• Journal of architectural history
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.17-30
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to determine changes in neighborhoods due to the development of residential districts around Jangchungdan(?忠壇) altar in Seoul from the 1920s to the 1930s. In the Joseon Dynasty, this area was a protected and sacred area to honor the spirit. The reputation of the area, however, turned into the place to play and take a rest and neighborhoods around Jangchungdan altar were developed as high-grade residential districts with the impression of suburbs during the Japanese colonial period. Residential districts were formed with the destruction of the Hanyang City Wall and the privatization of nation-owned forest, which were physical and symbolic boundaries of Seoul in the Joseon Dynasty.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.19-28
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to research about the construction of Chiseong around the Heunginjimun Gate area in the 18th century. the conclusions derived from the historical evidence of the number, location, size, and form, and construction method of Chiseong was as follows. First, the Chiseong(Square-shaped lookout) of Hanyangdoseong was built in the 29th year of King Yeongjo(1753) and can be found in the national record. Five sites of the Chiseong are currently identified. It is assumed that the Foru was installed on top of some of the Chiseongs. Second, Chiseong was destroyed sequentially in the first half of the 20th century. Third, Chiseong is a rectangular in shape and six are constructed. Fourth, Sixth Chiseong could figure out through Hengryeopungsokdo, the drawing of Jeong Seon.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.44-51
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• 2002

The objective of this project is to improve the environment of the estuary dike on the Youngsan-River through Re-landscaping. An estuary dike of the Youngsan-River, the largest in the Orient, was constructed in 1981 and connects Mokpo City and Youngam-Gun province. Twenty years ago, when this dike was completed, this place was one of the famous tourist attractions of Korea. It symbolized the development and growth of Korea. But this dike at present is only a dreary sight as a huge concrete construction element. Therefore, a wall painting on the estuary dike was planned to improve this image. The site, an estuary dike of the Youngsan-River, is located in Mokpo City and its length is about 1,360m. The planning focus of this re-landscaping, which is a proposed improvement design through the analysis of characteristics and problems in conventional facilities, is as follows: (1) Introduction of a wall painting that is a symbol of the sea and river (by the creation of an illusion), (2) Production of the wall painting which is under consideration to create a friendly atmosphere of the circumference view and (3) Preparation of a design to establish an approach to the waterfront. By following these steps, an estuary dike can function as a tourist attractions and can be transformed in to cultural space for civilian. This project is good example of environment design that is completed with the regional residents participation through community input in the planning and initiation of a wall painting. The concept of environment design which involves the residents participation and re-landscaping in Korea has not been established up to now on. However, as this projects has proven, consideration for regional residents is a very important factor for the administrative office and planing specialist to address. In the future, it will have a direct influence on the development of design planning. If the establishment of space that can be accepted by residents with love, affection and self-confidence is possible, environment design in which residents participate actively, can be realized.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.19-26
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• 2015

The old Samcheok construction company housing in Donghae City was built for employees of Nitrogenous lime factory with railway construction in 1939. The 31 company houses are arranged in a rows including a House A, two No. 2 and 3 Houses, a dormitory, 12 row houses of two households, and 15 row houses of four households. At present, they are preserved with prototype at that time of building as a private company. Researching the architectural characteristics from A and No. $2{\cdot}3$ detached houses of them, the results are as follows. The tea room, living room, and kitchen are centralized and connected with toilet, bathroom, and maid's room by corridor. The exterior wall was finished with paintwork on cement mortar on stud wall framing plastered. The key exterior elements such as diamond shaped asbestos slate, large openings, corner bay window, lintel cornice are in accordance with drawings that they were first designed. The wooden roof structure is based on the structure that supports transverse load with a beam and beam plate instead of thrust. The kitchen and toilet are remodelled and only seem to be a mere shadow of their former self, but the position of sink and toilet bowl is the same as before.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.315-327
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• 2019

