• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.273-277
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• 2007

The purpose of establishing the circulatory disease surveillance system in Korea is to ensure that the problems of circulatory disease importance are being monitored efficiently and effectively. The goals of circulatory disease surveillance system are to monitor the epidemiological trends of circulatory disease and to evaluate the outcome of health activity for controlling circulatory diseases. Surveillance system are being updated to achieve the needs for the integration of the surveillance and information system, the establishment of data standards, the electronic exchange of data, and changes in the goals of circulatory disease surveillance system to facilitate the response of this system to manage the national health problem effectively. This article provides the target diseases and determinant indicators to be monitored, structure of circulatory disease surveillance system, and many tasks and related activities that should be applied to this system.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.20 no.1 s.21
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• pp.10-39
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• 1987

Mortality rate and causes of death are regarded as an index of strength as well as level of development of a country. However, there is no accurate data for the causes of death in Korea due to lack of systematic vital data collection system. The objective of this study was to define the causes of death of the school teachers, its changing pattern, cause-specific mortality rate, and geographic variation. The study population included all of the teachers in primary school, middle and high schools, and college who joined in Korean Teachers' Union between 1968 and 1985 that provided a total of 1,972, 069 person-years to observe (1,384,911 man-years, 587,158 woman-years). There were 3,678 deaths in this period (3,377 males, 301 females). The most common cause of death was neoplasm which was followed by the diseases of circulatory system. The proportion of death of neoplasm was 1.5 times higher than that of the general population. Causes of death were classified into 5 major groups (neoplasm, diseases of circulatory system, accidents and poisoning, diseases of liver, and all others). The mortality rates of diseases of circulatory system and all others for general population were 4 to S times higher than those for the teachers. However, mortality rates of neoplasm and diseases of liver were only about 2 times higher than those for teachers. Mortality rate of liver cancer for teachers was higher than gastric cancer mortality rate which is the reverse in general population. The crude death rate was 2.12 per 1,000 person-years for male and 1.00 for female which is one-third of the crude death rate of general population. Crude death rate of study population was higher in rural area than in urban area. However, mortality rate of neoplasm for male was higher in urban area than in rural area while mortality rates of all other causes were higher in rural area. For female, mortality rates of neoplasm and diseases of circulatory system were higher in urban area and the rates for all other causes were higher in rural area. Crude death rate was lowest in Gyeongin area and highest in Yeongnam area. The mortality of neoplasm for male accounted the highest proportion of all death in Gyeongin, Chungcheong and Yeoungnam areas while the mortality of neoplasm and mortality of circulatory system accounted the same proportion in Jeonra area. For female, the mortality of disease of circulatory system accounted the highest proportion in Gyeongin and Yeoungnam and Jeonra areas. Proportion of death due to accidents and poisoning was high in Chungcheong area and death due to all other causes was high in Yeoungnam area. The most common cause of death for male by city and province was neoplasm in Seoul, Busan, Daegu, Gyeonggi, Chungnam, Chungbuk, Gyeongnam and Gyeongbuk. Diseases of circulatory system was the leading cause of death in the rest of city and provinces. The leading cause of death for female was diseases of circulatory system in Seoul, Incheon, Chungbuk, Chungnam, and Gyeongbuk, neoplasm in Busan, and accident and poisons in all other cities and provinces. The mortality rates of male were above 2 per 1,000 person-years in Jeju, Gyeongbuk, Gyeongnam, Daegu, and Chungbuk, and it was below 1.5/l,000 in Seoul, Incheon and Gyeonggi. The mortality rate of female was above 1.2/1,000 person-years in Gyeongnam and Incheon while it was below 0.5/l,000 in Daegu, Geonggi Chungbuk and Jeju. The leading cause for male by school of employment was neoplasm in all levels of school with a remarkably higher rate in the professors of college. Leading cause of death for female was disease of circulatory system in primary schools, high schools and college but neoplasm in middle schools. There was no death due to liver diseases in middle and high school teachers and college professors and no death due to all other category in high school teachers and college professors, in females. High school teachers and the highest mortality rate and college professors showed the lowest mortality rate. Temporal trend of mortality was examined in three periods; period I ($1968{\sim}1974$), period II ($1975{\sim}1979$), and period III ($1980{\sim}1985$). The leading cause of death for male was diseases of circulatory system in period I and II but neoplasm in period III. Such trend of decreasing diseases of circulatory system and increasing neoplasm was observed in female. Overall mortality rate was decreased over the 3 periods. The mortality rates of diseases of circulatory system, liver disease and all others were decreased in male but the mortality rates of neoplasm and accident and posions was increased. Female showed a similar trend to male but the mortality rate of liver diseases was increased. Mortality rates of diseases of circulatory system, neoplasm and liver diseases increased with age of teachers up to 50 years of age but decreased in 60 years of age. Mean age at death due to each cause was higher in male than female by $4{\sim}10$ years. However, the mean age at death of the teachers was $2{\sim}5$ years lower than that of the general population in all causes of death and the sex difference in the mean a2e at death was smaller ($2{\sim}3$ years) in general population. In sex ratio of mortality, male was higher than female in almost all diseases except suicide and maintained a high ratio. The general population showed universally high ratio in male like teachers, and more or less did regular patterns in mortality with ratio smaller.

