• Carbon letters
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• v.26
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• pp.66-73
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• 2018

We assessed the effects of combining bio-char with straw residue mulching on the loss of soil soluble nutrients and citrus yield in sloping land. The two-year study showed that straw residue mulching (ST) and bio-char application combined with straw residue (ST+BC) can significantly reduce soil soluble nutrient loss when compared with the control treatment (CK). The comparative volume of the soil surface runoff after each of the treatments was as follows: CK > ST > ST + BC. Compared with the CK, the runoff volume of the ST was reduced by 13.6 % and 8.5 % in 2014 and 2015, respectively. Compared with the CK, combining bio-char with the ST application reduced the loss of soluble nitrogen and improved the soil total nitrogen content reaching a significant level in 2015. It dramatically increased the soil organic matter content over the two year period (36.3% in 2014, 50.6% in 2015) as well as the carbon/nitrogen ratio (C/N) (16.6% in 2014 and 39.3% in 2015). Straw mulching combined with bio-char showed a trend for increasing the citrus yield.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.10 no.9
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• pp.117-125
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• 2010

Development of digital media and computer graphics related research had changed the overall stream of cultural art and our daily life, as well as its development also had an effect on a fresh and exciting area of cultural arts such as the new media art, interactive art and real-time performing. In this paper, we used emotional expression techniques that they lead audiences on the process of natural communication by combining the particle system of computer graphics with performance based screen art. In this paper, we used emotional expression techniques that they lead audiences on the process of natural communication by combining the particle system of computer graphics with performance based screen art. Namely, by capturing the creation and location speed of particle which is synchronized between the sound, behavior and particles, performance based screen art as the form of the experimental structure in which is combined with scientific technology and art is therefore proposed.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.94-101
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• 2020

Background: Several Korean medical doctors have been practicing applied kinesiology (AK), invented in 1964 by Dr. George J Goodheart, USA. Although the efficacy of traditional acupuncture (TA) and pharmacopucture treatment for lumbar conditions/diseases has been examined, the possible benefits of combining TA and AK have not been reported. Therefore, the aim of this study was to report the effects of combining TA and AK treatment for lumbar disorders using the Japanese Orthopedic Association lumbar score (JOALS) assessment. Methods: There were 21 outpatients treated at Samse Korean Traditional Hospital between March 2018 and September 2018, who presented with L4/L5 or L5/S1 root radiculopathy associated with lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) and lumbar herniation of intervertebral disk (LHID). They were treated 10×(2 sessions per week, for 5 weeks) with TA and AK approaches that included a category block, manipulation or strain/counterstrain treatments. The primary outcome was mainly assessed using the JOALS score which was used before (0 ×), during (5 ×), and after treatment (10 ×). Results: There were 19 patients diagnosed with LSS and 2 were diagnosed with LHID. Using the JOALS assessment, TA and AK combined approaches improved the lumbar conditions of all 21 patients after 5 × treatmentsand continued to improve after 10 × treatments (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Combined TA and AK treatment was effective in treating spinal conditions/diseases. Prospective, relevant, well-controlled protocols for TA and AK therapies for various conditions are needed.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.18
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• pp.7857-7861
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• 2014

Natural killer (NK) cells play an important role in anti-tumor immunity. Interleukin (IL)-18 is an immunoregulatory cytokine that induces potent NK cell-dependent anti-tumor responses when administrated with other cytokines. In this study, we explored the effects of combining IL-18 and IL-2 on NK cytotoxicity as well as expression levels of the NK cell receptor NKG2D in vitro. Freshly isolated PBMCs were incubated for 48 h with IL-18 and IL-2, then CD107a expression on $CD3^-CD56^+$ NK cells was determined by three-colour flow cytometry to evaluate the cytotoxicity of NK cells against human erythroleukemia K562 cells and human colon carcinoma HT29 cells. Flow cytometric analysis was also employed to determine NKG2D expression on NK cells. The combined use of IL-18 and IL-2 significantly increased CD107a expression on NK cells compared with using IL-18 or IL-2 alone, suggesting that the combination of these two cytokines exerted synergistic enhancement of NK cytotoxicity. IL-18 also enhanced NKG2D expression on NK cells when administered with IL-2. In addition, blockade of NKG2D signaling with NKG2D-blocking antibody attenuated the up-regulatory effect of combining IL-18 and IL-2 on NK cytolysis. Our data revealed that IL-18 synergized with IL-2 to dramatically enhance the cytolytic activity of human NK cells in a NKG2D-dependent manner. The results appear encouraging for the use of combined IL-18 and IL-2 in tumor immunotherapy.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.379-386
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• 2002

