• 아동학회지
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.165-176
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• 2017

Objective: Delinquent peers are important predictors of adolescent delinquent behavior. Few studies have classified individuals into groups based on patterns of delinquent behavior among youth and their peers. This study identified latent groups based on adolescent-peer delinquency and examined psychosocial characteristics of each latent group. Methods: First, the study employed latent class analysis based on a nationally representative data of South Korean middle school students (N = 2,277). Both adolescent and peer delinquent behaviors comprised 13 items in the questionnaire that was self-reported by adolescents. Second, the study used multivariate regression models to analyze psychosocial symptoms of latent groups and conducted Wald tests to compare differences among latent groups. Results: Patterns of adolescent-peer delinquency were classified into six latent groups. "Mutual total delinquent group (1.2%)" showed high rates in most delinquent experiences. "Mutual status delinquent group (5.7%)" mainly experienced status delinquency, "Mutual violence delinquent group (5.3%)" showed high rates of violent delinquency. "Peer-only total high delinquent group (3.8%)" reported friends to have engaged in all types of delinquency and "Peer-only total medium delinquent group (11.8%)" reported peer involvement in multiple status and few violent delinquency. Finally, "low risk group (72.2%)" reported low rates of delinquency for themselves and their friends. Regression analysis showed that every "mutual" delinquent group presented significantly worse psychosocial problems than the "low risk group." Conclusion: Using person centered latent class analysis, this study classified six latent classes while considering both delinquent agents and various types of delinquency and investigated specific groups with greater risk of psychosocial problems.

• 한국초등과학교육학회지:초등과학교육
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.145-153
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• 2020

Students' engagement is very important for effect science learning. Multidimensional approaches on students' engagement defines engagement in three ways which includes cognitive, behavioral, and cognitive engagement. Based on the multidimensional approaches on students' engagement, this study identified latent groups of elementary students characterized by patterns of cognitive, behavioral, and emotional engagement in science classes. This study also compared students' perceptions of their engagement in general science classes and small-group activities by the latent groups. 377 elementary students were involved in this study. 5-scale Likert survey were used in order to investigate students' engagement in science classes. Latent class analysis using Mplus program identified 3 latent groups of students engagement in science classes: Highly engaged, moderately engaged, and minimally engaged in three ways of engagement. The mean scores of cognitive, behavioral, and emotional engagement were significantly different by three latent groups. In addition, there were significant difference in students perceptions on participating experiments activities and carefully listening of teacher among latent groups. However, there was no significant difference in students' perceptions on their actions during small-group activities. Educational implications were discussed.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.175-185
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• 1999

This study was conducted among the university students to investigate the effects of working in an daytime and studying in an evening class on dietary behaviors and nutrient intakes. A 24-hour recall method was used along with food frequency questionnaires. The subjects were composed of three groups : 172 were in the daytime calss regular student group(RS), 178 were evening class students without a job(ESWOJ), and 140 were evening class students with a job(ESWJ). An average age of the ESWJ was 31 years old, which was 9 years older than the RS and 7 years older than the ESWOJ. The types of the residence were significantly different among the groups ; were seif-boarding 74% of the ESWJ stayed at home while 47% of the RS were self-boarding and 61% of the ESWOJ. The survey shows that while a great majority of the RS and ESWOJ has breakfast and supper at home, about 10% and 17% of the ESWJ ate breakfast and supper, respectively, at the cafeteria in their work place. The most frequently skipped meal was the breakfast in all groups. Approximately 9% of the ESWJ tended to skip the breakfast, while 27% of the RS and 33% of the ESWOJ did. It turns out that the mose common reason why ESWJ skipped meals was due to a lack of time. About 71% of the ESWJ ate out more than once a week compared to 57% and 62% of the RS and ESWOJ, respectively. Approximately 30% of the ESWJ ate out more than once a week compared to 57% and 62% of the RS and ESWOJ, respectively. Approximately 30% of the ESWJ spent less than 10 minutes at meal time, showing a hurried eating habit. The results show that the ESWJ tended to eat a variety of food s and eat less instant foods, but drink coffee more often compared to the other two groups. The results also show that in all groups, the intakes of energy, Ca, and vitamin A were lower than the Korean Recommended Daily Allowances(RDA). In addition to these nutrients, protein, vitamin B1, vitamin $B_2$, and niacin were also lower than the RDA in all make students, and Fe was lower than the RDA in all female students. Among the deficient nutrients, vitamin A showed the lowest % RDA : 48% in the male and 64% in the female students. Among the deficient nutrients, vitamin A showed the lowest % RDA ; 48% in the male and 64% in the female students. The intakes of Ca, Fe, and niacin in the ESWJ were significantly greater than those in the RS and ESWOJ groups, and the vitamin C intake in the ESWJ was greater than that in the ESWOJ(p<0.01). In conclusion, university students in all three groups have a serious imbalance in the nutrient intakes, and the evening class students with a daytime job have unhealthy dietary behaviors in the light of high frequency of eating out and heavy coffee drinking, a rushed eating pattern, and therefore showing a strong need of proper nutritional education for them.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.123-135
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• 1989

