• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.2479-2483
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• 2016

Background: This study explored the knowledge and awareness about colorectal cancer (CRC) among undergraduate students of one of the leading universities in Saudi Arabia, along with the mode of information access. Materials and Methods: The present cross-sectional study was conducted at the King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, among students of different faculties. The study questionnaire, containing 28 items, was adapted from surveys identified in the relevant literature. The CRC awareness questionnaire consisted of an awareness section (early CRC signs and symptoms, and risk factors) and a knowledge section. The data were analyzed using the SPSS version 21.0. Results: A total of 525 undergraduate students participated in the study. The majority were females (63.0%) and approximately half (56.8%) were medical students. The majority of the students (82.3%) were aware of CRC, and 68% thought that CRC is a preventable disease. Regarding colorectal cancer screening tests, only one-third of students (33%) had actual knowledge, while the majority of the students (77.0%) thought that there are tests which help in early detection. Only 4% of the participants had a family history of CRC. The majority of the participants (84%) thought that CRC is a disease that can be cured. Almost 50-60% participants had good awareness level regarding risk factors, and signs and symptoms. Regarding knowledge, participant responses varied for family history (52%), age (59%), chronic infection of the colon (72%), obesity and lack of exercise (66%). More than one-third of the students had received information material regarding CRC from their curriculum followed by social media (20.4%), and nearly 40% from other sources such as TV, hospital and mass media. Female participants had significantly better awareness in a few questions regarding CRC awareness as compared to their male counterparts. There was a significant difference observed between medical and non-medical students (p<0.001) in overall score of awareness and knowledge about CRC while no significant difference found in gender-wise comparison. Conclusions: Knowledge and awareness of students about CRC were not up to the mark. Medical students and female students had better knowledge in a few areas, but the overall situation is dismal.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.483-496
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to describe how Korean nurses overcome the language barrier while working in the U.S. hospital settings. Twelve Korean nurses living in New York metropolitan area were asked open-ended, descriptive questions to collect the data. The interviews were done in Korean. All interviews were audiotaped under the permission of the participants and were transcribed verbatim. The data were analyzed using grounded theory analysis. The research process consisted of two phases. In the first phase 8 Korean nurses were interviewed and analyzed. In the second phase, further data were collected to verify categories and working hypotheses that were emerged from the first phase. The results of this study show that all Korean nurses experienced severe psychological stress such as confusion, anxiety, frustration, loss of self-confidence, embarrassment, guilt, depression, anger, and fear. Among the mode of communication such as listening, speaking, leading, and writing, they had the most difficulty in speaking. Speaking ability was especially important for them because of the emphasis of individualism and self-defense in the U.S. Among the verbal communication modes, non-face-to-face communications such as phone conversation and body language were the most difficu1t for them to overcome. It took at least 2 years for the participants to initially overcome the language barrier in U.S. hospitals. After 2-5 years they began to feel comfortable even in non-face-to-face communication. They could actively search for the better place to work after 5 years. They finally felt comfortable in English and in their job almost after 10 years. The factors that influenced the English improvement were ‘the years of clinical experience in Korea’, ‘the decade they came to the U.S.’ ‘coming to U.S. alone or with other Korean nurses’, ‘racial homogeneity or heterogeneity of the working unit’, and ‘the degree of social support’. The strategies Korean nurses used to overcome the language barrier included depending on the written communication, using ‘nunchi’, working and studying hard, and establishing good interpersonal relationships with co-workers. They also employed assertive behavior of the U.S., such as using more explicit verbal language and employing smiles and eye contact with others during the conversation. The results of the study may help Korean nurses and nursing students who try to work in U.S. hospital settings by understanding problems other Korean nurses faced, factors that influenced their English improvement, and strategies they used. They may also help U.S. nurses and administrators in developing and implementing efficient programs for newly employed Korean nurses by understanding major problems and feelings the Korean nurses experienced and strategies they used to overcome the language barriers.

