• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.8
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• pp.967-972
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• 2006

The antioxidative and antimicrobial activities were determined on the mushroom (Sarcodon aspratus) extracts in order to find out new food functional components. The antioxidative activities of water and ethanol extracts from the Sarcodon aspratus were measured by peroxide values (POV), electron-donating ability (EDA) using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydroxyl (DPPH), nitrite-scavenging ability and superoxide dismutase-like activity (SODA) by pyrogallol. The antioxidative activity of the ethanol extract measured by POV was higher than those of the water extract, BHT, and ${\alpha}-tocopherol$. The EDA of the water extract and ethanol extract using DPPH showed the highest values of 76.94% and 73.06%, respectively. The nitrite-scavenging abilities (pH 1.2, 1,000 ppm) of the water and ethanol extracts were 72.61% and 62.69%, respectively, and the nitrite-scavenging ability of the water extract was higher than that of the ethanol extract in all pH values. The SODA of the ethanol extract was higher than that of the water extract. The Sarcodon aspratus extracts had antimicrobial effects on Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1998.06a
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• pp.231-243
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• 1998

In the present study, we provide evidence that ginsenoside $Rh_2$ (G-$Rh_2$) as well as staurosporine induces apoptosis of human hepatoma SK-HEP-1 cells by caspase 3-mediated processing of $p21^{WAFI/CIPI}$ in the early stage of apoptosls. Immunoblottings showed that G-$Rh_2$ as well as statrosporine induced the processing of caspase-3 to an active form, pl7. In stable Bcl-2 transfectants however, G-$Rh_2$ induced DNA fragmentation, while staurosporine did not. In the early stage of apoptosis, $p21^{WAFI/CIPI}$ was detected to undergo proteolytic processing specifically conducted by caspase-3. $p21^{WAFI/CIPI}$ translated in vitro was cleaved into a p14 fragment, when incubated with cell extracts obtained from either G-$Rh_2$- or staurosporine-treated cells. Cleavage was equally inhibited in both cases by adding Ac-DEVD-cho, a specific caspase-3 inhibitor, but not by Ac-YVkD-cho, a specific caspase-l inhibitor. Similarly, $p21^{WAFI/CIPI}$ was efficiently leaved by recombinant caspase-3 overexpressed in E. coli. Moreover, the endogenous $p21^{WAFI/CIPI}$ of untreated-cell extracts was also cleaved by recombinant caspase-3. Mutation analysis allowed identification of two caspase-3 cleavage sites, $DHVD^{112}$/L and $SMTD^{149}$/F, which are located within, or near the interaction domains for cyclins, Cdks, and PCNA. Taken together, these results show that G-$Rh_2$ as well as staurosporine increases caspase-3 activity, which in turn directly cleaves $p21^{WAFI/CIPI}$ resulting in elevation of Cdk kinase activity in the early stages of apoptosis. We propose that proteolytic cleavage of $p21^{WAFI/CIPI}$ is a functionally relevant event that allows unleashing the cyclin/Cdk activity from the inhibitor seen in the earlier stage of apoptosis, the event of which may be associated with the triggering mechanism for the execution of apoptosis.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2018.04a
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• pp.67-67
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• 2018

