• 제목/요약/키워드: class II

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Molecular Cloning of Chicken Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Molecules

  • Sung, Aree-Moon
    • Toxicological Research
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    • 제8권2호
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    • pp.331-342
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    • 1992
  • The chicken major histocompatibility complex (MHC), the B complex, is beginning to be analyzed at the DNA level. Inbred lines of chickens have been reported to possess 3~5 MHC class II genes. To further analyzed the molecular structure of the chicken MHC class II genes, cDNA clones coding for chicken MHC class II (B-L) ${\beta}$ chain molecules were isolated from chicken spleen and liver. Tissue-specific transcription of B-L ${\beta}$genes was studied by Northern blot analysis. A high level of expression was detected for spleen poly(A)$^+$ RNA whereas a faint signal was detected for liver poly(A)$^+$ RNA. Twenty-nine cDNA clones were isolated from the spleen and eight cDNA clones were isolated from the liver. Based on restriction maps, most clones could be clustered into one family of genes. Four cDNA clones were sequenced (S7, S10 and S19 from the spleen and L1, which was identical to S19, from the liver). Complete amino acid sequences of B-L ${\beta}$ chain molecules were predicated from the nucleotide sequences of the cDNA clones. Although both the nature and the location of the conserved residues were similar in chicken and mammalian sequences, some species-specific differences were found, suggesting that the structures of the B-L molecules are similar, but not identical to their mammalian counterparts.

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A 3-year retrospective study of clinical durability of bulk-filled resin composite restorations

  • Muhittin Ugurlu;Fatmanur Sari
    • Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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    • 제47권1호
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    • pp.5.1-5.11
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    • 2022
  • Objectives: This study aimed to assess the clinical longevity of a bulk-fill resin composite in Class II restorations for 3-year. Materials and Methods: Patient record files acquired from the 40 patients who were treated due to needed 2 similar sizes Class II composite restorations were used for this retrospective study. In the experimental cavity, the flowable resin composite SDR was inserted in the dentinal part as a 4 mm intermediate layer. A 2 mm coverage layer with a nano-hybrid resin composite (CeramX) was placed on SDR. The control restoration was performed by an incremental technique of 2 mm using the nano-hybrid resin composite. The restorations were blindly assessed by 2 calibrated examiners using modified United States Public Health Service criteria at baseline and 1, 2, and 3 years. The data were analyzed using non-parametric tests (p = 0.05). Results: Eighty Class II restorations were evaluated. After 3-years, 4 restorations (5%) failed, 1 SDR + CeramX, and 3 CeramX restorations. The annual failure rate (AFR) of the restorations was 1.7%. The SDR + CeramX group revealed an AFR of 0.8%, and the CeramX group an AFR of 2.5% (p > 0.05). Regarding anatomical form and marginal adaptation, significant alterations were observed in the CeramX group after 3-years (p < 0.05). The changes in the color match were observed in each group over time (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The use of SDR demonstrated good clinical durability in deep Class II resin composite restorations.

한국 젊은이의 안면미 선호경향에 관한 연구 : 얼굴의 측모평가를 중심으로 (A STUDY ON THE FACIAL ESTHETIC PREFERENCES AMONG KOREAN YOUTHS: ASSESSMENT OF PROFILE PREFERENCES)

