• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.89-97
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• 2010

This study researches the effects of common features on a no-choice option with respect to regulatory focus theory. The primary interest is in three factors and their interrelationship: common features, no-choice option, and regulatory focus. Prior studies have compiled vast body of research in these areas. First, the "common features effect" has been observed bymany noted marketing researchers. Tversky (1972) proposed the seminal theory, the EBA model: elimination by aspect. According to this theory, consumers are prone to focus only on unique features during comparison processing, thereby dismissing any common features as redundant information. Recently, however, more provocative ideas have attacked the EBA model by asserting that common features really do affect consumer judgment. Chernev (1997) first reported that adding common features mitigates the choice gap because of the increasing perception of similarity among alternatives. Later, however, Chernev (2001) published a critically developed study against his prior perspective with the proposition that common features may be a cognitive load to consumers, and thus consumers are possible that they are prone to prefer the heuristic processing to the systematic processing. This tends to bring one question to the forefront: Do "common features" affect consumer choice? If so, what are the concrete effects? This study tries to answer the question with respect to the "no-choice" option and regulatory focus. Second, some researchers hold that the no-choice option is another best alternative of consumers, who are likely to avoid having to choose in the context of knotty trade-off settings or mental conflicts. Hope for the future also may increase the no-choice option in the context of optimism or the expectancy of a more satisfactory alternative appearing later. Other issues reported in this domain are time pressure, consumer confidence, and alternative numbers (Dhar and Nowlis 1999; Lin and Wu 2005; Zakay and Tsal 1993). This study casts the no-choice option in yet another perspective: the interactive effects between common features and regulatory focus. Third, "regulatory focus theory" is a very popular theme in recent marketing research. It suggests that consumers have two focal goals facing each other: promotion vs. prevention. A promotion focus deals with the concepts of hope, inspiration, achievement, or gain, whereas prevention focus involves duty, responsibility, safety, or loss-aversion. Thus, while consumers with a promotion focus tend to take risks for gain, the same does not hold true for a prevention focus. Regulatory focus theory predicts consumers' emotions, creativity, attitudes, memory, performance, and judgment, as documented in a vast field of marketing and psychology articles. The perspective of the current study in exploring consumer choice and common features is a somewhat creative viewpoint in the area of regulatory focus. These reviews inspire this study of the interaction possibility between regulatory focus and common features with a no-choice option. Specifically, adding common features rather than omitting them may increase the no-choice option ratio in the choice setting only to prevention-focused consumers, but vice versa to promotion-focused consumers. The reasoning is that when prevention-focused consumers come in contact with common features, they may perceive higher similarity among the alternatives. This conflict among similar options would increase the no-choice ratio. Promotion-focused consumers, however, are possible that they perceive common features as a cue of confirmation bias. And thus their confirmation processing would make their prior preference more robust, then the no-choice ratio may shrink. This logic is verified in two experiments. The first is a $2{\times}2$ between-subject design (whether common features or not X regulatory focus) using a digital cameras as the relevant stimulus-a product very familiar to young subjects. Specifically, the regulatory focus variable is median split through a measure of eleven items. Common features included zoom, weight, memory, and battery, whereas the other two attributes (pixel and price) were unique features. Results supported our hypothesis that adding common features enhanced the no-choice ratio only to prevention-focus consumers, not to those with a promotion focus. These results confirm our hypothesis - the interactive effects between a regulatory focus and the common features. Prior research had suggested that including common features had a effect on consumer choice, but this study shows that common features affect choice by consumer segmentation. The second experiment was used to replicate the results of the first experiment. This experimental study is equal to the prior except only two - priming manipulation and another stimulus. For the promotion focus condition, subjects had to write an essay using words such as profit, inspiration, pleasure, achievement, development, hedonic, change, pursuit, etc. For prevention, however, they had to use the words persistence, safety, protection, aversion, loss, responsibility, stability etc. The room for rent had common features (sunshine, facility, ventilation) and unique features (distance time and building state). These attributes implied various levels and valence for replication of the prior experiment. Our hypothesis was supported repeatedly in the results, and the interaction effects were significant between regulatory focus and common features. Thus, these studies showed the dual effects of common features on consumer choice for a no-choice option. Adding common features may enhance or mitigate no-choice, contradictory as it may sound. Under a prevention focus, adding common features is likely to enhance the no-choice ratio because of increasing mental conflict; under the promotion focus, it is prone to shrink the ratio perhaps because of a "confirmation bias." The research has practical and theoretical implications for marketers, who may need to consider common features carefully in a practical display context according to consumer segmentation (i.e., promotion vs. prevention focus.) Theoretically, the results suggest some meaningful moderator variable between common features and no-choice in that the effect on no-choice option is partly dependent on a regulatory focus. This variable corresponds not only to a chronic perspective but also a situational perspective in our hypothesis domain. Finally, in light of some shortcomings in the research, such as overlooked attribute importance, low ratio of no-choice, or the external validity issue, we hope it influences future studies to explore the little-known world of the "no-choice option."

