• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.109-124
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• 2024

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a virtual reality-based complex cognitive training program for depression, cognitive function, and digital divide reduction in the elderly who have not been diagnosed with dementia or MCI. Methods : We enrolled 16 participants who were over 65 years old and not been diagnosed with dementia or MCI. We randomly divided into three groups (A, B, C). Participants underwent an 8-week virtual reality-based complex cognitive training program (60 minutes each session, twice per week). At a baseline, all participants completed questionnaires on general features, depression and cognitive function. After four weeks, all participants completed questionnaires on depression and cognitive function. After the end of the last program, participants conducted questionnaires on depression, cognitive function, and usability evaluation. Results : At the 8-week follow-up, 16 participants completed the program. Compared to the baseline, the average score of cognitive function was increased (from 26.5 to 28.5), although it was not statistically significant (p<.061). There were no significant differences between baseline and post-training evaluations on depression scores. The average score of usability evaluation was 75.56, which corresponds to good. Conclusion : Even though the results showed no statistically significant findings in cognitive function and depression after the virtual reality-based complex cognitive training intervention, this pilot study proposed the possibility of utilizing the virtual reality program as a tool that provides active learning opportunities for the elderly and helps improve their cognitive function through multi-sensory components. Also, the findings of this study suggested a positive reevaluation of the elderly's digital access capabilities while reducing the digital divide. A virtual reality-based complex cognitive training program improved the social network of the elderly. We expect that it will expand in size and help with their social participation of the elderly.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.155-164
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• 2021

Purpose : The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation and virtual reality program application on cognition and depression of patients with mild cognitive impairment, and to find an intervention method that can enhance active participation of patients with mild cognitive impairment. Methods : In this study, 50 mild cognitive impairment patients were divided into a treatment group (25 patients) and a control group (25 patients). The treatment group was applied with a transcranial direct current stimulation and a virtual reality program, while the control group received a placebo transcranial direct current stimulation and a virtual reality program. Both groups received five 50-minute sessions per week (one session per day) for six weeks (total of 30 sessions). NCSE was used to evaluate the cognitive functions of the patients before and after treatment intervention. Moreover, K-BDI was conducted to examine the depression of the patients. Results : As a result of the transcranial direct current stimulation and a virtual reality program intervention, the cognitive function of both treatment and control group significantly (p<.05) improved, and the depression of both treatment and control group significantly (p<.05) decreased. Moreover, the changes in cognitive functions and depression were significant between the two groups¸ treatment and control group (p<.05). Conclusion : The results of the study showed that the application of the transcranial direct current stimulation and virtual reality program significantly improved the cognitive function of mild cognitive impairment patients and decreased the depression of them. Therefore, it could be concluded that the transcranial direct current stimulation and virtual reality program was an intervention method which positively affects the cognitive function and depression of mild cognitive impairment patients.

• Journal of The Korea Institute of Healthcare Architecture
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• v.5 no.9
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• pp.107-116
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is to present reference materials for the planning and research of related environments by introducing the theoretical background and samples of the environments for older people with cognitive impairments. Major contents of the study include cognitive impairments and residential facility of older people, model environments for special care unit, therapeutic dimensions of environments, outdoor garden, activity calendar, and site-visits of the sample facilities. Some results of the study could be summarized as follows ; 1) Special care unit for the people with cognitive impairments has been required and developed. 2) Weiss Institute, Corrine Dolan Alzheimer Center, and Wood Place in Oakmont were analyzed as model environments. 3) Therapeutic dimensions such as safety & security, awareness & orientation, opportunities for socialization, regulated sensory stimulation, provisions for privacy, ties to the healthy & familiar, and autonomy & control were proposed. 4) The advantages of outdoor garden for the people with cognitive impairments were explained. 5) Activity calendar for a facility was introduced and recognized as a essential guide for environment planning. 6) Sample facilities showed small size households and various ideas of environments for the older people with cognitive impairments.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.909-919
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to apply the learning clinic program to the maladjusted children to help the cognitive processing style, sense type and learning strategy. The results were as follows. First, the cognitive processing style of low-grade elementary school children is divided into the concept of sequential low-order style, which analyzes information sequentially and consecutively, concrete thinking style that processes real and direct information coming in from outside, and invisible principle or information. The abstract cognitive thinking style improved after the process before the program proceeded. However, There was no meaningful result in the simultaneous processing cognitive style which had excellent intuition and emotion and likes change. Second, the temporal lobe in which the linguistic activity is viewed, heard and spoken in the sensory type, the function of the occipital lobe in which the character or the language is processed is improved, but the function of the parietal lobe in moving and manipulating the body is not significant. Finally, factors that contribute to learning such as sincerity, learning initiative, study method, study habits, and concentration are helpful in learning and school life.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.201-210
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• 2021