Trichoderma species are a rich source of metabolites, but less known for biomedical potential. This work deals with antibacterial and antioxidant potentials of intracellular non-cytotoxic metabolites, extracted from Trichoderma atroviride (KNUP001). A total of 53 fractions was collected by column chromatography and tested for cytotoxicity by MTT assay. Only one fraction (F41) was found to be non-toxic to Vero cells with $95.4{\pm}0.61%$ of survival. The F41 was then subjected to chemical analysis, antibacterial and antioxidant assays. The F41 at $500{\mu}g.ml^{-1}$ showed the total antioxidant of $48.70{\pm}2.90%$, DPPH radical scavenging activity of $37.25{\pm}2.25$, nitric oxide (NO) radical scavenging activity of $54.55{\pm}1.95$ and $H_2O_2$ radical scavenging activity of $43.75{\pm}3.21$. The F41 at $25{\mu}g.ml^{-1}$ displayed antibacterial activity against E. coli ($14.25{\pm}0.2mm$), P. mirabilis ($10.4{\pm}0.6mm$), S. dysenteriae ($18.6{\pm}03mm$), S. paratyphi A ($14.1{\pm}1.1mm$), E. aerogenes ($5.6{\pm}0.4mm$) and S. marcescens ($14.25{\pm}0.2mm$). GC-MS analysis revealed the dominant presence of oleic acid C 18.1 (63.18%), n-hexadecanoic acid (6.17%), and ethyl oleate (4.93%) and potent molecules such as 8-[(2E)-2-(3-hydroxybenzylidene)hydrazinyl]-1,3,7-trimethyl-3,7-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6-dione, 2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl (1Z)-N-hydroxy-2-(4-morpholinyl)-2-oxoethanimidothioate, Fluorene in the F41, and virtual study revealed that these molecules are likely responsible for the antibacterial activities of F41. Hence, further investigation deserves on purification and characterization of the active metabolites from T. atroviride strain KNUP001 towards developing molecular leads to effective antibacterial drugs, and non-toxic to host cells.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.570-578
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• 2009

The present study was conducted to investigate the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of green tea at different harvest time. The leaves were collected in late March(Ilro), early April(Okro and Ujeon), late April(Sejak), and early May(Eoksu and Hanra). The total polyphenol content of Sejak was highest (28.87mg TAE/g). Electron donating abilities toward $\alpha$,$\alpha$-diphenyl-$\beta$-picyryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical were approximately 80%. SOD-like activities were above 30%, where ujeon showed the highest activity ($38.95{\pm}0.96%$). The nitrite scavenging ability was pH-dependent and shown to be highest at pH 1.2, and lowest at pH 6.0. The inhibitory effects against the angiotensin I converting enzyme were over 85%, except for Okro ($58.22{\pm}4.66%$) and Hanra ($77.96{\pm}3.83%$). The tyrosinase inhibition rate increased with harvest time. Okro showed the highest caffeine content ($3.86{\pm}0.32%$) and had the highest antimicrobial activities against Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhimurium. The combined results of this work revealed that the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of green tea were independent of harvest time.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.576-582
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• 2017

This study evaluated the microbial quality of dried and powdered foods during storage with increased humidity because of climate change. Five types of dried and powdered foods (dried shredded squid, wheat flour, Sunsik, red pepper powder, and roasted sesame seed) were stored at different relative humidities (RH 23%, 43%, 68%, 85%, and 100%) and changes in water activity and microbial populations were measured during storage at $35^{\circ}C$ for 15 days. The results revealed that water activity values of dried and powdered foods were significantly increased during storage when samples were stored at RH 85 and 100%. In addition, levels of total mesophilic bacteria, yeast, and mold were significantly increased after storage for 6 days or 9 days at RH 85% and 100%. However, levels of Escherichia coli and coliform did not increase significantly during storage. Based on these findings, dried and powdered foods should not be stored at high RH because the increased water activity enables microbial growth.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.1519-1526
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• 2010

The behavior of peptide or protein solutes in saline aqueous solution is a fundamental topic in physical chemistry. Addition of ions can strongly alter the thermodynamic and physical properties of peptide molecules in solution. In order to study the effects of added ionic salts on protein conformation and dynamics, we have used the molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to investigate the behavior of Staphylococcus aureus Hfq protein under two different ionic concentrations: 0.1 M NaCl and 1.0 M NaCl in presence and absence of RNA (a hepta-oligoribonucleotide AU5G). Hfq, a global regulator of gene expression is highly conserved and abundant RNA-binding protein. It is already reported that in vivo the increase of ionic strength results in a drastic reduction of Hfq affinity for $Q{\beta}$ RNA and reduces the tendency of aggregation of Escherichia coli host factor hexamers. Our results revealed the crucial role of 0.1 M NaCl Hfq system on the bases with strong hydrogen bonding interactions and by stabilizing the aromatic stacking of Tyr42 residue of the adjacent subunits/monomers with the adenine and uridine nucleobases. An increase in RNA pore diameter and weakened compactness of the Hfq-RNA complex was clearly observed in 1.0 M NaCl Hfq system with bound RNA. Aggregation of monomers in Hfq and the interaction of Hfq with RNA are greatly affected due to the presence of high ionic strength. Higher the ionic concentration, weaker is the aggregation and interaction. Our results were compatible with the experimental data and this is the first theoretical report for the experimental study done in 1980 by Uhlenbeck group for the present system.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.321-331
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• 2011

