• 만화애니메이션 연구
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• 통권33호
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• pp.247-270
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• 2013

김용환은 1940~60년대에 활동한 한국의 주요 만화가의 한명이다. 김용환은 어린이 만화에서 시사만화에 이르기까지 다양한 장르의 만화를 그렸다. 뿐만 아니라 김용환은 해방 후 한국의 만화잡지와 만화신문의 발행을 주도 했고 한국만화의 선구자로서 높이 평가 받고 있다. 김용환은 만화뿐만 아니라 잡지와 신문, 소설의 삽화, 동양화, 역사화, 캐리커처 등 다양한 분야에서 많은 작품을 남겼다. 미술공부를 위해 일본으로 유학을 갔던 것이 계기가 되어 김용환은 일본에서 기타 코우지(북굉이(北宏二)) 라는 이름의 삽화가로 데뷔하게 된다. 이후 김용환은 일본의 유명 출판사의 잡지와 소설의 삽화가로 활발하게 활동했다. 그러나 국내에는 김용환의 일본 활동에 대한 간단한 이력과 몇 장의 삽화만이 소개 되어 있을뿐 구체적인 작품이나 그 내용에 대해서는 알려진 바가 없다. 본 논문에서는 그동안 한국에 소개되지 않았던 김용환의 일본 활동과 작품에 대해 자세히 살펴보도록 한다. 김용환이 삽화가 기타 코우지로서 구체적으로 어떠한 잡지에 어떠한 작품들을 실었는지, 그리고 삽화가로서 기타 코우지의 평가에 대해서도 서술해 보겠다. 본 논문은 일본의 국회 도서관에 소장되어 있는 자료를 바탕으로 기타 코우지의 이름으로 남겨진 잡지와 단행본의 삽화들에 대해 고찰 했다. 본 연구를 통해 김용환은 일본에서 다양한 출판사와 잡지에서 활발하게 활동 했으며 김용환이 삽화를 그린 많은 잡지들이 유명 출판사에서 간행된 인기 잡지였던 점을 알 수 있었다. 이것은 김용환이 일본에서도 그 실력을 크게 인정받고 있었다고 볼 수 있는 부분이다. 그러나 김용환의 삽화 상당수가 1930년대 말에서 1940년대 초에 그려졌다. 이 시기는 일본이 국가 총동원법을 내세워 전쟁을 위해 국가의 모든 역량을 집결 시키던 시기로 출판물도 엄격한 검열을 받았다. 이 시기 출판물의 대부분은 군국주의를 옹호하고 전쟁을 미화하는 내용이었고 김용환의 삽화 역시 예외일 수 없었다. 김용환의 일본 활동에 있어 큰 아쉬움으로 남는 부분이라고 할 수 있다. 본 논문은 김용환의 일본 활동에 대한 구체적인 자료의 발굴이라는 부분에서 의미가 있을 것이다. 그리고 향후 김용환의 작품에 대한 평가와 김용환의 다양한 이력에 대한 좀 더 깊이 있는 연구에 도움이 될 것으로 생각 한다.

• 만화애니메이션 연구
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• 통권33호
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• pp.223-246
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• 2013

