• Land and Housing Review
• /
• v.3 no.4
• /
• pp.315-322
• /
• 2012

Recently multifaceted advantages of urban agriculture are emerging in civil society and related policy arena such as food safety, environment, and social welfare. This study tried an estimation of residents' willingness-to-pay for urban farming to examine feasibility of using part of urban green infrastructure as urban farm (e.g. allotment garden). A survey targeting Bundang and Dontan new-town residents was carried out and willingness-to-pay for urban farm rental was estimated by contingent valuation method (CVM). The estimated rent was cross-checked with the rental cost and travel cost paid by hobby farm users in the outskirt of metropolitan area. The result of this study showed that the potential demand for urban farming is ample if urban farms or allotment gardens are planned within new development areas. That is, 72.6 percent of new-town residents questioned had intention of using allotment garden within urban parks and green spaces. Estimated willingness-to-pay for renting a plot, $16.5m^2$ of urban farm, was about 236,000 won(KRW), which is higher than rent for a plot of allotment garden which is located out of city. Variables which were statistically significant to estimated willingness-to-pay for urban farming were sex, age, and occupation of respondents, among other explanatory socio-demographic variables, while expected frequency and duration of visit to urban farm were insignificant.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
• /
• v.15 no.3
• /
• pp.61-68
• /
• 2010

Phytoextraction, one type of phytoremediation processes, has been widely used in the removal of heavy metals from polluted soil. This paper reviewed literature on metal uptake by plants and characterized the metal uptake by types of metals (Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, and As), plant species, initial metal concentrations in soil and the distribution of metals in different parts of plants. The potential of metal accumulation and transport by plants was closely related to plants species, types of metals, and initial metal concentrations in soil. The plants belonging to Brassicaceae, Solanaceae, Poaceae, and Convolvulaceae families have shown the high potential capacity of Cd accumulation. The Gentianaceae, Euphorbiaceae, and Polygonaceae families have exhibited relatively high Pb uptake potential while the Pteridaceae and Cyperaceae families have shown relatively high Zn uptake potential. The Pteridaceae family could uptake a remarkably high amount of As compared with other plant families. The potential metal accumulation per plant biomass has increased with increasing initial metal concentration in soil up to a certain level and then decreased for Cd and Zn. For As, only Pteris vittata had a linear relationship between initial concentration in soil and potential of metal uptake. However, a meaningful relationship for Pb was not found in this study. Generally, the plants having high metal uptake potential for Cd or Pb mainly accumulated the metal in their roots. However, the Euphorbiaceae family has accumulated more than 80% of Pb in shoot. Zn has evenly accumulated in roots and stems except for the plants belonging to the Polygonaceae and Rosaceae families which accumulated Zn in their leaves. The Pteridaceae family has accumulated a higher amount of As in leaves than roots. The types of metals, plant species, and initial metal concentration in soil influence the metal uptake by plants. It is important to select site-specific plant species for effective removal of metals in soil. Therefore, this study may provide useful and beneficial information on metal accumulation by plants for the in situ phytoremediation.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
• /
• v.12 no.1
• /
• pp.53-63
• /
• 2007

Soil risk assessment models were used to determine the goals of soil remediation and to establish the soil quality standards in developed countries. Recently, Korean Ministry of Environment prepared the guideline for soil risk assessment. Soil risk assessment model applicable to Korean situation will be needed in the near future. In this study, three models for soil risk assessment were extensively compared to suggest the fundamental components that required for the soil risk assessment in Korea. The models considered in this study were CalTOX in the United States, CLEA (Contaminated Land Exposure Assessment) in the United Kingdom, and CSOIL in the Netherlands. The major exposure routes and the intake estimation equations suitable for Korean situation were suggested. The exposure routes suggested were intake of the crops, underground water, indoor outdoor soil ingestion, dust inhalation and a volatile matter inhalation. The equations for intake estimation used in CalTOX and CSOIL seem to be applicable for the calculation of the human intake in Korea.