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.415-434
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• 2015

In this paper we overview the literature on common features analysis of economic time series. Starting from the seminal contributions by Engle and Kozicki (1993) and Vahid and Engle (1993), we present and discuss the various notions that have been proposed to detect and model common cyclical features in macroeconometrics. In particular, we analyze in details the link between common cyclical features and the reduced-rank regression model. We also illustrate similarities and differences between the common features methodology and other popular types of multivariate time series modelling. Finally, we discuss some recent developments in this area, such as the implications of common features for univariate time series models and the analysis of common autocorrelation in medium-large dimensional systems.

• Journal of Industrial Convergence
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.125-140
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• 2003

This study examined testing condition when consumers have a strong ordinal preference and in a absence of established ordinal for a given attribute, how adding common features to two brands in a given product category affects brand choice. Research findings presented in this study are generally consistent with the preference confirmation view of choice. The data provides support for the proposition that (1) the effect of common features is moderated by the relative importance of brand attributes(Hypothesis 1) and (2) in the presence of primary attribute adding common features increases the likelihood of choosing the brand with the best value on this attribute(Hypotheses 2).

• Structural Monitoring and Maintenance
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.219-235
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• 2019

Scheduled inspections of common crossings are one of the main cost drivers of railway maintenance. Prognostics and health management (PHM) approach and modern monitoring means offer many possibilities in the optimization of inspections and maintenance. The present paper deals with data driven prognosis of the common crossing remaining useful life (RUL) that is based on an inertial monitoring system. The problem of scheduled inspections system for common crossings is outlined and analysed. The proposed analysis of inertial signals with the maximal overlap discrete wavelet packet transform (MODWPT) and Shannon entropy (SE) estimates enable to extract the spectral features. The relevant features for the acceleration components are selected with application of Lasso (Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator) regularization. The features are fused with time domain information about the longitudinal position of wheels impact and train velocities by multivariate regression. The fused structural health (SH) indicator has a significant correlation to the lifetime of crossing. The RUL prognosis is performed on the linear degradation stochastic model with recursive Bayesian update. Prognosis testing metrics show the promising results for common crossing inspection scheduling improvement.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Planning & Design
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.45-55
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to analyze common features and methodological differences of PN-spatial characteristics found in architectural theories and works of contemporary young architects in Japan, such as Sou Fujimoto, Yo shimada, Keisuke Maeda and Junya Ishigami. These architects have paid attention to space between nature and inner space and have tried to establish their own architectural theory on that. Such space is ambiguous and PN-spatial in a way that it has features of both nature and inner space. Ambiguousness is a characteristic of modern architecture and PN-spatial characteristics are one of the features of Japanese architecture. This study aims to analyze the architectural theories and works of contemporary young architects in Japan from the perspective of PN-space and to draw methodological differences and common features. Their theories and works have common features in terms of 'ambiguous spatial boundary', 'unregulated spatial territory', 'detoured circulation' and 'architectural motifs', but each has their own methodology. To sum up, the works and theories of the Japanese young architects contain the philosophy and discourse of modern architecture in general. To be sure, they clearly have characteristics of Japanese architecture, which needs to be studied constantly.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 2007.10a
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• pp.14-17
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• 2007

To make use of surveying data obtained from different sensors and different techniques in a common reference frame, it is a pre-requite step to register them in a common coordinate system. For this purpose, we have developed a methodology to register IKONOS-2 Satellite Imagery using ALS data. To achieve this, conjugate features from these data should be extracted in advance. In the study, linear features are chosen as conjugate features because they can be accurately extracted from man-made structures in urban area, and more easily than point features from ALS data. Then, observation equations are established from similarity measurements of the extracted features. During the process, considering the characteristics of systematic errors in IKONOS-2 satellite imagery, the transformation function were selected and used. In addition, we also analyzed how the number of linear features and their spatial distribution used as control features affect the accuracy of registration. Finally, the results were evaluated statistically and the results clearly demonstrated that the proposed algorithms are appropriate to register these data.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.55-64
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• 2023