  • 송세진;최익찬
    • 대한치과교정학회지
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    • 제22권4호
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    • pp.881-920
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    • 1992
  • This study was designed to assess profile preferences among Korean youths in the year 1992. Facial esthetics was evaluated by means of silhouette profiles, eliminating the influence of a number of aspects that may affect judgment when normal lateral photographs are used. The main points of preference to be clarified here are as follows. First, on facial convexity, Second, on nasion depth, Third, on mentolabial sulcus depth, Fourth, on the position of upper and lower lips, Fifth, on facial type according to Angle's classification of malocclusion, Sixth, on Song's tangents. The 54 subjects printed in questionnaire as black and white silhouettes were selected from 300 tracings from cephalometric radiographs of people whose age ranging from 11 to 20 years. Photographs of six female subjects were retouched by computer graphic software and printed in color and black/white photographs which were used for adaptation of eyes of participants in selecting profiles in silhouette. They constitute 2 questions. The 54 subjects were grouped as 22 questions, each of them composed of 6 subjects, according to the aspects to be clarified. Twenty four questions in total were asked to assess profile preferences. For the assessment, the profile line, the facial esthetic triangle, Song's tangents, and Angle's classification of malocclusion were introduced. The profile line is composed of 11 component points which are Trichion, Glabella, Nasion, Pronasale, Subnasale, Labrale superius, Stomion, Labrale inferius, Supramentale, Pogonion, and Gnathion. The facial esthetic triangle is composed of 3 tangents: A-tangent which is the tangent of dorsum of nose, B-tangent which is the line passing through Sn and Ls, and C-tangent which is drawn on the turning point of the curve which lies between mentolabial sulcus (Sm) and pogonion (Pg). Angle's classification has 3 types of malocclusion which are Class I, Class II, and Class III. Class II malocclusion is subdivided into Division 1 and Division 2. The participants of the survey were composed of 861 college students (448 male students, 413 female students) whose majors grouped as Fine Arts. Liberal Arts, and Natural Sciences, and whose mean age 21.8 years. The statistics program SPSS/PC + of SPSS Inc. was used to analyze answers of participants. Crosstabulation, Chi-square test, and Kendall test were done. The conclusions are as follows: First, Korean youths have a tendency to prefer the slightly convex face to the flat or concave face. Second, they prefer a moderately deep nasion. Third, they prefer a moderately deep mentolabial sulcus. Fourth, they prefer the position of lips which are near to Ricketts' E-line. The position of the upper lip which is slightly posterior to E-line is preferred. The upper lip which lies too far anterior or posterior to the lower lip is not perferred. Fifth, they prefer most, according to Angle's Classification of Malocclusion, Class I facial profile which has a slight inclination to Class II division 2. The order of preference is Class I, Class II division 2, Class III, and Class II division 1. Sixth, they prefer the type 2 and 3 of Song's tangents. The facial profile within which A-and B-tangent meet is preferred. The facial profile which has Cotangent that .meets with A-tangent slightly posterior to the crossing point of A-and B-tangent or that parallels with B-tangent is preferred.

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한국인과 일본인 부정교합자의 하악 치열궁 헝태 비교 (Comparison of arch forms between Korean and Japanese in Class I, II, and III malocclusion)

  • 이채형;모성서;강윤구;;김영호;국윤아
    • 대한치과교정학회지
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    • 제37권5호
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    • pp.364-375
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    • 2007
  • 본 연구의 목적은 한국인과 일본인의 Angle씨 I급, II급, III급 부정교합군에서 하악치열궁의 크기와 형태적 특성을 상호 비교 분석하는데 있었다. 한국인의 부정교합자 368명(I급 114명, II급 119명, III급 135명)과 일본인의 부정교합자 160명(I급 60명, II급 50명, III급 50명)을 대상으로 하였다. 치료 전 하악 치열 모형을 복사한 사진에서 13개의 인접한 접촉면에서 가장 협측에 위치한 점들을 좌표치화한 후 하악 치아의 두께 자료에 근거하여 임상 브라켓 점들을 설정하였고 4개의 선 계측과 이들을 이용하여 2개의 비율을 측정하였다. 각 부정교합군에서 측정 항목들에 관하여 t-test를 하였고 치열궁 형태를 square, ovoid, tapered 의 3가지로 분류한 후 분포 특성에 관하여 카이제곱 검정하였다. 그 결과 I급과 II급 부정교합군에서 일본 여성의 하악 치열궁 폭경이 일본남성, 한국 남성 및 한국 여성에 비해 작았으며, III급 부정교합군의 하악 치열궁 크기는 인종이나 성별에 따른 차이가 없었다. 그리고 모든 부정교합군에서 한국인과 일본인의 대부분이 square와 ovoid한 치열궁 형태를 가졌으며 II급 부정교합군에서는 일본인은 ovoid 형태가 52.%으로 가장 많고 한국인은 square 형태가 40%로 가장 많게 나타났다.

정상교합과 부정교합에서의 상${\cdot}$하악골과 제 1 대구치 위치에 관한 비교연구 (A COMPARATIVE STUDY ABOUT THE POSITION OF UPPER AND LOWER JAWS, AND FIRST MOLARS IN NORMAL OCCLUSION AND ANGLE'S CLASS $I{\cdot}II{\cdot}III$ MALOCCLUSIONS)

  • 윤병모;안병근;이건주;김선해;박영주;한호진
    • 대한치과교정학회지
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    • 제23권4호
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    • pp.633-644
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    • 1993
  • There has been so much controversies about the position of upper and lower jaws, and their first permanent molars in normal occlusion and Angle's class $I{\cdot}II{\cdot}III$ malocclusions. So, the purpose of this study is to compare the position of upper and lower jaws, and their first molars in normal occlusion and Angle's class $I{\cdot}II{\cdot}III$ malocclusions by lateral cephalometric analysis. The sample consisted of one hundred and twenty girls(thirty in each group) who had completed growth. The findings of this study were as follows : 1. In class I malocclusion, both maxilla and mandible were slightly posterior position than normal occlusion, but they showed harmonious relationship. 2. In class II malocclusion, the mandible was greatly retruded, and the maxilla was also slightly retruded to the cranial base as compared with normal occlusion. 3. In class III malocclusion, the maxilla was significantly retruded to the cranial base, but no significant difference was found in mandibular position as compared with normal occlusion. 4. The maxillary first molar was located at posterior position in class II malocclusion, and anterior position in class III malocclusion to the cranium, so that the rotation of mandible was influenced by that. 5. The mandibular first molar showed constant relationship to the mandible in all four groups, but different position to the cranial base in direct proportion to the mandibular position. 6. On the treatment planning of class III malocclusion, it seems to be better to promote the mandibular horizontal growth by inhibiting the vertical growth of maxillary molar area, and on the treatment planning of class III malocclusion, it seems to be better to promote the antero-inferior growth of maxilla mi to promote the mandibular vertical growth by inducing the vertical growth of maxillary molar area.