카툰과 서사만화는 그 태생이 서로 다름에도 불구하고, 'cartoon' 혹은 '만화'라는 이름으로 아울러서 지칭된다. 그 이유는 카툰과 서사만화의 유사성에서 찾아 볼 수 있다. 카툰과 서사만화의 유사성은 글과 그림으로 이루어진 장르라는 것인데 글은 만화에서 표현형식이 되기도 하지만 이야기를 나타내기도 한다. 이러한 이야기는 '서사'의 구성요소로서 존재한다. 만화의 세부장르로 카툰과 서사만화, 넓게는 애니메이션까지도 포함하는데 서사만화와 애니메이션의 경우 시간의 연속성으로 서사가 있다고 생각하지만 카툰의 경우 주로 글과 연속성이 없이 한 칸에서 두 칸으로 표현되는 경우가 많기 때문에 서사의 존재에 대하여 반문하게 된다. '서사'라 하면 흔히 서사시 혹은 무훈시를 떠올리기 쉽다. 등장인물의 일대기를 다루기 때문에 보통 시간성에 의해 '서사'의 개념을 생각하지만 서사는 어떠한 사건을 제시하는 것으로 그 범위를 넓게 볼 수 있다. 따라서 하나의 사건을 이미지로 제시하는 카툰에도 서사의 존재 가능성이 제기될 수 있다. 서사만화의 여러 장면에 대한 설명을 카툰에서는 함축적으로 표현되는 것일 뿐이기 때문이다. 이러한 함축적 의미는 여지를 남겨놓음으로써 수용자의 적극적 추론에 의해 그 빈 공간이 채워지게 된다. 하지만 그럼에도 불구하고 카툰의 서사에 대한 언급은 물론이거니와 연구내용도 찾아보기 힘들다. 따라서 이 연구에서는 서사의 개념과 그 구조를 살펴보고 카툰에서 서사의 존재를 증명하고자 한다. 먼저 카툰의 서사에 대하여 알아보기에 앞서 문학의 서사이론에 대하여 살펴보았는데, 만화가 글과 그림의 집합체이기 때문에 그 기본적인 요소를 알아보기 위해서는 서사이론에 대한 담론이 필요하기 때문이다. 이 연구논문에서는 S.채트먼의 "이야기와 담론"에 제시 된 서사의 전제조건들을 중심으로 알아보았다. 서사의 전제조건이 존재할 경우 서사가 존재한다고 볼 수 있기 때문이다. 그 조건들은 '서사적 추론', '선별', '일관성'과 '경과진술', '정체진술'로 S. 채트먼은 이것들이 서사의 전제조건이라고 설명하면서 영화와 소설의 서사구조를 분석하고 있다. 그리고 스콧 맥클라우드가 "만화의 이해"에서 기술한 "만화의 어휘", "시간틀", "선 속의 생명" 등을 통하여 채트먼이 제시한 서사의 전제조건들이 카툰에서 어떠한 방법으로 제시되고 표현되는지 알아보며 카툰에서 서사가 존재하고 있음을 밝혔다.

• 수산경영론집
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.77-106
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• 1986