• 수면정신생리
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.77-83
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• 2016

목 적 : 본 연구는 1차 및 2차, 3차 의료기관에 종사하는 의사 102명을 대상으로 설문조사를 통해 불면증 환자의 치료 실태를 조사하고자 하였다. 방 법 : 총 102명의 정신건강의학과 및 타과 전공 의사들이 설문에 참여하였고, 분석에 포함된 설문조사 대상자는 100명이었다. 결 과 : 실제 치료 장면에서 가장 자주 사용되고 있는 치료는 약물학적 치료였으며, 수면위생 교육과 인지행동 치료 등의 비약물학적 치료도 시행이 되고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 비약물학적 치료를 시행하더라도 그 효과에 대한 만족도는 높지 않았다. 의사가 보기에 불면증 환자들의 비약물학적 치료에 대한 관심은 일정 수준 있는 것으로 나타났으나 이에 대한 식견이나 의식 수준은 아직 미흡한 것으로 보고되었고, 치료의 실행도 충분히 적절하게 이루어지고 있지는 않은 것으로 보고되었다. 본 연구에서는 추가적으로 의료진이 생각하는 불면증 환자의 적정 진료를 위해 요구되는 점에 대해서도 탐색하였다. 결 론 : 본 연구는, 치료적 개입에 대한 보다 구체적인 정보를 획득하지는 못했다는 점, 환자를 대상으로도 설문을 실시하지는 못했다는 점 등의 제한점을 지니고 있으나, 그럼에도 불구하고 불면증 치료의 개선과 변화를 위해 필요한 현황 조사를 면밀히 실시했다는 점에서 그 의의가 있다. 결론적으로 다수의 의사들이 불면증의 비약물학적 치료가 중요하다고 생각하고 있었으나 진료 현실에서 적용하기 힘든 부분이 있다고 보고하였다. 본 연구 결과는 불면증에 대한 적정 치료를 위해 비약물학적 치료를 위한 진료 여건 개선 및 의사대상 교육이 필요함을 제시하였다.

• 한국간호교육학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.144-154
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• 2003

Recently, in the academic disciplines critical thinking has been emphasized as the new evolution in education. Problem-based learning is suggested as the evolutionary learning method in developing critical thinking. In the nursing education, PBL is offered as an appropriate teaching method to prepare nurse student for professional. PBL is a student-centered learning strategy aimed at developing critical thinking, motivating self-directed study and attaining autonomy. The purpose of this study was to develop the communication curriculum of nursing education based on PBL and implementing of it. PBL module was developed focused on five communication situations. And learning strategies to facilitate the learning process and the guided questions to stimulate student inquiry were also developed. This PBL education was conducted for six students in the master's course during the 14 weeks from March, 2000 to June, 2000. The outcomes of the PBL education were examined based on the content analysis of the students reflective journal. As a result, it was found that students experienced the effect of it focused on self-oriented, group-oriented, and practice-oriented domain. In the self-oriented domain, the findings indicate that there were 5 kinds of concepts including 'motivation for self-directed study', 'transition toward certainty in knowledge acquisition', 'attempt to apply their prior knowledge into new situation', 'enhancement of self-image in real situation', 'self-growth with self reflection'. In the group-oriented domain, there were 3 kinds of concepts including 'cognitive work in group', 'perception of co-responsibility in attaining learning objectives', 'socialization with group members'. In the practice-oriented domain, there were 3 kinds of concepts including 'linkage theoretical knowledge with real situation', 'attempt to apply in real situation', 'development problem solving skill in real situation'. In conclusion, PBL had a significant effect on self, group, and clinical domain. And assessing PBL outcomes is challenging because standardized instrument do not develop yet. So the findings of this study can suggest the basic data for examining the PBL outcome.

• 척추신경추나의학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.13-25
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• 2015

Objectives : To find out the standardized chuna manual technique for non-acute low back pain. Methods : The survey questions were developed by the consensus from the professor who major in Rehabillitation Medicine of Korean Medicine(RMKM). August 15th to september 1st 2015, the questionnaire was given to 23 RMKM doctors by e-mail. 20(90.9%) the questionnaire were retrieved out. Standardized technique of chuna were selected through experts consesus based on questionaire results. Results : Two essential techniques and two selective techniques were selected as standardized Chuna manual technique for lumbar region. Six essential technique and one selective technique were selected as standardized Chuna manual technique for iliac region. Conclusions : This is the first consensus of experts opinion for Chuna manual technique for operating randomized controlled trials(RCT). These reports are helpful for Korean Medicine doctor who operate Chuna manual technique and expected to make clinical evidence of Chuna manual medicine

• 생명과학회지
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• 제20권12호
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• pp.1820-1828
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• 2010

