay for 180 days. Incorporation of raw or processed CSM did not affect the palatability of diets as evidenced by higher (p<0.01) or comparable overall daily intakes of DM and protein (CP and Digestible CP) per kg $W^{0.75}$ by lambs in comparison to reference group. Intakes of DE and ME increased (p<0.01) due to inclusion $Ca(OH)_2$ treated CSM in diets, while the intakes were lower (p<0.01) on iron treated CSM based diet when compared with reference diet. The intakes of DM, CP, TDN, DE and ME by reference and experimental lambs were higher than the requirements stipulated by NRC (1985). The growth rate was highest (p<0.01) in lambs fed on diets with cooked CSM followed by those fed raw or $Ca(OH)_2$ treated CSM based diets. The growth of lambs fed on iron treated CSM diets was depressed (p<0.01) in comparison to that of other experimental lambs probably due to increased iron intake (889 mg/kg DM of diet) which was much higher than the toxic levels of 500 ppm (NRC, 1980). The lambs on various diets utilized DM with similar efficiency while the utilization of energy (TDN, DE and ME) was more efficient (p<0.01) when the diets contained raw or cooked CSM in comparison to that of reference diet. The lambs fed raw and $Ca(OH)_2$ treated CSM incorporated diets utilized DCP with higher (p<0.01) efficiency than the lambs fed reference diet. The feed cost per kg weight gain was lower (p<0.01) on raw, cooked and $Ca(OH)_2$ treated CSM based diets in comparison to reference diet. Cooking of CSM for 45 minutes further reduced the feed cost of weight gain.