In the field of fisheries, there is at the apex Central Federation of Fishery Cooperatives, established under the Fishery Cooperatives Law(1962), It is a multipurpose organization with a membership of 105 cooperatives, 87 regional cooperatives, 15 business-type cooperatives and 3 manufactures' cooperatives. Accordingly, this thesis examines the marketing of fishery cooperatives in Korea, and in particular considers the marketing channel strategy of fisheries products. No company can perform by itself all the activities involved in the production and distribution of its products and services to its final markets. It must work with other firms to get the job done. Thus marketing channel firms of the fisheries products include primarily the fishery cooperatives, the licensed In the field of fisheries, there is at the apex Central Federation of Fishery Cooperatives, established under the Fishery Cooperatives Law (1962). It is a multipurpose organization with a membership of 105 cooperatives, 87 regional cooperatives, 15 business-type cooperatives and 3 manufactures' cooperatives. Accordingly, this thesis examines the marketing of fishery cooperatives in Korea, and in particular considers the marketing channel strategy of fisheries products. No company can perform by itself all the activities involved in the production and distribution of its products and services to its final markets. It must work with other firms to get the job done. Thus marketing channel firms of the fisheries products include primarily the fishery cooperatives, the licensed dealers and the merchant middlemen. The goal of marketing is in matching of segments of supply and demand. Every producer seeks to the link the marketing channel firms that will help it accomplish its objective best. This thesis tries to attempt to improve the present Korean Fishery Cooperatives marketing activities. The purpose of the operation of fishery cooperatives is to guarantee the profits of fisherman as well as the interests of general consumers by eliminating the inordinate profits of middlemen and by narrowing other market margins. Fishery cooperatives marketing activity functions forming a self-helf organization for economic protection of producers themselves, and acting as a market reformational institution through its transaction by group. The following are the characteristics of fishery cooperatives marketing. \circled1 Fishery cooperatives is organized with an economic factor and a personnel factor. \circled2 Fishery cooperatives is non-profit organization. \circled3 The members of fishery cooperatives is independent constitution of economy, but they are closely connected with the cooperative. \circled4 Fishery cooperatives is a mutual aid organization. The objective of an efficient marketing strategy may be well described by the common saying provides the right product at the right time, the right place, and the right price. But it is quite true that the Korean Fishermen's Cooperative can be said to owe its development to the successful implementation of the marketing system. The use of the marketing system has resulted in the following marketing strategy. 1. The direct marketing system. \circled1 The cooperation between the fishery cooperatives and the other cooperative through the collection and delivery center. \circled2 The selling between the fishery cooperatives and the large scale retailers through the process industry. 2. The vertical marketing system. \circled1The fishermen's cooperative to be nominated by wholesaler in the terminal market. \circled2 Contracted vertical marketing system. \circled3 Abolition of selling by double auction in the landing and the terminal market. 3. The physical distribution system. \circled1 The need for adoption of cold chain system to connect production directly to consumption. \circled2 The need for more expansion of landing markets and terminal market facilities. Solutions to the problems of the Korean fishery are made possible through effective functioning of cooperative marketing activities of fishery products. The marketing concept of fishermen's cooperative lies in the satisfaction of consumer needs. According to the marketing concept fishermen's cooperative should try to satisfy customer's needs through a coodinated set of activities that allows the organization to achieve its goal. Providing satisfaction to customers is the major trust of the marketing concept. To do this, a business must find out what will satisfy customers. With this information the cooperative sells to the greatest possible number of customers through the most efficient sales and marketing channels. Economic rationality of fishermen's cooperative marketing lies in reduction of marketing cost and elimination of intermediate institutions. Cooperative marketing and direct marketing are both indispensable marketing factors for a new cooperative organization among the manu ways. The cooperation between the fishermen's cooperative and the others cooperative, and vertical marketing system are the most necessary ones. Propulsion of cooperative marketing system could not be successful without the support of the marketing instituion's help. Consequently, successful cooperative marketing ought to lead to the necessity not only for the improvement of marketing organization, but for the application of a new marketing concept in the fishermen's cooperative.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.63-87
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to analyze the kinematic variables when Uchi-mata(inner thigh reaping throw) performing by Kumi-kata(engagement position, basic hold) types A, B(A: grasping part-behind neck lapel, B: chest lapel) in Judo with three dimensional analysis technique DLT method by videography. The subjects were four male judokas who have been training in Yong-In University(YIU), on Korean Representative level and Uchi-mata is their tokui-nage(favorite technique), the throwing form was filmed on two S-VHS 16mm video camera( 30frame/sec. Panasonic). Kinematic variables were temporal, posture, and COG. The data collection was performing by Uchi-mata. Six good trials were collected for each condition (type A, B) among over 10 trials. The mean values and the standard deviation for each variable were obtained and used as basic factors for examining characteristics of Uchi-mata by Kumi-kata types. The results of this analysis were as follows : 1) Temporal variables The total time elapsed(TE) by Uchi-mata of types A, B were 1.45, 1.56 sec. respectively. Types A shorter than B. 2) Posture variables In performing of Uchi-mata, the range of flexion in type A, left elbow was $45^{\circ}$ and B was $89^{\circ}$ from Event 2(E2) to Event 6(E6). Type A and B were quite different in right elbow angle in Event1(E1). Left shoulder angle of type A was extended and type B was flexed in E4. Both types right shoulder angles were showed similar pattern. Also both hip angles(right/left) were showed similar pattern. When type A performed Uchi-mata the knee-angle of supporting foot showed $142^{\circ}$in the 1st stage of kake phase[KP], and extended to $147^{\circ}$in the 2nd stage of KP. And the foot-ankle angle of supporting foot showed $83^{\circ}$in the 1st stage of KP, and extended to $86^{\circ}$in the 2nd stage of KP. moreover, The knee angle of attacking foot showed $126^{\circ}$in the 1st stage of KP, and extended to $132^{\circ}$in the 2nd stage of KP, and the foot-ankle angle of attacking foot showed $106^{\circ}$in the 1st stage of KP, and extended to $121^{\circ}$in the 2nd stage of KP. When type B performed Uchi-mata the knee-angle of supporting foot showed $144^{\circ}$in the 1st stage of KP, and extended to $154^{\circ}$in the 2nd stage of KP. And the foot-ankle angle of supporting foot showed $83^{\circ}$in the 1st stage of KP, and extended to $92^{\circ}$in the 2nd stage of KP. moreover, The knee angle of attacking foot showed $132^{\circ}$in the 1st stage of KP, and extended to $140^{\circ}$in the 2nd stage of KP, and the foot-ankle angle of attacking foot showed $103^{\circ}$in the 1st stage of KP, and extended to $115^{\circ}$in the 2nd stage of KP. During Uchi-mata performing, type A showed pulling pattern and type B showed lift-pulling pattern. As Kumi-kata types, it were different to upper body(elbow, shoulder angle), but mostly similar to lower body(hip, knee, ankle angle) on both types. 3) C. O. G. variables When the subjects performed Uchi-mata, COG of type A, B up and down in vertical aspect was 71cm, 73.8cm in height from the foot in the 2nd stage of KP. As Kumi-kata types, it were different on medial-lateral direction aspect but weren't different in Kuzushi phase on vertical direction aspect.