This study was undertaken to investigate the relationship between the depth of antegonial notch and the craniofacial morphology, and to predict the mandibular growth direction & potential in class III malocclusion. The computerized analyses were carried out on longitudinal lateral cephalometric radiographs of 50 children with class III malocclusion, divided into two groups ; 30 deep notch subjects (more than 2.6mm) and 20 shallow notch subjects (less than 1.5mm). The conclusions were as follows: 1. The mandibular growth direction in deep notch group was more vertically directed than in shallow notch group. 2. Deep notch group had shorter anterior & posterior cranial base than shallow notch group. 3. There was not significant difference between deep & shallow notch groups in the amount of mandibular growth during treatment period. 4. Notch depth increased in both deep & shallow notch groups during treatment period.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.443-446
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• 1995

The present study was designed to determine whether cyclosporine A inhibits Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II antigen[MHC II expression in the allograft rat heart myocardium. In this rat allograft study we also tried to elucidate whether CSA inhibits MHC II in a dose dependent way. Hearts were isolated from LBN rats weighing 200-250 grams and heterotopically transplantated into the abdomen of weight-matched ACI rats. The ACI rats were randomly assigned to one of the three experimental groups according to cyclosporine dosage: {1}control [no CSA , n=6 {2}CSA 5 mg/day , n=5 {3}CSA 10 mg/day, n=5. The transplanted hearts were harvested 5 days postoperatively and analyzed. MHC II expression was detected by indirect immunoperoxidase staining and quantified via computer image analysis system. The % positive area reading was obtained in each slide [50 areas per group and compared to other groups. Significant differences were noted between three groups [p<0.05 . We conclude that CSA inhibits MHC II in heterotopically transplanted allograft rat heart in a dose dependent way.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.172-184
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• 1999

The present study was performed to identify morphologic sub-groupings in Korean children with Class I malocclusions, and to find out anatomic differences between the sub-groups. Standardized lateral cephalometric radiographs of 152 Korean children, aged between 6 and 12 years, with Class I malocclusions were analyzed by the Counterpart Analysis. A statistical method, Ward's Minimum Variance Cluster Analysis, was employed to divide the sample into sub-groups those with similar morphologic characteristics. The results were as follows; 1. There appeared two facial types, Type I and Type II, in Korean children with Class I malocclusions, 48.7% and 51.3%, respectively. 2. In both sub-groups, there existed strong Class III skeletal patterns due to a counterclockwise rotation of the Middle Cranial Fossa alignment, and strong Class II skeletal patterns due to the long Posterior Maxillary vertical dimension and a clockwise rotation of the Ramus alignment. 3. There were no significant differences in Upper Anterior Facial Height between Type I and Type II, $52.6{\pm}2.92mm\;and\;52.8{\pm}3.23mm$, respectively. 4. The Lower Anterior Facial Height in Type II was longer ($66.0{\pm}4.03mm$) due to the long Posterior Maxillary vertical dimension, the clockwise rotation of the Ramus alignment, and a clockwise rotation of the Mandibular plane alignment than that of Type I ($64.2{\pm}4.15mm$).

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.519-540
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is to compare the healing aspects of the use of ePTFE membrane alone versus combination treatment of ePTFE membrane and bone grafts on class II furcation defects. Seventeen defects were applied ePTFE membrane alone on mxillary molar buccal class II furcation defects as Group I, seventeen defects were applied ePTFE membrane and bone grafts on maxillary molar buccal class II furcation defects as Group II, twenty-three defects were applied ePTFE membrane alone on mandibular molar buccal class II furcation defects as Group III, twenty defects were applied ePTFE membrane and bone grafts on mandibular molar buccal class II furcation defects as Group IV . Measurements were made to determine clinical attachment level, probing depth, gingival depth, SBI, mobility at baseline, 3, 6, 12 months postoperatively. Additional measurements were made to determine membrane exposure level at surgery, 1, 2, 6 weeks postoperatively. And then healing patterns and postoperative complications were evaluated. The result as follows : There were statistically significant differences in probing depth reduction, clinical attachment gain, mobility reduction at values of 3, 6, 12 months postoperatively compared to values of baseline(p<0.05), whereas no significant differences in SBI and gingival recession. In group II, membrane exposure level was increased at 1, 2, 6 weeks postoperatively compared to value of baseline(p<0.05). There were statistically significant differences in changes of probing depth at 3, 6, 12 months postoperatively in combination groups of ePTFE membrane and bone graft compared to groups of ePTFE membrane alone(p<0.05). The vast majority of cases fall into typical healing and delayed healing response when membranes were removed in all groups. Pain and swelling were common postoperative complications. In conclusion, this study was showed more effective healing aspects in combination treatment of ePTFE membrane and bone graft than ePTFE membrane alone and on mandibular molar class II furcation defects than maxillary molar.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제53권2호
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• pp.67-76
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• 2023