In this study, estimation model for iron compound originated from upflow, anaerobic fixed bed reactor, which treats sewage domestic wastewater, was developed. The estimation model was formulated by a mathematical expression which was based on the mass balance. Below the HRT of 60 minute, sulfide concentration combining with iron $FeS_2$ is the highest because the maximum sulfate consumption rate $V_{maxS}$ and half-saturation constant of sulfate $K_{mS}$ exert an important effect on the estimation model as temperature was increased. But increment of $FeS_2$ concentration is weakened above the HRT of 60 minutes and represent the lowest value at the HRT of 108 minutes. It implies that liquid phase distribution ratio of sulfide ${\alpha}r$ becomes lower as temperature was increased. While phosphorus concentration combining with iron $Fe_3(PO_4)_3$ is increased as HRT and temperature are increased, which is affected by phosphorus removal rate constant $k_p$. As the result of estimating the iron concentrations of corrosion by the model, the concentration of iron corrosion is higher than any other at the HRT of 108 minute and $20^{\circ}C$. The predicted values were compared with measured ones at different HRT(13.5, 27, 54, 108 min) and temperature(20, 25, $30^{\circ}C$). The experimental data could be fitted with the simulated curves. Therefore, the mathematical expression could be applicable to design full-scale wastewater treatment plants.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.16 no.5 s.64
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• pp.387-393
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• 2006

This paper introduces the combination of two blasting methods applied to reduce blast-vibration and increase blast efficiency. NDC (New Deck Charge) blasting method using air deck effect with separation tube made of paper was effective to reduce blast-vibration, while blast efficiency was decreased a little in the bottom of a blasthole. Wide Space blasting method has an advantage to control the fragmentation and to increase blast efficiency over conventional blasting methods. In this study new blasting method combining NDC blasting method and Wide Space blasting method was applied to the field, it was confirmed to reduce blast-vibration and increase blast efficiency. It is expected to make useful blasting method to cover the public complaints and to shorten construction time by accumulating blasting data using new method with various conditions.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.857-871
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• 2013

Export credit insurance is a policy tool for export growth. In the era of free trade under the governance of WTO, export credit insurance is still allowed as one of the few instruments to increase exports. This paper, using data on short-term export insurance contracts issued to foreign subsidiaries of Korean companies, calculates the expected loss per exposure by combining the effect of risk factors (credit rate of foreign importers, size of mother company, and payment period) on loss frequency and loss severity in different levels. We, applying generalized linear models (GLM), first fit loss frequency and loss severity to negative binomial and lognormal distribution, respectively, and then estimate the loss frequency rate per contract and the ratio of loss severity to coverage amount. Finally, we calculate the expected loss per exposure for each level of risk factors by combining these two rates. Based on the result of statistical analysis, we present the implication for the current premium rate of export insurance.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.51-57
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• 2015

In this paper, we tried to broaden a width of practical use field for applications through combining to existing contents after constructing various contents for companion animals. For this, we designed and developed our new companion animal management system(PET-IN) by adding various contents such as information management, schedule management, health management, QR code, SNS, shopping, map service for companion animals to smartphone applications. By PET-IN accessibility and satisfactory level tests, we found out that new synergy effect have appeared through combining each contents, and connectivity is increased. So, practical use field is broaden. These tests show us that comprehensive content composition is necessary for companion animal applications, and this study can be used as important data when new companion animal application contents are constructed in the future.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.42-51
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• 1997

The satellite channel with a line-of-sight signal component is modeled by a shadowed Rician fading channel. We adopt a direct-sequence / code division multiple access (DS / CDMA), which has the advantage to suppress the multipath effect and increase the user capacity. The performance which is evaluated by bit error probability is subjected to the influence of branch number, multi-user number, and spreading code-length. As the result of the analysis, performance advance is achieved with multi-user number decreasing, number of brnaches increasing, and spreading code-length increasing as chip duration is constant. To use both of diversity combining scheme and channel coding is more efficient for performance improvement than the case using diversity combining scheme only. The use of BCH coding and convolutional coding shows better consequence than Hamming coding. Totally, the performance degradation for heavy shadowing is much larger than that for light and average shadowing as heavy shadowing decreases LOS signal.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.34 no.1A
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• pp.27-33
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• 2009

This paper proposes transmit power control techniques with fading channel prediction scheme based on recurrent neural network for high-speed mobile communication systems. The operation result of recurrent neural network which is derived interpretively solves complexity problems of neural network circuit, and channel gain of multiple transmit antenna is derived with maximum ratio combining(MRC) by using the operation result, and this channel gain control transmit power of each antenna. simulation results show that proposed method has a outstanding performance compared to method that is not to be controlled power based on channel prediction. Most of legacy studies are for robust receive technique of fading signals or channel prediction of fading signals limited low-speed mobility, but in open loop Power control, proposed channel prediction method decrease system complexity with removal of fading effect in transmitter.