• 지질공학
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.95-111
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• 2012

본 연구에서는 기존조사에서 지하수내 U과 Rn-222의 산출이 높은 지역으로 알려진 경도 이천시 관고동 민방위비상용 지하수공지역 인근에 새로운 시추공을 시추하여 지하수내 자연방사성물질의 산출특성과 암석화학적 상관관계를 알아보고자 하였다. 연구지역은 흑운모화강암 지질로 114 m 심도의 시추공을 확보하고, 더블패커를 이용하여 심도별로 지하수를 채취하여 U, Th을 포함한 화학성분과 Rn-222를 분석하였다. 그리고 시추코어 암석의 방사성물질 함유 특성을 비롯한 화학성분을 분석하였다. 심도별 4개 구간에 대해서 2차례 채취한 지하수의 pH는 6.5~8.6의 범위를 보이고, 화학적 유형은 Ca-$HCO_3$ 형으로 속한다. 심도별 및 시기별로 수리화학적 특성 및 자연방사성물질의 함량에서 큰 차이를 보인다. 지하수내 우라늄과 라돈-222의 함량은 8.81~1,101 ppb와 5,990~11,970 pCi/L를 각각 보여 우라늄은 3개 구간에서 Rn-222는 전 구간에서 미국 EPA 기준을 초과한다. 암석내 우라늄과 토륨의 함량은 각각 최고 18.3 ppm와 17.5 ppm을 보인다. 현미경관찰과 전자현미분석(EPMA)을 통한 자연방사성원소(U, Th)를 함유하는 광물로는 K장석, 흑운모내 포획된 광물인 모나자이트, 일메나이트, 인회석으로 확인되었다. U과 Th 성분은 광물의 주요 구성원소를 치환하여 존재하는 것으로 보인다. 시추코어내 우라늄 함량이 특징적으로 높지 않은 조건에서 지하수내 우라늄과 라돈-222 농도가 높은 것은 화학적 조건보다는 대수층 파쇄대의 파쇄정도와 지하수 유동량과 같은 물리적 요소가 더 큰 작용을 한 것으로 보인다. 라돈-222는 불활성가스인 영족기체 동위원소($^3He/^4He$, $^4He/^{20}Ne$) 상관관계 분석을 통하여 간접적으로 기원을 해석할 수 있을 것이다.

• 시큐리티연구
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• 제24호
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• pp.91-123
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• 2010