Objective: Morphometric and morphological evaluation of the mandibular condyle in adults and to identify its correlation with skeletal malocclusion patterns. Methods: Cone-beam computed tomography scans of 135 adult patients were used in this study and classified into groups according to four criteria: (1) sex (male and female); (2) sagittal skeletal discrepancy (Class I, Class II, and Class III); (3) vertical skeletal discrepancy (hyperdivergent, normodivergent, and hypodivergent); and age (group 1 ≤ 20 years, 21 ≤ group 2 < 30, and group 3 ≥ 30 years). The morphometrical variables were mandibular condyle height and width, and the morphological variable was the mandibular condyle shape in coronal and sagittal sections. Three-dimensional standard tessellation language files were created using itk-snap (open-source software), and measurements were performed using Meshmixer (open-source software). Results: The mandibular condyle height was significantly greater (p < 0.05) in patients with class III malocclusion than in those with class I or II malocclusion; the mandibular condyle width was not significantly different among different sexes, age groups, and sagittal and vertical malocclusions. There were no statistical associations between various mandibular condyle shapes and the sexes, age groups, and skeletal malocclusions. Conclusions: The condylar height was greatest in patients with class III malocclusion. The condylar height and width were greater among males than in females. The mandibular condyle shapes observed in sagittal and coronal sections did not affect the skeletal malocclusion patterns.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제54권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2016

목적: 수직 교합 고경 증가 시 발생하는 하안모의 변화가 안모의 유형에 따라 어떤 차이가 있는 지 평가하여, 임상적으로 유의하여야 할 안모 유형을 알고자 한다. 대상 및 방법: 진단을 위해 측모두부규격방사선사진을 촬영한 환자 중 261명을 추출하여 그 대상으로 하였다. 시상적 안모 패턴은 Class I, II, III로 분류하였고, 수직적 안모 패턴은 hypodivergent, normodivergent, hyperdivergent로 나누어 환자를 9가지 집단으로 분류하였다. 각각의 환자를 가상적 시뮬레이션 프로그램을 이용하여 하악 중절치 기준 2 mm 수직 교합 고경을 증가시킨 후 연조직 Pogonion의 후방 이동량, 연조직 Menton의 하방 이동량을 측정한 후 연조직 Pogonion의 후방 이동량/연조직 Menton의 하방 이동량의 비율을 구하여 9가지 집단별로 어떤 차이가 있는 지 서로 비교하였다. 비교분석은 2-way ANOVA로 검정하고 사후 분석은 Tukey test를 이용하였다. 모든 검정은 유의수준 5%에서 수행되었다. 결과: 연조직 Pogonion의 후방 이동량은 Class I, II, III 간의 비교에서는 Class III 집단에서, hypodivergent, normodivergent, hyperdivergent 간의 비교에서는 모든 집단에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다(P<.05). 연조직 Menton의 하방 이동량은 Class I, II, III 및 hypodivergent, normodivergent, hyperdivergent 집단에서 모두 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다(P<.05). 연조직 Pogonion의 후방 이동량 대 연조직 Menton의 하방 이동량 비율은 Class I, II, III 및 hypodivergent, normodivergent, hyperdivergent 집단에서 모두 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였으며(P<.05) 9가지 집단 중 Class II & hyperdivergent 집단에서 가장 크게 나타났다. 결론: 수직 교합 고경의 증가 시 시상적 안모의 패턴 및 수직적 안모의 패턴에 따라 하안모의 변화는 유의한 차이가 있었으며, Class II & hyperdivergent 얼굴 패턴을 가진 환자는 수직 교합 고경 증가가 동반되는 치료 시 다른 유형에 비해 하안모의 변위량이 클 수 있다.

• 한국초등과학교육학회지:초등과학교육
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.111-125
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• 2002

The aim of this study is to make it sure how pupils' science inquiry skills and attitude are influenced when they are taught by using the work-sheets for the differentiated learning according to their ability. In order to accomplish this aim, two classes of the fourth grade in the elementary school were distinguished into two groups: one was the experimental class and the other, the comparative class. The experimental class was given 52 hours of science lessons using the above sheets, and the comparative class, the general method of teaching. In order to compare their scientific interest and learning ability of the two groups each other, pupils were tested the standardized achievement in advance. The two groups were also given "ex post facto test" to measure the variation of their inquiry skills and attitude after the lessons. In addition, the experimental class was tested to measure their learning attitude after they are teamed the science with the sheets. The results of this study are as follows: 1. According to the percentile statistics of the science inquiry skills test between the two groups, the work-sheets for the differentiated teaming helped pupils develope their inquiry skills remarkably. 2. The work-sheets did not lead to significant difference between the learning ability of boys and girls. 3. The science lesson using the work-sheets showed positive influences in increasing pupils' scientific attitude. 4. About 77.2 percent of pupils accepted the excellent records of the evaluation in the science lesson using the sheets. It can be, therefore, concluded that the science lesson using the work-sheets for differentiated teaming is one of effective science lessons to increasing pupils' science inquiry skills, compared with the general teaching method.