PC12 세포에서 $CoCl_2$에 의한 hypoxia 유도는 HIF1 alpha의 상승 발현으로 확인하였다. 이때 apoptosis의 유도는 genomic DNA의 fragmentation과 apoptotic body는 Hoechst 염색으로 확인되었고, ER luminal chaperone의 발현 및 ER stress signal에 관여하는 ER membrane kinase인 IRE1, PERK, ATF6의 발현도 확인되었다. 이들이 apoptosis로 연결되는 고리 역할을 하는 IRE1-XBP1 mRNA splicing, PERK-eIF2 alpha, ATF6 protein cleavage도 반응하는 것으로 확인되었다. 위의 결과는 신경세포의 hypoxia상태는 ER stress signal pathway를 거쳐서 apoptosis가 된다는 것을 증명한 것으로 신경세포의 hypoxia치료를 위한 기초 자료가 될 것으로 생각한다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.111-119
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• 2004

Purpose : To identify those factors influencing the post-operative satisfaction in myopia patients receiving laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) Methods : This study included 288 consecutive patients who received LASIK between July and December 2001 from two eye clinics located in Seoul and Pusan. Factors that were considered to influence post-operative satisfaction included pre-operative baseline characteristics, pre-operative expectation for treatment outcomes, and treatment outcomes. Before undergoing LASIK, study subjects were asked to rate the degree of their expectation for the improvement of visual functions and symptoms after LASIK on a 5-point Likert-type scale: where 1 referred to 'somewhat worse,' 2 to 'no change,' 3 to 'somewhat improved,' 4 to 'improved,' and 5 to 'very improved.' Self-administered questionnaire was used to evaluate baseline visual functions and symptoms on a 5-point scale before LASIK. At 6 months after LASIK, the evaluation was repeated to measure treatment outcomes in terms of the difference in the score before and after LASIK. Post-operative satisfaction was also measured at 6 months on a 5-point scale. Multiple regression analysis was performed to examine the independent relationship between influencing factors and postoperative satisfaction. Results : A total of 171 patients (59.4%) participated in the 6-month follow-up investigation. The average expectation scores for the improvement in visual functions and symptoms were 3.8 and 3.4, respectively. The average score for the 7 questions assessing satisfaction was 4.0. The results of the regression analysis showed that the post-operative satisfaction increased with improvement in the visual function ($\beta$=0.16, p<0.05) and symptoms ($\beta$=0.25, p<0.05), the degree of preoperative refractive error ($\beta$ =0.26-0.67, p<0.05) and in male patients ($\beta$=0.31, p<0.1). The pre-operative expectation was not a statistically significant factor in explaining postoperative satisfaction in the regression model. Conclusion : The finding from this study was that patients with very severe myopia tended to be more satisfied with the treatment than those with mild myopia, which implies that LASIK can be more beneficial to those suffering from a severe visual condition. Patient satisfaction was also significantly affected by the treatment outcomes experienced after LASIK. This suggests that improving the clinical outcome is the most fundamental requirement for the improvement of patient satisfaction.

• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.13-24
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• 2005

Background and Objectives : Acupuncture as a therapeutic intervention is widely used for the treatment of many functional disorders such as substance abuse and mental dysfunction. Clinical trials are currently underway to determine the effectiveness of acupuncture in the treatment of drug addiction. Yet, there are still many unanswered questions about the basic mechanism of acupuncture. Studies have shown that both the psychomotor stimulant effects and rewarding properties of addictive drugs, including morphine, are sensitized by repeated drug administration and raised the possibility that both of these effects may be linked to the same or closely overlapping the mesolimbic dopamine systems. Neiguan (PC6) point on the pericardium channel which is associated with the brain and its mental function, has been used to treat mental, psychosomatic disorders and gastroenterological disorders. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of acupuncture on repeated morphine-induced changes in extracellular dopamine levels using in vivo microdialysis and to measure the effect of acupuncture on Fos-like immunoreactivity. Methods : Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated twice a day for three days with increasing doses of morphine (10, 20 and 40 mg/kg, s.c.) or with saline. After 15 days of withdrawal, rats were challenged with morphine hydrochloride (5 mg/kg, s.c.). Acupuncture was applied at bilateral Neiguan (PC6) points for 1 min after the morphine challenge. Results showed that acupuncture at the specific acupoint PC6, but not at control points (tail and HE8) significantly decreased Fos-like immunoreactivity induced by a systemic morphine challenge or a single s.c. morphine injection in the morphine-repeated animals. Results and Conclusions : These results suggest that reduction in sensitization may be one mechanism whereby acupuncture alleviates morphine craving in addicts. Moreover, in a more general sense these results suggest that acupuncture can be used as a therapeutic intervention for correcting reversible malfunction of the body by direction of brain pathway and thus acupuncture can contribute to the biochemical balance in the central nervous system by regulating neurotransmitters.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.15-26
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• 1980