G20 정상회의 시 발생 가능한 위협요인으로 요인테러, 인질테러, 폭탄테러, 다중이용시설 테러, 항공기테러 등 이 예상된다. 한국에서 예상되는 위협집단으로는 북한, 이슬람 과격집단 및 국제회의를 반대하는 NGO 조직 등의 단체가 위해를 일으킬 가능성이 있다고 본다. 이에 본 연구는 G20 정상회의가 주로 진행되는 장소인 주행사장과 숙소에서의 VIP 안전대책이 매우 중요하다고 판단하여 이에 대한 방안을 제시하는데 연구의 목적이 있다. 본 연구에서는 국내 최초로 경호원리 중 세계 각국에서 공통적으로 '3선경호원리'를 채택하고 있으므로 이 원리에 입각하여 1선(안전구역) 2선(경비구역) 3선(경계구역)별로 대응방안을 도출하고 VIP 안전대책을 위하여 정책적으로 반영하여야 할 의견도 함께 제시하였다. 결론적으로 G20 정상회의에 대비하여 주(主) 행사장에서의 VIP 안전대책을 위한 방안으로 1선(안전구역)에서는 첫째, 직가시 승하차지점에 대한 차단대책 강구해야 한다. 둘째, 노출지역에서는 과감하게 근접도보대형을 강화해야 한다. 2선(경비구역)에서는 첫째, 주 행사장의 특수성을 고려하여 출입통제대책을 강구해야 한다. 둘째, 행사비표 내에 RFID 기능이 포함된 효율적인 비표운용계획을 도입해야 한다. 3선(경계구역)에서는 첫째, 각종 요인테러대비, 정 첩보 수집 및 해외 정보기관과의 공조 하에 대테러 정보수집체계를 강화해야 한다. 둘째, 경호 행사인력에 대한 유사시 비상대책훈련을 실시해야 한다. 셋째, VIP 제대의 일정한 속도를 유지하기 위하여 효율적인 교통통제시스템을 운용해야 한다. 마지막으로 VIP 안전대책을 위해 정책적으로 반영하여야 할 점은 첫째, VIP 숙소의 효율적인 분산배치 및 통제가 이루어져야 한다. 둘째, 다양한 기만작전을 활용하여 불순분자가 오판하여 공격이 실패하도록 하여야 한다. 셋째, 북한 대남공작 기구의 개편에 따라 금번 G20 정상회의부터는 강력한 '군사지원대책'을 추진해야 한다. 이를 위해 국방부 주관 하에 전 후방 군사대비태세를 보다 강화하고, 화생방테러에 대비하여 탐지 및 제독에도 적극 적으로 대응할 것을 제안하고자 한다.

• 지역사회간호학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.109-129
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• 1994

Chronic health problems has become a major concern and challenge to the health care professionals today. Especially hypertension, one of the leading primary cause of death in Korea, is a typical chronic disease requiring adequate and continuous management. Though these hypertensives need to maintain desirable health practice by themselves for their life time, many previous studies indicated that most of the essential hypertensives have no specific symptoms and thus, reluctant to follow appropriate medical regimens causing the condition further aggravated and complicated. Self-care is an essential factor that keeps chronic patients in control of their health and wellness. Thus this study was conducted to identify the effect of the comprehensive self-regulation program as a nursing intervention on the promotion self-care performance and improvement in physical parameters of hypertensives. For this purpose, a one group quasi-experimental research with pre and post test design was used. The subjects of the study was consisted of thirty persons with mild or moderate essential hypertension from two companies in Cheong-ju city. The whole program was carried out from October, 1993 to February, 1994. The self-regulation program was consisted with group education on hypertension and self-care, self-regulation including the blood pressure self-monitoring and recording, recording of daily self-care activities, and encouraging and reinforcing self-efficacy through verbal persuation and enactive attainment. The subjects were asked to measure their own blood pressure by themselves twice per day and to record blood pressure and the daily self-care performance according to the instructions provided during the whole period of 9 weeks. The instruments used for data collection in this study were as follows : 1) Instruments used for measuring the knowledge about hypertension, multiple health locus of control, and perceived benifits and barriers were adapted from previous studies and modified by author to be fit for the subjects. 2) Self-efficacy scale and self-care performance record were developed by the author. 3) Physiological parameters included systolic / diastolic blood pressure, body weight, level of blood cholesterol, and 24hour ambulatory blood pressure. The post-experimental Cronbach's Alpha as the reliability test of scales were 0.703-0.897, an appropriate level of confidence. The effect of the program was analyzed by experimental stages ; the first week, the fifth week, and the ninth week since the experimental imput began. Data were analyzed by the SPSS PC+ program with paired t-test and t-test, repeated measure ANOVA, and pearson's correlation to de termine the effect of program. The results were as follows : 1) After the self-regulation program, scores on knowledge(t=-2.41, p=.011), perceived self-efficacy (F=5.60, p=.001), self-care performance(F=22.31, p=.0001) were significantly higher than those before the program. 2) After the program, both systolic and diastolic blood pressure were significantly lower than those before the program(F=10.89 -13.11, p=.0001). However in 24hour ambulatory blood pressure, systolic mean pressure was nearly significantly lower, but not in diastolic mean pressure. 3) After the program, the body weight was significant decresed(t=5.53, p=.0001), but the blood cholesterol level was not decreased significantly except in those cases with higher cholesterol level. 4) There were significant relationships between changes in self-care performance and diastolic pressure at 1st week (r=.3389, p=.033) and changes in self-care performance and systolic pressure at 9th week(r=.3651, p=.024). 5) There were significant relationship between perceived self-efficacy and self-care performance at 5th week(r=.5313, p=.001) and 9th week (r=.3026, p=.052). 6) After the program, internal health locus of control and perceived benefits did not show significant change, but perceived barriers was significantly lower than those before the program (t=3.57, p=.0001). From the above results, it can be concluded that 1) The self-regulation program is an effective nursing strategy to promote self-care performance of hypertensives and to lower the blood pressure. Thus this program can be recommended in the management of the hypertensives in workplaces and community settings. 2) The synthesis of Orem's self-care theory and Bandura's self-regulation & self-efficacy theory in this study was proved to enhance explanation and prediction of the change of self-care behavior. Thus the result of the study would contribute in development of the self-care theory and an expansion of practice-theory.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.207-228
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• 2007