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북한산 국립공원의 등산로 훼손 및 주변 식생변화 (Trail Damage and Vegetational Change of Trail Side in Bukhan Mountain National Park)

  • 오구균;권태호;전용준
    • 한국환경생태학회지
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    • 제1권1호
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    • pp.35-45
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    • 1987
  • 북한산국립공원의 등산로훼손 및 등산로주변식생변화를 조사하기 위하여 북한산지구를 대상으로 1987년 8월에 실측조사를 실시하였다. 등산로훼손은 이용강도가 높은 우이동계곡과 정능계곡간 등산로 7.18km 구간을 조사했다. 식생 변화는 등산로 경계부에서 임내로 벨트-트란 섹트를 설치하여 매목조사를 하였고, 주변부식생은 등산로경계부를 따라 벨트를 설치해서 출현종을 조사하였다. 등산로 훼손량과 이용강도는 직접적 상관관계가 없었다. 훼손등급 II등급구간은 23.9%, III등급구간은 8.0%로 나타났으며, 자연등산로 II, III등급구간(19.7%)이 시설등산로 II, III등급구간(12.3%)보다 많게 나타났다. 북한산지역 주요등산로 15.3km중 보수정비가 필요한 등산로 II등급구간은 3.6km, III등급구간은 1.27km로 추정되었다. 등산객의 직접적 간섭이 없었던 등산로 주변 식생변화는 6-8m 구간까지 나타났으며, 등산로의 간섭이 있었던 등산로주변식생변화는 토양경도변화와 일치하지 않고 않았고 국지적으로 다르게 나타났다. 능선부 등산로 주연부식생으로서 Remkiaer 빈도계급 E계급수종은 신갈나무, 참싸리, 진달래, D계급수종은 병꽃나무, 조록싸리, 철쭉, 팥배나무이었으며, 중복등산로에서는 신갈나무가 E계급으로, 진달래, 참싸기, 국수나무가 D계급수종으로 출현했다. 계곡부에서는 진달래, 조록싸리, 국수나무가 D계급수종으로 출현했으며 자동차도로 옆 계곡부에서는 참싸리, 조록싸리, 국수나무가 D계급수종으로 나타났다.

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성장기 II급 부정교합자에서 골격 형태에 따른 액티베이터 사용 효과에 관한 연구 (Effects of activator treatment on different skeletal patterns in growing class II malocclusion patients)

  • 김준헌;이진우
    • 대한치과교정학회지
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    • 제37권1호통권120호
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    • pp.29-43
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    • 2007
  • 본 연구는 성장기 II급 부정교합자를 골격 형태에 따라 분류하여 액티베이터 사용 효과를 비교, 분석하고 그 결과를 진단, 치료 계획 수립 등 임상 과정에 연계시키기 위해 시행되었다. 실험은 수완부 방사선 사진상 Fishman 분류의 2, 3, 4 단계로 최대성장기 이전의 II급 부정교합자를 대상으로 하였다. 대조군은 ANB 3도 이상이며 악정형 장치 치료를 받지 않고 치열교정 치료만 받은 환자로 총 25명(남자 15명, 여자 10명)이고 실험군은 액티베이터 치료를 받은 환자로 총 116명(남자 53명, 여자 63명)이었다. Articular angle과 gonial angle을 이용하여 골격 형태를 hyperdivergent type과 hypodivergent type으로 분류하여 액티베이터 치료효과를 비교한 결과 hypodivergent한 골격 형태를 가진 환자에서 더 큰 효과를 보였다. 따라서 성장기 II급 부정교합자의 진단과 치료계획 수립 시 안모의 골격 형태 분류를 통해 액티베이터의 효과를 예측할 수 있다고 생각한다.