• Analytical Science and Technology
• /
• v.15 no.3
• /
• pp.270-286
• /
• 2002

The human adipose and milk samples analyzed in this study were collected at hospitals in Seoul, Masan and Jinju. The mean values of International Dioxin Toxic Equivalents (I-TEQ) of PCDDs and PCDFs in human adipose samples from the three regions were calculated as 9 pg I-TEQ/g(0.2 ~ 30 pg TEQ/g, lipid weight basis) and 8 pg I-TEQ/g (0.8 ~ 25 pg TEQ/g), respectively. The residue levels of PCDDs-TEQ and PCDFs-TEQ in human milk collected from Masan were 13 pg I-TEQ/g (lipid wt.) and 4.8 pg I-TEQ/g, respectively. On the whole, the contamination levels of these compounds in the Korean population were lower than those in the other countries. Based on the analytical data and assuming a daily intake consumption of 800 mL milk with 3% fat, the average daily intake of PCDDs/DFs via human milk for a baby weighing 5 Kg could be calculated. The daily intake of PCDDs/DFs via breast-feeding was estimated to be 39 pg/kg body weight/day for 2,3,7,8-TeCDD and 86 pg/kg/day for TEQ. These levels are far above all virtually safe dose(VSD) or tolerable daily intake(TDI) values proposed by health authorities in various countries, ranging from 0.001(US EPA) to 4 pg/kag/day (WHO).

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
• /
• v.18 no.2
• /
• pp.141-160
• /
• 2012

This paper evaluates the governance of the Andong International Mask Dance Festival. The evaluation focuses on mutual cross-assessment of agents engaging in governance relating to four elements: social justification, reliability, professionalism and transparency. Governance based on co-operative partnership was the essential factor leading to the mask festival's success. Governance of the Andong International Mask Dance Festival in 2011 was privately initiated governance having horizontal and open partnership among festival specialists, civil society organizations, regional business organizations, volunteers and local government, with the Andong Festival Tourism Foundation as the central figure. Three of governance elements were successfully carried through; the exception was transparency. The agents who gave more positive evaluations were those who played leading roles in planning and conducting events, as well as in assessing those events. The reasons for positively assessing the elements are the significance of the festival and the guarantee of agents' participation in social justification; the ability of agents, as well as cognitional and institutional trust in reliability; expert knowledge, capacity to suggest alternatives and duality of business in professionalism; and effective communication, the guarantee of opening of information and information sharing in transparency. To improve the effectiveness of governance, the system for allowing passive agents to contribute usefully should be strengthened. Mutual communication and sharing of information among agents, as well as between agents and residents, also should be more strongly reinforced.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
• /
• v.27 no.4
• /
• pp.382-388
• /
• 2008

This study was initiated to elucidate the relation between the toxicity of $Cr^{6+}$, $Zn^{2+}$, and $Cd^{2+}$ and sludge age (Solids retention time, SRT). The effect of SRT on the toxicity of $Cr^{6+}$, $Zn^{2+}$, and $Cd^{2+}$ in activated sludge system was investigated with INT-dehydrogenase assay. Experimental results showed that the inhibitory effects of $Cr^{6+}$, $Zn^{2+}$, and $Cd^{2+}$ were reduced as the sludge age increased from SRT 5 d to SRT 25 d. It is noteworthy that the experimental results enabled to determine the relative toxicity of the tested metals depending on the sludge age. At the SRT of 5 and 9 days, the order of toxicity of the three metals to the activated sludge was $Cr^{6+}$ > $Zn^{2+}$ > $Cd^{2+}$ (the $IC_{50}$ value of $Cr^{6+}$, $Zn^{2+}$, and $Cd^{2+}$ was 16.15, 25.90, and 32.49 mg/L, respectively) and $Zn^{2+}$ > $Cr^{6+}$ > $Cd^{2+}$ (the $IC_{50}$ value of $Cr^{6+}$, $Zn^{2+}$, and $Cd^{2+}$ was 39.12, 27.93, and 42.31 mg/L, respectively), respectively. However, the toxicity of three metals was almost same at the SRT of 14 and 25 days (the range of $IC_{50}$ in SRT 14 and 25 days was from 49.80 mg/ L to 53.44 mg/L among three heavy metals). This results would be explained by that the quantity of biopolymer formed in short SRT was small, whereas that in long SRT was large. Consequently, it is recommended that sludge age be maintained at long SRT in order to avoid the toxicity inhibition of heavy metals such as $Cr^{6+}$, $Zn^{2+}$, and $Cd^{2+}$.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
• /
• v.15 no.4 s.42
• /
• pp.381-390
• /
• 2005