Measuring Information Technology(IT) organizations' activities have been limited to mainly measure financial indicators for a long time. However, according to the multifarious functions of Information System, a number of researches have been done for the new trends on measurement methodologies that come with financial measurement as well as new measurement methods. Especially, the researches on IT Balanced Scorecard(BSC), concept from BSC measuring IT activities have been done as well in recent years. BSC provides more advantages than only integration of non-financial measures in a performance measurement system. The core of BSC rests on the cause-and-effect relationships between measures to allow prediction of value chain performance measures to allow prediction of value chain performance measures, communication, and realization of the corporate strategy and incentive controlled actions. More recently, BSC proponents have focused on the need to tie measures together into a causal chain of performance, and to test the validity of these hypothesized effects to guide the development of strategy. Kaplan and Norton[2001] argue that one of the primary benefits of the balanced scorecard is its use in gauging the success of strategy. Norreklit[2000] insist that the cause-and-effect chain is central to the balanced scorecard. The cause-and-effect chain is also central to the IT BSC. However, prior researches on relationship between information system and enterprise strategies as well as connection between various IT performance measurement indicators are not so much studied. Ittner et al.[2003] report that 77% of all surveyed companies with an implemented BSC place no or only little interest on soundly modeled cause-and-effect relationships despite of the importance of cause-and-effect chains as an integral part of BSC. This shortcoming can be explained with one theoretical and one practical reason[Blumenberg and Hinz, 2006]. From a theoretical point of view, causalities within the BSC method and their application are only vaguely described by Kaplan and Norton. From a practical consideration, modeling corporate causalities is a complex task due to tedious data acquisition and following reliability maintenance. However, cause-and effect relationships are an essential part of BSCs because they differentiate performance measurement systems like BSCs from simple key performance indicator(KPI) lists. KPI lists present an ad-hoc collection of measures to managers but do not allow for a comprehensive view on corporate performance. Instead, performance measurement system like BSCs tries to model the relationships of the underlying value chain in cause-and-effect relationships. Therefore, to overcome the deficiencies of causal modeling in IT BSC, sound and robust causal modeling approaches are required in theory as well as in practice for offering a solution. The propose of this study is to suggest critical success factors(CSFs) and KPIs for measuring performance for IT organizations and empirically validate the casual relationships between those CSFs. For this purpose, we define four perspectives of BSC for IT organizations according to Van Grembergen's study[2000] as follows. The Future Orientation perspective represents the human and technology resources needed by IT to deliver its services. The Operational Excellence perspective represents the IT processes employed to develop and deliver the applications. The User Orientation perspective represents the user evaluation of IT. The Business Contribution perspective captures the business value of the IT investments. Each of these perspectives has to be translated into corresponding metrics and measures that assess the current situations. This study suggests 12 CSFs for IT BSC based on the previous IT BSC's studies and COBIT 4.1. These CSFs consist of 51 KPIs. We defines the cause-and-effect relationships among BSC CSFs for IT Organizations as follows. The Future Orientation perspective will have positive effects on the Operational Excellence perspective. Then the Operational Excellence perspective will have positive effects on the User Orientation perspective. Finally, the User Orientation perspective will have positive effects on the Business Contribution perspective. This research tests the validity of these hypothesized casual effects and the sub-hypothesized causal relationships. For the purpose, we used the Partial Least Squares approach to Structural Equation Modeling(or PLS Path Modeling) for analyzing multiple IT BSC CSFs. The PLS path modeling has special abilities that make it more appropriate than other techniques, such as multiple regression and LISREL, when analyzing small sample sizes. Recently the use of PLS path modeling has been gaining interests and use among IS researchers in recent years because of its ability to model latent constructs under conditions of nonormality and with small to medium sample sizes(Chin et al., 2003). The empirical results of our study using PLS path modeling show that the casual effects in IT BSC significantly exist partially in our hypotheses.

