• Journal of the Institute of Convergence Signal Processing
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.31-36
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• 2017

This study aims to develop an BCI speller utilizing eye-closed and double-blinking EEG based on asynchronous mechanism. The proposed system comprised a signal processing module and a graphical user interface (virtual keyboard-VK) with 26 English characters plus a special symbol. A detected "eye-closed" event induces the "select" command, whereas a "double-blinking" (DB) event functions the "undo" command. A three-class support vector machine (SVM) classifier involving EEG signal analysis of three groups of events ("eye-open"-idle state, "eye-closed", and "double -blinking") is proposed. The results showed that the proposed BCI could achieve an overall accuracy of 92.6% and a spelling rate of 5 letters/min on average. Overall, this study showed an improvement of accuracy and the spelling rate resulting from in the feasibility and reliability of implementing a real-world BCI speller.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.1-7
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of the balance training on the stable and unstable supporting surfaces for the subjects with functional ankle instability. Methods: Twenty-nine subjects with functional ankle instability were randomly assigned to the stable group (n=14) and the unstable group (n=15). Balance training was conducted twenty minutes a day on the stable surface for the stable group and on the airostep for the unstable group three times a week for four weeks. Balance training program was consisted of ten steps by eye opened or closed and two or one leg standing. X-speed for transverse balance and Y-speed for longitudinal balance were measured with eye opened and closed in affected leg standing position. Results: There were significant improvements of balance ability in eye opened (p<.01) and eye closed standing (p<.01) in stable group. Unstable group also showed significant improvements of balance ability in eye opened (p<.01) and eye closed standing (p<.01). There were no statistical differences in the magnitude of improvement between the groups (p<.05). Conclusions: Based on such results, it can be said that balance training on the stable surface is effective as much as training on the unstable surface for the subjects with functional ankle instability.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.14 no.12
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• pp.89-96
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• 2009

A lot of information is contained in an image or a movie rather than in a text, and it is very important thing to extract context from them. In this study, we propose a method to detect an open/closed eye and determine the location of a pupil in an eye image which is extracted from a movie. The image is normalized using transformation into bipolarization with white and black color and horizontalizing, and we measure width and height of an eye. With these information, we can determine the open or closed eye and the location of the pupil. Experiments were done with 52 images of eyes from movies using this method, and we get good results with 98% of correctness in detection of open/closed eyes and 95% in detection of pupil's location.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.181-185
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• 2012

Purpose: We investigated balance change in patients with low back pain (LBP) by comparing postural sway velocity between young LBP patients and healthy subjects. Methods: The cross-sectional study enrolled 37 young patients with over 3-month duration of LBP and 38 healthy subjects between the ages of 20 and 30 years old. All subjects were targeted by measuring their balance during quiet standing with open eye and closed eye conditions. The postural sway velocity between the LBP patients and healthy subjects was compared. As well, postural sway velocity was determined in the LBP patients with both eyes open and closed. Results: Significant differences were evident in the anteroposterior and mediolateral mean velocity of center-of-pressure between LBP patients and healthy subjects, and in LBP patients in the eye open and eye closed conditions. Conclusion: The balance of young LBP patients was worse than healthy subjects during quiet standing, and was especially lessened in the absence of vision.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.247-254
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• 1990

Chicken monocular head and eye optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) were observed by coil recordings after intravitreal administration of GABA antagonists (picrotoxin and bicuculline) into the opened and closed eye. Before injection of drugs the chicken displayed an OKN for T-N stimulation being more efficient in evoking this visuomotor reflex than for N-T stimulation. The injection of GABA antagonist into the opened eye provoked a decrease or disappearance of the head and eye OKN. On the other hand, the injection of GABA antagonist into the closed eye, the head and eye OKN augmented. Thus, GABA antagonist abolished the directional asymmetry of the head and eye OKN, indicating the involvement of GABAergic mechanisms in the inhibition of the N-T component of the monocular OKN.