Deep excavations for development of subway systems in metropolitan regions surrounded by adjacent buildings is an important geotechnical problem, especialy in Tabriz city, where is mostly composed of young alluvial soils and weak marly layers. This study analyzes the wall displacement and ground surface settlement due to deep excavation in the Tabriz marls using two dimensional finite element method. The excavation of the station L2-S17 was selected as a case study for the modelling. The excavation is supported by the concrete diaphragm wall and one row of steel struts. The analyses investigate the effects of wall stiffness and excavation width on the excavation-induced deformations. The geotechnical parameters were selected based on the results of field and laboratory tests. The results indicate that the wall deflection and ground surface settlement increase with increasing excavation depth and width. The change in maximum wall deflection and ground settlement with considerable increase in wall stiffness is marginal, however the lower wall stiffness produces the larger wall and ground displacements. The maximum wall deflections induced by the excavation with a width of 8.2 m are 102.3, 69.4 and 44.3 mm, respectively for flexible, medium and stiff walls. The ratio of maximum ground settlement to maximum lateral wall deflection approaches to 1 with increasing wall stiffness. It was found that the wall stiffness affects the settlement influence zone. An increase in the wall stiffness results in a decrease in the settlements, an extension in the settlement influence zones and occurrence of the maximum settlements at a larger distance from the wall. The maximum of settlement for the excavation with a width of 14.7 m occurred at 6.1, 9.1 and 24.2 m away from the wall, respectively, for flexible, medium and stiff walls.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.25-42
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• 2008

The Gyeongbok Palace was completed during the reign of King Taejo and King Sejong in the early Joseon Dynasty. The most remarkable spacious feature of the palace is that it has an inner palace wall without an outer palace wall. The absence of the outer palace wall had its origin in the palace of the late Goryeo Dynasty which did not provide the outer palace wall. Gwanghwamoon was the main gate of the palace, and the office buildings of the Six Ministries were arranged on the right side in front of the main gate. A wide road called Six Ministries Avenue was made between the builidings. The avenue was completed during the reign of the third king of Joseon, Taejong, and it was assumed that this arrangement was influenced by the government office arrangements of Nanjing, the early capital city of the Ming Dynasty. Gwanghwamoon held national rituals as well as the civic and military state examinations nations in front of the gate. The avenue was decorated with flowers and silks when kings and the royal families, or Chinese envoys enter the gate, and the civilians watched the parade, Because there was no outer palace wall, all the events held at Gwanghwamoon and the Six Ministries Avenue ware opened to the public, it was the unique feature of Gyeongbok Palace that the palaces of Goryeo dynasty and China did not have.

• International Journal of High-Rise Buildings
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.113-125
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• 2020

Beginning in the late 19th century, construction of skyscrapers spread throughout Chicago, New York City, and then the world as demand of space in buildings and increase of cost of land. With this change curtain wall systems have evolved to be more visually complex; these unique profiles of the skyscraper became powerful images and symbols of our cities. A curtain wall is defined as usually aluminum-framed wall containing in-fills of glass and metal panels. The framing is attached to the building structure and does not carry the floor or roof loads of the building.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• no.10
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• pp.28-33
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• 1997

The primary purpose of this thesis is to offer users for the better surroundings in planning subway wall design through analyzing the Wall Environmental Design at Subway Statiov. As the urban circumstances were developed by the economic growth, the new city plan, re-development evoked the radical changes in the urban circumstances. In processing the industrialization and urban surroundings. This range has enlargened and provided the localism, the function, the purpose with the visual informations. The method of this paper was the spot survey simultaneously the photographing of the mould's size. theme, colour, material, compossitiov. In conclusion, concerning about the artificial and subterranean space, the Wall Environmental Design at Subway Station needs more practial approach in the using the space.

• Proceeding of Spring/Autumn Annual Conference of KHA
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• 2008.04a
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• pp.145-148
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• 2008

The objective of this study is to analyze and to shed light on the evolutions of factors with the wall structure and their relations with production mechanisms of urban form. this study based on followings; literature review of existing study and setting up of examination factors, analytical review of each wall's current situation and problems, analytical review of each wall's urban regeneration. The significance of this study is in that the study use a contemporary map showing the actual spatial arrangement in the period, instead of using the historical map. We understood the planning methods to interpret the site's historical urban trace and memory. Based on the results, this study presented the solution for the placeless and potential energy.

• International Journal of High-Rise Buildings
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.15-24
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• 2022

Over the past 30 years, the tall building has seen unprecedented global support. With advanced innovation and many regions around the world discovering increasing growth rates, the tall, supertall, and megatall buildings continue to drastically alter the vertical urbanism of the cities they inhabit. For centuries, urban conditions in most major territories were predominately defined by the street wall and the spaces it shapes. Giambattista Nolli's 1748 Map of Rome most clearly illustrates this significance and possibly solidifies what generations would understand to be the predominant urban condition. As architects, it has been a city's lower vertical wall fabric that has often been the primary focus of efforts to craft an urban experience, and for good reason. Through recent examples of built and unbuilt KPF projects, this paper will explore an upper vertical wall fabric, an urbanism that not only exists at the ground but also within the troposphere.