• 한국보건간호학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.5-46
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• 1989

The current medical payment Insurance Rates in Korea stipulate charges for medical treatment by the doctor, pharmaceutist, medical technician and maternity nurse. But unfortunately didn't specify those charges for nursing done by the professional nurse. Only basic nursing fee is accounted insufficiently in current medical insurance fee schedule. therefore, Being face with covering entire people by medical insurance by 1991, It seems that the problems pertaining to operating the hospital and medical insurance system would be incessantly expanded in that no mention is made of medical charges rendered by major medical producer service in the current system, For that reason, this study made an attempt to clarify the importance the professional nursing puts of the current medical payment. The purpose of this study was to accounting nursing fee which diveded into the current medical fee schedule. (Method) 1. Data collection; Importance and difficulties in nursing activities was conducted in 'S' National University Hospital. Total nursing activities were selected 72 items which included direct care and indirect care. This study was conducted to evaluating the degree of importance and difficulties according to nursing activities through questionnaire to 204 RN. and so relative difficulties (acuity) were computered because the nursing cost level of each nursing service was differently established by the equivalent coefficient according to degree of relative difficulty and time required. 2. Calculation of cost according to nursing activities; After 47 nursing activities were selected in General surgery nursing units, calculation of nursing cost was as follows Cost of Nursing activity = (relative difficulty X Average hourly wage and benefits of nurse) + material cost of nursing -t- Average nursing administration cost So, Calculated cost by nursing activities was compared to current non-insured and insurance rate. 3. Calculation of nursing cost by K - DRG ; Total of 578 patients who were hospitalized in General Surgery units from January to March 1988 ware classified by K - DRG After estimation of total nursing cost based on the K-DRG, verified the appropriateness of basic nursing fee in medical insurance rate (Results) 1. Analysis of degree of importance and difficulties were 4.16 and 3.67 based on 5 point scale. This score were judged that it is worthy specifying the nursing fee 2. The nursing cost of 47 nursing service items in general surgery patients showed that the average cost of nursing activity was \1374.5 and The lowest cost was \217 of 'oral administration nursing' item, The highest cost was \11,025 of 'saline enematill clear' item 3. The result of comparison between the calculated cost by nursing activities against the current non-insured and insurance rate showed that 13 items(27.7%) involved to payment of insurance rate, 9 items(19.1%) involved to non-insured rate, remainder 25 items (53.2%) were not charged anywhere of total 47 nursing activities 4. When calculated cost by nursing activities was 100. current insurance rate was 62.3, non-insured rate was 176.6. Therefore this showed that most of non-insured rate were higher than calculated nursing cost. The insurance rate, however, were lower than it. Reim-bursement was imputed to non-insured patients. So the current rate system became estrainged from cost system. When Remainder 25 items of nursing activities compared' to \1390 of daily basic nursing fee per patient belonged to payment as a insurance fee schedule, basic nursing fee schedule was 1-2% of calculated cost of nursing activities. Therefore it showed that nursing fee was not counted adequately in it. 5. Nursing cost by K-DRG estimated in chart review based on counting number of nursing activities and length of stay The result showed that average amount of total nursing cost was \183828.1 Comparison of nursing cost calculated by K- DRG and basic nursing fee schedule showed that only 12.3% of nursing cost was charged (Conclusion) From the above research result, It is fact that nursing prime cost should be estimated more accurately and included adequately in current medical payment system. The payment system of nursing activities should be introduced not only nursing activities of drug administration and injection fee belonged to insurance fee schedule but also most nursing activities belonged not to mekical fee schedule. Even if introducing payment system of nursing activities, It should be estimated scientific method of Accounting nursing cost So nurses could offer nursing care of good quality, thereby they could make a great contribution not merely to the convalescence of the patient but to the promotion of the people's health.