Mycobacterium bovis, a member of the M. tuberculosis complex (MTC), is the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis. Detection of M. bovis and M. tuberculosis using conventional culture- and biochemical-based assays is time-consuming. Therefore, a simple and sensitive molecular assay for rapid detection would be of great help in specific situations such as faster diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) infection in the abattoirs. We developed a novel multiplex real-time PCR assay which was applied directly to biological samples with evidence of bTB and it was allowed to differentiate between M. bovis and M. tuberculosis. The primers and TaqMan probes were designed to target the IS1081 gene, the multi-copy insertion element in the MTC and the 12.7-kb fragment which presents in M. tuberculosis, not in the M. bovis genome. The assay was optimized and validated by testing 10 species of mycobacteria including M. bovis and M. tuberculosis, and 10 other bacterial species such as Escherichia coli, and cattle lymph nodes (n=113). The tests identified 96.4% (27/28) as M. bovis from the MTC-positive bTB samples using conventional PCR for specific insertion elements IS1081. And MTC-negative bTB samples (n=85) were tested using conventional PCR and the real-time PCR. When comparative analyses were conducted on all bovine samples, using conventional PCR as the gold standard, the relative accuracy of real-time PCR was 99.1%, the relative specificity was 100%, and the agreement quotient (kappa) was 0.976. The detection limits of the real-time PCR assays for M. bovis and M. tuberculosis genomic DNA were 10 fg and 0.1 pg per PCR reaction, respectively. Consequently, this multiplex real-time PCR assay is a useful diagnotic tool for the identification of MTC and differentiation of M. bovis and M. tuberculosis, as well as the epidemiologic surveillance of animals slaughtered in abattoir.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.225-230
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• 1999

In mouse, the heat shock protein 70-2 (hsp70-2) is found to have special function in spermatogenesis. Based on the observation, the hypothesis that human hspA2 (human gene; 98.2% amino acid homology with hsp70-2) might have important function in spermatogenesis in human testes was proposed. To test the hypothesis, we examined the expression of hspA2 in human tissues. Expression vector pDMC4 for expression of the human hspA2 protein using pTricHisB (invitrogen, USA) was constructed and the expressed hspA2 protein was cross-reacted with antiserum 2A raised against mouse hsp70-2 protein. Based on the cross-reactivity, we determined the expression level of hspA2 protein in human tissues by western blot analysis using the antiserum 2A. We demonstrated that antiserum 2A antibodies detected human hspA2 protein with specificity which was produced in the E.coli expression system. On Western blot analyses, significant hspA2 expression was observed in testes with normal spermatogenesis, whereas a low level of hspA2 was expressed in testis with Sertoli-cell only syndrome. Also, a small amount of hspA2 was detected in breast, stomach, prostate, colon, liver, ovary, and epididymis. These results demonstrate that the hspA2 protein is highly expressed in male specific germ cells, which in turn suggests that hspA2 protein might playa specific role during meiosis in human testes as suggested in the murine model. However, further studies should be attempted to determine the function of hspA2 protein in human spermatogenesis.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.19-27
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• 1981