S City depends on the T River as source water for water supply. Arsenic and boron from the hot-spring waste-water discharged from the hot-spring spa resort and emerging from the fractures of bedrock of the river have been prevalent contaminant of the T River water. This research was conducted to propose the simple and quick surrogate parameter for water quality management easily. And through making hexa-diagram of principal ions in the water samples, existing state of the water and influence of the human activity or geological origin can be figured out. As a results of characteristics of the T River water quality using principal component analysis, the contributory percentages of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd principal components were $40.80\%,\;21.40\%\;and\;11.31\%$, respectively. Therefore it was clarified that the quality of the T River water could be explained by these three principal components. Concentration of the chloride ion, which is one of the characteristics of the hot-spring water, was well correlated to both arsenic and boron concentrations. Hence concentrations of the arsenic and boron in the raw water of the water reatment plant can be predicted by the measurement of concentration of the chloride ion.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
• /
• v.25 no.3
• /
• pp.387-393
• /
• 2015

Fault breccia, produced by fracturing and comminution of host rock during fault activity, is a common component within fault cores. Fault breccia may display a preferred orientationin accordance with the sense of motion on the fault. Here we use a numerical analysis technique to study the effects of the distribution and content of breccia in fault core on the elastic moduli. The analytical models are grouped into those in which breccias display a preferred orientation within fault core and those in which breccias are randomly oriented. The breccia compositions considered here are granite and shale, and the breccia contents are 10 wt%, 20 wt%, and 30 wt%. Our results show that for all the cases considered, differences in the deformation moduli fall within the range 0.1%~1.1% and differences in the elastic moduli fall within the range 0.02~0.4 MPa. Thus, the distribution and content of fault breccia have almost no effect on the elastic moduli.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
• /
• v.21 no.4
• /
• pp.361-367
• /
• 2011

The uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) is an important factor in the design and construction of surface and underground structures. However, the method employed to measure UCS is time consuming and expensive to apply in the field. Therefore, we developed a model to estimate UCS based on a few properties using linear regression analysis, which is a statistical method. To develop the model, valid factors from the test results were selected from a correlation analysis using a statistical program, and the model was formulated by linear regression based on the relationships among factors. UCS estimates derived from the model were compared with the results of UCS tests, to assess the reliability of the model. The relationship between rock properties and UCS indicates that the factors with the greatest influence on UCS are point load strength and shape facto r. The UCS values obtained using the model are in good agreement with the results of the UCS test. Therefore, the developed model may be used to estimate the UCS of rocks in regions with similar conditions to those of the present study area.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
• /
• v.17 no.4
• /
• pp.525-534
• /
• 2007

The peculiarity of end-expanded soil nailing method(EESNM) is in fixing the wedge-type steel body spreaded by collars and grouting its surroundings by cement milk within soils, after extending hole bottom over drilling hole diameter with top drill bit. The present study was done to establish the effect of this method. Laboratory model test were carried out to investigate the behavior characteristics with the performance of the pull-out test and failure experiment, after preparing soil test box having 1,300mm length, width 1,000mm, and height 1,100mm, and the same experimental condition was set up to compare with the general soil nailing method(GSNM). The pull-out force of about 23 percentage was increased, and the horizontal displacements 1.2 from 9.1 percentage in soil-nailed wall decreased in EESNM compare with GSNM. The axial force acting on nail increased considerably at load level over 7 ton in EESNM and 5 ton in GSNM. The predicted failure line from the maxima analyzed by axial tensile strain located at long distance from soil-nailed wall in EESNM. The EESNM demonstrated the superiority of reinforcement effect in comparison with GSNM from the results above mentioned.