Purpose : There is a lack of research on this field in the Republic of Korea, especially those that have seen the effect of interaction between transcranial direct current stimulation and computerized cognitive rehabilitation therapy. This study divided 30 dementia patients into a treatment group, which received transcranial direct current stimulation and computerized cognitive rehabilitation, and a control group, which received pseudo-transcranial direct current stimulation and pseudo-computerized cognitive rehabilitation. This study evaluated the effects of these treatments on the visual perception, cognition functions, and daily activities of dementia patients. Methods : Fifteen subjects were allocated to the treatment group and the other 15 subjects were allocated to the control group. Treatments were given at intervals of five sessions per week (30 minutes per session) for six weeks (30 times in total). This study used the Neurobehavioral Cognitive Status Examination (NCSE) to examine cognitive functions, MVPT to evaluate visual perception, and FIM to test daily living activities before and after applying the treatments. Results : The results of this study showed that cognitive functions, visual perception, and daily living activities significantly (p<.05) improved after the intervention in the treatment group and the control group. The changes in cognitive functions, visual perception, and daily living activities due to the treatments were significantly different between the groups (p<.05). Conclusion : The results indicated that transcranial direct current stimulation and computerized cognitive rehabilitation therapy improved visual perception and daily living activities by increasing cognitive functions. Consequently, it was found that the simultaneous application of transcranial direct current stimulation in conjunction with a computerized cognitive rehabilitation program was an intervention method that could positively affect the visual perception, cognitive function, and daily living activities of dementia patients. Based on the results of this study, the study of arbitration protocols for demential will have to be more active.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.9
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• pp.1281-1287
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• 2012

In this study, soy milk jellys with medicinal herbs (MH) composites showing cognitive effects were prepared and their characteristics were examined. Eight kinds of medicinal herbs were extracted with hot water and added to soy milk based on their contents. Medicinal herbs showed cognitive effects, namely promoting acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition. In the preparation of soy milk jellys containing MH extracts of various contents (0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%), pH of all groups significantly (p<0.05) decreased with increasing MH extracts compared to the control group. The brix of the soy milk jellys was the highest in the 5% content of MH extracts among all groups. The "a" and "b" values of soy milk jellys increased with the content of MH extracts, while the "L" value decreased adding to the content of MH extracts compared to the control. The hardness, gumminess, and chewiness of soy milk jellys were improved the most by the addition of 15~20% MH extracts, while the fracturability, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, and resilience of soy milk jelly was not significantly different (p<0.05) among all groups. Through a sensory evaluation, it was revealed that the taste, texture, overall preference, flavor, and sweetness of soy milk jellys was not significantly different (p<0.05) among all groups. Therefore, since the addition of 20% MH extracts did not significantly alter the sensory evaluation, it can usually be adjusted to make soy milk jellys with cognitive effects.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.102-110
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• 2021

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristics of the perception of the somatic symptoms and the cognitive emotion regulation strategies in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Methods : A total of 48 patients meeting DSM-5 criteria for PTSD and 48 normal controls were recruited for participation in this study. We evaluated subjects using Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS), Somato-Sensory Amplification Scale (SSAS), Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A) and Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ). We analyzed data using an independent t-test and Pearson's correlation analysis. Results : In terms of SSAS, PTSD patients presented higher average SSAS scores than normal controls but the result is not statistically significant. In PTSD patients, the severity of PTSD is significantly correlated with CERQ-rumination and CERQ-catastrophizing. The SSAS scores of PTSD patients show the significant positive correlation with PTSD hyperarousal symptoms, CERQ-catastrophizing and CERQ-blaming others. Conclusions : These results reveal that patients with PTSD have maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies such as rumination and catastrophizing. Somato-sensory amplification seems to be related with PTSD hyperarousal, CERQ-catastrophizing and CERQ-blaming others. Therefore, reducing somato-sensory amplification, rumination and catastrophizing can be helpful to reduce PTSD symptoms and somatic symptoms in PTSD patients.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Sensory Integration
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.72-85
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• 2022