This research investigated category-based feature inference when category features were connected in common cause and common effect causal networks. Previous studies that tested feature inference in causal categories showed unique inference patterns depending on causal direction, number of related features, whether the to-be-inferred feature was cause or effect, etc. However, these prior studies primarily focused on inference pattens that arise from causal relations, and few studies directly explored how the effects of causal relations vary depending on causal strength. We tested feature inference in common cause (Expt. 1) and common effect (Expt. 2) causal categories when casual strengths were either strong or weak. To this end, we had participants learn causal categories where features were causally linked and then perform feature inference task. The results showed that causal strengths as well as causal relations had important impacts on feature inference. When causal strength was strong, inference for common cause feature became weaker but that for the common effect feature became stronger. Moreover, when causal strength was strong and common cause was present, inference for the effect features became stronger, whereas the results were reversed in common effect networks. In particular, in common effect networks, casual discounting was more evident with strong causal strength. These results consistently demonstrate that participants consider not only causal relations but also causal strength in feature inference of causal categories.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.54 no.5
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• pp.109-123
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to examine features of parts of Jikryung and relations among the features. Results of the study can be described as follows. 1. The short front and long rear of Jikryung was changed into the long front and long rear of the dress in the late 16th century. Kalgit of quasi-square style as double collar was changed into that of common collar in the late 16th century and then into common semi-circle collar in the early 17th century, when double Sup was also changed Into single Sup. Narrow sleeves of Jikryung were replaced by bean chaff-shaped in the late 16th century and then by wide ones in the early period of the next century. The shape of the side hem of Jikryung was changed from rectangle into trapezoid in the early 17th century Triangle-shaped Moo was changed into trapezoid-shaped one in the late 16th century and then again into triangle in the late 17th century 2. Changes in shapes of the parts of Jikryung were made with them correlated. The collar of Jikryung saw change in its form from double to common as its width was reduced. Double Sup was changed into single one and the narrow, short coat string into the long one as Jikryung became a dress needing less adjustment. The sleeves widened as the length of whajang increased. The side hem of Jikryung saw change in its shape from rectangular to trapezoidal one as its position was changed. Trapezoidal Moo was replaced by triangular one as the sleeve of Jikryung was changed in shape. 3. Changes in shapes of the parts of Jikryung influenced the aesthetic beauty of the dress itself In its first period, Jikryung was simple with long, slim silhouettes. In its second period, the dress was rich with increased volume. Finally in its third period, the dress was characterized by the harmony of simpleness and richness.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.181-190
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• 2015

This study emphasizes a new senior housing type which can provide individual housing units and common facilities for retirees, particularly who will be retired from universities. It is called a university-based retirement community. This study conducted a questionnaire survey to investigate future residents' needs for architectural environments that included housing types, common facility features, and proximity, and also development methods in response to the university involvement levels. The survey questionnaire was administered in one national university in Korea. A total of 214 responses were valid for statistical analyses. Major findings are as follows: Over 65% of the respondents were willing to live in the university-based retirement community. Regarding the location of the community, they responded the community would not need to be located on campus. Preferred common facilities in the UBRC were indoor fitness centers, the shuttle bus stops connecting to the adjacent areas, and bath and sauna facilities. The respondents emphasized university's contribution toward offering educational programs for UBRC residents. Lastly, their responses to the university role and involvement in the development and construction process were identified. This study results are expected to provide essential information for facilitating the Korean model of university-based retirement communities in the future.

• Journal of the Semiconductor & Display Technology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.57-61
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• 2019

Nowadays, portable digital cameras such as smart phone cameras are being popularly used for entertainment and visual information recording. Given a database of geo-tagged images, a visual location recognition system can determine the place depicted in a query photo. One of the most common visual location recognition approaches is the bag-of-words method where local image features are clustered into visual words. In this paper, we propose a new bag-of-words-based visual location recognition algorithm using time-series streetview database. The proposed algorithm selects only a small subset of image features which will be used in image retrieval process. By reducing the number of features to be used, the proposed algorithm can reduce the memory requirement of the image database and accelerate the retrieval process.