저위교합환자의 보철적 접근법과 이론 : Class II div.2 교합환자 증례 (The prosthetic approach and principle for an collapsed VDO : A clinical case of Class II div.2 patient)

  • 권긍록
    • 구강회복응용과학지
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    • 제20권2호
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    • pp.95-107
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    • 2004
  • 물론 과학적인 연구가 더 필요하겠지만, 적절한 교합고경은 주위 저작근과 조화를 이루면서, 최적의 기능을 발휘할 수 있어야 하며, 오랜기간 일정하게 유지를 할 수 있는 위치여야 한다. 가끔은 높아진(길어진) 치관 때문에 근육기능에 직접 영향을 미치거나, 치아나 주변지지 조직에 유해한 영향을 미치기도 한다. 적절한 교합고경을 찾기 위한 방법으로 rest position만을 활용하는 것은 상당히 조심할 필요가 있다. 자세나 개인에 따라서 freeway space가 상당히 가변적이기 때문이다. 연하작용 또한 근신경계의 기능에 중요한 역할을 하지만, 정상적인 범주를 찾기란 쉽지 않다. 그러므로 이런 경우에는, 환자가 스스로 생리적으로 적응할 수 있는 방법과 기간을 부여해 줄 필요가 있다. 레진 임시수복물의 일시적 사용이 그 해결책이 될 수 있다. 가철성 혹은 고정성 형태를 판단하는 것은 환자의 치료 범주에 따라 달라질 수 있을 것이다.

진무탕이 배양 인체 메산지움 세포증식과 기질 침착에 미치는 영향 (The Effects of Jinmu-tang on Mesangial Cell Proliferation, Fibronectin Synthesis and Expression of ICAM-1, $\beta$ 1-Integrin, MHC-Class II)

  • 안영민;안세영;두호경;이태원;박재경
    • 대한한의학회지
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    • 제21권3호
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    • pp.40-50
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    • 2000
  • Objectives : The progression of renal disease can be identified as a glomerulosclerosis by histological examination, and the basic mechanism of glomerulosclerosis is mesangial cell proliferation and mesangial matrix accumulation. ICAM-1, ${\beta}1-integrin$ and MHC-class II are known to attribute to the progression of glomerulosclerosis. They mediate cell-cell or cell-matrix interactions and are expressed in response to injury and inflammation. Up to now, there have been few satisfactory regimens to treat glomerular diseases except minimal change nephrotic syndrome, which can be improved by steroid therapy. Studies were performed in order to investigate whether Jinmu-tang has suppressive effects on some factors associated with the progression of glomerular disease, mesangial cell proliferation, fibronectin synthesis, ICAM-1, ${\beta}1-integrin$ and MHC-class II expression. Methods : Studies were performed with the method of surface enzyme immunoassays or flow cytometry after addition of peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMC) supernatants treated with Jinmu-tang, using the cultured human mesangial cells. Results : 1. The suppressive effect of Jinmu-tang on mesangial cell proliferation was higher than that of hydrocortisone. 2. Jinmu-tang has some suppressive effects on fibronectin synthesis, ICAM-1, expression, ${\beta}1-integrin$ expression and MHC-class II expression of mesangial cells, but was lower than hydrocortisone. Conclusions : Jinmu-tang generally shows some immunosuppressive effects. We carefully suggest that the above prescription may be applied to prevent the progression of renal disease or can be used as an adjuvant of or a substitute for steroid therapy.

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Exosomes from CIITA-Transfected CT26 Cells Enhance Anti-tumor Effects

  • Fan, Wen;Tian, Xing-De;Huang, E.;Zhang, Jia-Jun
    • Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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    • 제14권2호
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    • pp.987-991
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    • 2013
  • Aim: To study anti-tumor effects of exosomes from class II transactivator (CIITA) gene transfected CT26 cells. Methods: In this study, we established an MHC class II molecule-expressing murine colon cancer cell line (CT26-CIITA) by transduction of the CIITA gene. Immune effects in vitro and tumor protective results in vivo were tested and monitored. Results: Exosomes from CT26-CIITA cells were found to contain a high level of MHC class II protein. When loaded on dendritic cells (DCs), exosomes from CT26-CIITA cells significantly increased expression of MHC class II molecules, CD86 and CD80, as compared to exosomes from CT26 cells. In vitro assays using co-culture of immunized splenocytes and exosome-loaded DCs demonstrated that CIITA-Exo enhanced splenocyte proliferation and IFN-${\gamma}$ production of CD4+T cells, while inhibiting IL-10 secretion. In addition, compared to exosomes from CT26 cells, CT26-CIITA-derived exosomes induced higher TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-12 mRNA levels. A mouse tumour preventive model showed that CT26-CIITA derived exosomes significantly inhibited tumour growth in a dose-dependent manner and significantly prolonged the survival time of tumour-bearing mice. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that CT26-CIITA-released exosomes are more efficient to induce anti-tumour immune responses, suggesting a potential role of MHC class II-containing tumour exosomes as cancer vaccine candidates.