• Journal of Auto-vehicle Safety Association
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.45-50
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• 2021

This study aimed to verify the criteria of the driver monitoring systems proposed by UNECE ACSF informal working group and the ministry of land, infrastructure, and transport of South Korea using driving behavior data. In order to verify the criteria, we investigated the safety regulations of driver monitoring systems in a conditional autonomous vehicle and found that the driver monitoring measures were related to eye blinks times, head movements, and eye closed duration. Thus, we took two different experimental data including real-world driving and simulator-based drowsy driving behaviors in previous studies. The real-world driving data were used for analyzing blink times and head movement intervals, and the drowsiness data were used for eye closed duration. In the drowsy driving study, 10 drivers drove approximately 37 km of a monotonous highway (about 22 min) twice. The results suggested that the appropriate duration of eyes continuously closed was 4 seconds. The results from real-world driving data were presented in the other paper - part 1.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• v.53 no.7
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• pp.67-77
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• 2016

In this paper, we propose an algorithm for open/closed eye detection based on modified Hausdorff distance. The proposed algorithm consists of two parts, face detection and open/closed eye detection parts. To detect faces in an image, MCT (Modified Census Transform) is employed based on characteristics of the local structure which uses relative pixel values in the area with fixed size. Then, the coordinates of eyes are found and open/closed eyes are detected using MHD (Modified Hausdorff Distance) in the detected face region. Firstly, face detection process creates an MCT image in terms of various face images and extract criteria features by PCA(Principle Component Analysis) on offline. After extraction of criteria features, it detects a face region via the process which compares features newly extracted from the input face image and criteria features by using Euclidean distance. Afterward, the process finds out the coordinates of eyes and detects open/closed eye using template matching based on MHD in each eye region. In performance evaluation, the proposed algorithm achieved 94.04% accuracy in average for open/closed eye detection in terms of test video sequences of gray scale with 30FPS/$320{\times}180$ resolution.

• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.97-101
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• 2011

Purpose: Nasal bone fracture is the most common type of facial bone fracture. The standard 6-view photography was not adequate to support the evaluation of nasal deformity and the results of closed reduction. The authors have standardized a bird's eye view photography to more effectively evaluate this nasal deformity. Methods: We reviewed the medical records and radiologic studies of 63 nasal bone fracture patients. We had taken clinical photography including bird's eye view that was standardized as nasal tip was aligned to Cupid's bow of upper lip and light was focused on the nasion of all 63 patients. Results: Nasal deviations and reductions were more noticeable on the newly standardized bird's eye view. This clinical photography was very useful to explain the results of reduction. Conclusion: It was concluded that this photography can be more reliable for evaluation of severity of nasal deformity and the result of closed reduction.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.94-102
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• 2011

In this paper, a novel drowsiness detection algorithm using eye-blink pattern is proposed. The proposed drowsiness detection model using finite automata makes it easy to detect eye-blink, drowsiness and sleep by checking the number of input symbols standing for closed eye state only. Also it increases the accuracy by taking vertical projection histogram after locating the eye region using the feature of horizontal projection histogram, and minimizes the external effects such as eyebrows or black-framed glasses. Experimental results in eye-blinks detection using the JZU eye-blink database show that our approach achieves more than 93% precision and high performance.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.1024-1033
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• 2016

In this study, a system is proposed for analyzing whether driver's eyes are open or closed on the basis of images to determine driver's drowsiness. The proposed system converts eye areas detected by a camera to a color space area to effectively detect eyes in a dark situation, for example, tunnels, and a bright situation due to a backlight. In addition, the system used a thickness distribution of a detected eye area as a feature value to analyze whether eyes are open or closed through the Support Vector Machine(SVM), representing 90.09% of accuracy. In the experiment for the images of driver wearing glasses, 83.83% of accuracy was obtained. In addition, in a comparative experiment with the existing PCA method by using Eigen-eye and Pupil Measuring System the detection rate is shown improved. After the experiment, driver's drowsiness was identified accurately by using the method of summing up the state of driver's eyes open and closes over time and the method of detecting driver's eyes that continue to be closed to examine drowsy driving.