Objective : This study was conducted to examine self-selected goals and the outcome measures used in the Cognitive Orientation to daily Occupational Performance (CO-OP) approach for Developmental Coordination Disorder. Methods : Studies published from January 2012 to October 2022 in the PubMed, Embase, ScienceDirect, Cochrance Library databases were searched. Keywords used for search were ('developmental coordination disorder' OR 'DCD') AND ('Cognitive Orientation to daily Occupational Performance' OR 'Cognitive Orientation to Occupational Performance' OR 'CO-OP'). Among 211 searched studies, 7 selected studies that match the thesis of this study were analyzed. Results : The selected studies showed a relatively high level of evidence overall, including two randomized experimental studies, one non-random two-group study, three non-random one-group studies, one single-subject study. The self-selected goals preference of the children was high in the order of play, education, and daily life activities. Most of applicable sessions were conducted 10 times during a 1-h period, and intervention effects showed positive outcomes on the occupation performance motor domain. To measure the effectiveness of CO-OP, the improvement of occupational performance was evaluated using Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM) and Performance Quality Rating Scale (PQRS), and the improvement of motor skills was evaluated using Movement Assessment Battery for Children (M-ABC). Conclusion : This study is expected to be used as basic clinical data when applying the CO-OP approach to Developmental Coordination Disorder.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.53-62
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• 2023

Purpose : This study evaluated the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation and a virtual reality program on the depression, hand functions, cognitive function, and activities of daily living of patients with mild cognitive impairment by dividing 20 patients with mild cognitive impairment and depression. The 20 patients were divided into a treatment group (transcranial direct current stimulation + a virtual reality program) and a control group (placebo transcranial direct current stimulation + a placebo virtual reality program). Methods : This study allocated ten subjects to the treatment group and ten subjects to the control group. The treatment was given five times per week for six weeks (30 sessions), and each session was 30 minutes. This study screened depression by using SGDS-K, a short geriatric depression scale, to examine depression before and after treatment intervention. This study also used the box and block test, NCSE, and FIM to evaluate hand functions, cognitive function, and activities of daily living, respectively. Results : The results showed that depression significantly decreased, hand functions significantly increased, cognitive function significantly improved, and activities of daily living significantly increased after intervention in the treatment and control groups. The magnitude of changes in depression, hand functions, cognitive function, and activities of daily living was significantly different between the two groups after intervention (p>.05). Conclusion : The results showed that the application of transcranial direct current stimulation and a virtual reality program could improve cognitive function, hand functions, and activities of daily living by decreasing depression. Therefore, it can be concluded that the simultaneous application of transcranial direct current stimulation and a virtual reality program is an intervention method, which can be applied for decreasing depression, enhancing hand functions, improving cognitive function, and increasing activities of daily living in patients with mild cognitive impairment.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.33
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• pp.99-126
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• 2013

This study is meant to be seeing how fun of animation works by reviewing it theoretically and coordinating it to suggest the structure which integrates fun of animation and validates the proposed fun model. After reviewing fun theoretically, the fun of animation could be able to coordinate that fun of animation is consist of perceptive fun, cognitive fun, and psychological fun. Perceptive fun is induced by visual, auditory and other sensory information and it is directly affected the image, sound, and movement. Cognitive fun can be obtained by reasoning and interpretation to mobilize their knowledge with sensuously perceived stimulation and it is directly affected the story. Psychological fun occurs when the audience see the animation. The psychological fun is the psychological emotional state when the audience watches animation by relieving psychological congestion. It consists of fun of unfamiliarity or identification. By suggesting research model and validating it how the perceptive fun, cognitive fun, and psychological fun affects each other, perceptive fun enhances cognitive fun and psychological fun. Although cognitive fun enhances psychological fun, cognitive fun enhances psychological fun twice than perceptive fun. Also when perceptive fun affects psychological fun, cognitive fun shows the indirect effect as a parameter. In conclusion, perceptive fun affects psychological fun directly and be enhanced through cognitive fun. Fun of animation can be experienced when perceptive fun caused by accepting sensory information of animation instantly, cognitive fun caused by interpretation and understanding sensory information of animation, and psychological fun caused by relieving psychological identity through recognition fuses and acts as one. An animation emphasized a certain element is difficult to be loved by the audience. In this reason, an harmonical combination among the elements of story, image, sound and movement are important to combinate harmoniously for a successful animation to make the audiences fun by arising funny emotions.