• 한국보건간호학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.116-131
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• 1998

This study was undertaken to obtain the menstrual patterns and menstrual discomforts in women university students. For the data collection, self-administered questionnaire survey was made from December 10, 1996 to January 20, 1997 among the 180 women university students in Seoul. The resultant data were processed by SAS program for frequency, proportion, and chi-square test. The results of this study are as follows ; 1) The mean age of the subjects was 20.6 years old. The mean height was 162cm and weight was 52.3Kg. $26.9\%$ of the subjects responded that they had experienced the unbalanced diet, $56\%$ the irregular meal, $39.6\%$intermittent dizziness, and $63.4\%$ the premenstrual syndrome. $53.7\%$ had feeling that skin temperature of their four extremities was 'a little lower than others'. The mean BMI(Body Mass Index) was 19.8, 'normal level' was $41.8\%$. $18.7\%$ responded that their characters were 'introspective ones'. The mean age of menache was 13.8 years old. The subjects responded that the mean number of pads they used per day during menstrual periods was 4.6 sheets. The mean duration of menstruation was 5.4 days, $10.4\%$ responded that their menstrual cycles were 'extremely regular', $44.8\%$ was 'regular', $36.6\%$ was 'a little irregular', and $8.2\%$ was 'extremely irregular'. Out of them who had experienced the dysmenorrhea, $21.3\%$ had family history of dysmenorrhea in connection with their mother and $35.0\%$ in their sisters. The mean of the first time that they experienced dysmenorrhea was 15 years old. $94\%$ of the subjects responded that they had experienced the dysmeorrhea. $47.6\%$ of the subjects responded that they experienced the dysmenorrhea 'monthly' and $52.4\%$ 'intermittently'. $53.0\%$ of them who had experienced dysmenorrhea responded that dysmenorrhea was the severest 'on the first menstrual day' and $22.4\%$ 'on the second day'. $48.8\%$ of them who had experienced dysmenorrhea responded that the most painful region was 'low abdomen'. $40\%$ of them who had experienced dysmenorrhea responded that they used 'analgesics' to soothe dysmenorrhea, $24.8\%$ used nothing, $18.4\%$ lay in their beds or slept, and $12\%$ made their 'low abdomen' warm. $70.3\%$ who had used analgesics because of dysmenorrhea took analgesics 'one or two times per month', $25.7\%$ 'intermittently', and $4.0\%$ more than 3 times per month. The analgesics which they used were 'geworin$(33.8\%)$,' 'penzal$(32.4\%)$', 'tyrenol$(18.9\%)$', and 'aspirin$(4.2\%)$'. $(47.9\%)$ of them who took analgesics because of dysmenorrhea responded that the duration of analgesics effect was '4 to 8 hours'. $15.1\%$ of them who experienced dysmenorrhea responded that they had visited the hospital. 2) The incidence of premenstrual syndrome was no significant difference according to the BMI, unbalanced diet, pattern of meal, skin temperature of four extremites, and characters. 3) The incidence of dysmenorrhea was significant difference according to the BMI, unbalanced diet, pattern of meal, skin temperature of four extremites, and characters. 4) The incidence of analgesics usage was significant difference according to the BMI, subjects with low BMI took more analgesics than those with normal BMI (p<.05). The incidence of analgesics usage was significant difference in accordance with pattern of meal. The women who had a meal regularly took more analgesics than those who had a meal irregularly(p<.05). But the incidence of analgesics usage was no significant difference in accordance with the unbalanced diet, characters, the incidence of dizziness, skin temperature of four extremities, the incidence of premenstrual syndrome.