This Study was conducted at Intensive Care Unit of H & S Hospitals from Jan 4 to April 7, 1981 on 14mail & 26female adult patients. Each patient was screened and found to have nonbacteriuria in clean catch specimen before catheterization. Clean catch apecimen through Foley catheter were obtained after 24hours, 48hours and 72hours from catheterization. The result of this study is reviewed in a statistical analysis of percentage ＆ Chi Square test to obtain the following findings. 1) The occurenc of bacteriuria in patients according to duration of indwelling catheter. a. 9.1％ of the patient showed evidence of bacteriuria 24hours post catheterization specimen and 60％ showed 48hours post cathetreization, while 68.4％ of the patient showed evidence of bacteriuria 72hours post catheterization specimen. The occurence of bacteriuria in patients were significant differences at 1％ level between duration of indwelling catheter. b. Mail patients had no infection 24hours post catheterization, 50％ displayed bacteriuria 48hours post catheterization ＆ 62.5％ displayed bacteriuria 71hours post catheterization. 11.1％ of femail patients displayed infection 24hours post catheterization 66.7％ displayed infection 48hours post catheterization and 72.7％ displayed infection 72hours post catheterization. There were significant differences at 1％ level between bacteriuria occurence of mail ＆ femail patients and the duration of insertion. 2) 56％ of those patient who have altered mental state developed bacteriuria, while 40％ of those patient who have alear mental state developed bacteriuria. But there was without statistically any significant difference between patient's mental status. 3) The occurence of bacteriuria with the administration of antibiotics in 36 patient was in 50％. The occurence of bacteriuria without the administration of antibiotics in 4 patients was in 50％. But there was without statistically any significant difference between the administration of antibiotics. 4) The occurence of bacteriuria in patients according to frequency of bladder irrigation. 50％ of those patient who irrigated twice a day developed bacteriuria, 63.6％ of those patient who irrigated once a day developed bacteriuria. The occurence of bacteriuria in patients were significant differences at 1％ level between frequency of bladder irrigation. 5) The occurence of bacteriuria in patients who did perineal care once a day was 58.1％, 22.6％ of those patient who did perineal care twice a day developed bacteriuria. But there was without statistically any signiticant differences between frequency of perineal care. 6) Most frequent bacteria of all bacterial strains isolated by culture of the urine was E. coli(45％). Enterococci & Staphylococcus were 15％ respectively.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.109-116
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• 2011

Periodontitis results from the activation of host immune and inflammatory defense responses to subgingival plaque bacteria, most of which are gram-negative rods with lipopoly-saccharides (LPSs) in their cell walls. LPSs have been known to induce proinflammatory responses and recently it was reported also that they induce the expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) in host cells. In our current study therefore, we aimed to examine and compare the miRNA expression patterns induced by the LPSs of major periodontopathogens in the human gingival epithelial cell line, Ca9-22. The cells were treated with 1 ${\mu}g$/ml of E. coli (Ec) LPS or 5 ${\mu}g$/ml of an LPS preparations from four periodontopathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), Prevotella intermedia (Pi), Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), and Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn) for 24 h. After small RNA extraction from the treated cells, miRNA microarray analysis was carried out and characteristic expression profiles were observed. Fn LPS most actively induced miRNAs related to inflammation, followed by Aa LPS, Pi LPS, and Ec LPS. In contrast, Pg LPS only weakly activated miRNAs related to inflammation. Among the miRNAs induced by each LPS, miR-875-3p, miR-449b, and miR-520d-3p were found to be commonly up-regulated by all five LPS preparations, although at different levels. When we further compared the miRNA expression patterns induced by each LPS, Ec LPS and Pi LPS were the most similar although Fn LPS and Aa LPS also induced a similar miRNA expression pattern. In contrast, the miRNA profile induced by Pg LPS was quite distinctive compared with the other bacteria. In conclusion, miR-875-3p, miR-449b, and miR-520d-3p miRNAs are potential targets for the diagnosis and treatment of periodontal inflammation induced by subgingival plaque biofilms. Furthermore, the observations in our current study provide new insights into the inflammatory miRNA response to periodontitis.