The main purposes of the nutrition and clinical surveys were to provide baseline information on the nutritional status of pre-school children in rural health demonstration project areas of the Korea Health Development Institute (KHDI) for nutrition guidance services for the MCH target group. The survey covered a total of 222 pre-school children and 135 mothers in Okgu Gun, Cholla Pukto Province from August 10 to August 17, 1979. The survey results are summarized as follows: 1) Family Environment Seventy percent of the households had more than three children, and the mean family sire was 6. Sixty-nine percent of the mothers and 47% of the fathers of the surveyed households were educated at or below the primary school level. The majority, 70% of the mothers, were aged between 20 years and 35 years. 2) Anthropometric Measurements and Hemoglobin Value 4.5% of the children were lower than 80% weight for age of the Korean standard, and 5.4% were lower than 85% arm circumference for age of the Jelliffe's standard resectively, and those were suffering from protein-energy malnutrition. Angular stomatitis were observed on 66.2% of the subjects. Mean hemoglobin value was 11.1g/100m1, and 44.2% of the subjects were categorized as anaemia. 3) Food and Nutrient Intake of animal foods was very low, ranging from 2.9 to 17%. Consumption of eggs was less than 2% of total food intake, and intake of legumes was also very scanty, between 0.8 to 3.7%. These data present evidence of very poor protein intake, quality as well as quantity. Energy intake of children was 60.0 to 64.4% of the recommended allowance, and mean protein intake only met 47.4% of the recommendation. Low intake of vitamins except thiamin were also found. 4) Mother's Nutrition Knowledge Eighty-five percent of the mothers were entirely ignorant regarding the 'five basic food group' which is most important fact on food and nutrition guidance. Mean knowledge score from 14 basic questions about food and nutrition was as low as 5.1. There was a significant positive correlation between mother's educational level and nutrition knowledge score. 5) Family Planning Variable There were significant correlation among maternal, family planning variables, and some of the nutritional and physical measurements. The study revealed that the mother's educational level and nutrition knowledge score are more crucial factors than the family planning variables on effecting food intakes on children. Recommendation : According to the results of the surveys, there were high incident rates of nutritional anaemia and angular stomatitis among pre-school children, and most of rural women had very limited knowledge about food and nutrition. As a main part of the health education activities, the community health workers should provide nutrition education to the village mothers to improve the nutrional status of young children in rural areas. Nutrional promotion at the primary health care level should be mainly based on appropriate nutrition education.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제48권11호
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• pp.1162-1165
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• 2005

목 적 : 실질적인 모유수유 교육 계획을 세우기 위하여 산모의 모유수유의 실태와 의식을 조사하고 6년 전 시행했던 유사 연구와의 비교를 통해서 우리나라 모유수유의 추세를 파악하고자 하였다. 방 법 : 이화여자대학교 의과대학 동대문병원에서 건강한 신생아를 출산한 127명의 산모를 대상으로 하였다. 산모는 출산 후 1일에 면담하였고 1, 2, 3개월에 다시 전화 추적 면담으로 모유수유 상태와 계획을 조사하였다. 결 과 : 분만 직후 96.1%의 산모들이 모유수유를 계획하고 있었다. 이중 73.2%는 완전 모유수유를, 22.8%는 혼합수유를 계획하고 있었다. 모유수유 기간은 대부분에서 7-12개월을 계획하고 있었다. 모유수유를 주위에서 권장한 사람은 가족이 가장 많았다. 3개월이 경과되면서 완전 모유수유를 하는 산모의 비율은 50%정도로 감소하였고, 혼합 수유하던 산모들은 대부분 인공수유로 이행되었다. 이러한 추세는 1999년에 Jung 등이 시행했던 연구에서와 비슷하나 3개월까지 완전모유수유를 유지하는 비율은 증가하는 경향이다. 모유수유 실패 요인은 젖 부족이(35.0%), 직장 복귀가(27.5%)로 의료인의 지지와 교육으로 도와줄 수 있는 원인들이었다. 결 론 : 1999년 Jung 등의 연구와 비교하여 볼 때 생후 3개월까지 완전 모유수유를 유지하는 비율은 27%에서 50%로 증가하였으나, 모유수유를 실패하는 대부분은 생후 1개월에 인공수유로 전환됨을 알 수 있었다. 혼합 수유를 시행하는 산모에게 실질적이고 지지적인 교육을 통해서 모유수유 성공률은 증가될 수 있다.