• Journal of Internet of Things and Convergence
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.7-14
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• 2020

This study analyzed the effect of the number of deaths of circulatory system diseases according to 12-day short-term exposure of carbon monoxide from January 2010 to December 2018, and predicted the future treatment cost of circulatory system diseases according to increased carbon monoxide concentration. Data were extracted from Air Korea of Korea Environment Corporation and Korea Statistical Office, and analyzed using Poisson regression analysis and ARIMA intervention model. For statistical processing, SPSS Ver. 21.0 program was used. The results of the study are as follows. First, as a result of analyzing the relationship between the impact of short-term carbon monoxide exposure on death of circulatory system diseases from the day to the previous 11 days, it was found that the previous 11 days had the highest impact. Second, with the increase in carbon monoxide concentration, the future circulatory system disease treatment cost was estimated at 10,123 billion won in 2019, higher than the observed value of 9,443 billion won at the end of December 2018. In addition, when summarized by month, it can be seen that the cost of treatment for circulatory diseases increases from January to December, reflecting seasonal fluctuations. Through such research, the future for a healthy life for all citizens can be realized by distributing various devices and equipment utilizing IoT to preemptively respond to the increase in air pollutants such as carbon monoxide.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.311-322
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• 2020

Recently, there is growing interest in studying the dietary patterns that affect the risk of circulatory system diseases (CSDs). We investigated the relationship between CSDs and dietary patterns through a follow-up study in Korea (2001-2016). The participants of this study were obtained from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES). This study was a large community-based cohort study (the Ansan-Ansung areas) conducted to assess the effects of various factors, especially diet, on the onset of chronic diseases among the Korean population aged 40-69 yrs. Baseline data were collected from 2001 to 2002, and follow-up studies were performed every 2 yrs, with over 7 follow-up studies performed (2015-2016). Three dietary patterns were identified using factor analysis: "vegetable and seafood (men)/soup and stew (women)" pattern, "sweet foods and breads-rice cake" pattern, and "multigrain rice and cooked white rice" pattern. None of the dietary patterns were significantly associated with the risk of CSDs in either men or women. Our follow-up study is meaningful as it investigated whether the dietary patterns of individuals according to sex affects the development of CSDs.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.101-128
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• 1999

A study on disease treated at oriental medical treatment facilities (OMTF) and patients' satisfaction levels was conducted in order to figure out why the patients visited oriental medical doctors and the level of satisfaction of the patients for the services offered to them by oriental medical doctors. This study was performed from March 2 through May 31, 1998 by interviewing 1.532 persons living in major and small cities in korea. The results obtained were summarized as follows; 1. The general characteristics of subjects. The highest portion of each part was, 66.9% female, persons in the age group of over 60's 22.7%, high school graduated 34.9%, house wife 30.8%, The married 65.0%, Buddhist 36.9%, maj or city residents 60.2%, company covered insurance benefiter 39.0% and etc. 2. 40.5% of subjects visited OMTF for skeletal and connective tissue diseases. 21.5% for digestive system diseases. 16.2% for respiratory system diseases. 13.3% for circulatory system diseases and 9.0% for neurological problems. 3. 42.7% of males visited OMTF for skeletal and connective tissue diseases, which were the highest and respiratory system disorders, digestive system disorders, circulatory system disorders and neurological diseases in order. 39.4% of females visited OMTF for skeletal and connective tissue disorders which were the highest and other conditions such as digestive system, circulatory, respiratory, and neurological disorders in order. 4. The males with circulatory system disorders were treated by herbal medicine, combination of herbal medicine and acupuncture, only in order. The females with the some conditions above were treated by combination of herbal medicine and herbal medical and acupuncture only in order. The males and females with respiratory system and digestive system diseases were treated by herbal medicine, combination of herbal medicine and acupuncture only in order. But the males and females with skeletal and connective tissue diseases were by acupuncture are the highest in order. 5. The females and persons in the age group of over 60' s and house wife. the not married, the unhealthy persons, residents living in small cities, the persons with high income by medical treatments frequency in circulatory system diseases are the highest. 6, The females, middle school graduated and the married, persons in the age group of over 60's, unemployed, sales and service industry workers, Buddhists, major city residents, the unhealthy persons, the persons with middle income by medical treatments frequency in respiratory system diseases are the highest. 7. The females, persons in the age group of over 60's, under graduated or elementary school graduated, the unemployed and house wife, the unmarried, Buddhists, major city residents, the unhealthy persons, the persons with low income by medical treatments frequency in digestive system diseases are the highest. 8. The males, major city residents, old ages, under graduated or elementary school graduated, go earn officials, people grown in small city, the persons who had health insurance policies, the persons with low income, the unhealthy persons by medical treatments frequency in skeletal and connective tissue disorders diseases. 9. 50.8% of the respondents said that the treatments at the OMTF were very effective. 47.7% of them said that the treatments were effective. The males, persons in the age group of 40's, high school graduates, official workes, the married, the persons who did not have religion, major city residents, the persons who had health insurance policies, the persons with high income and the healthy persons said that the treatment effects at OMTF were satisfactory. 10. The patients' satisfaction rate for OMTF on each disease is, 1st. Musculo-Skeletal system(most satisfied), 2nd. the pregnancy & delivery complications, 3rd. Eye & ophthalmics, 4th. Respiratory system, 5th. Mental & bodily disorder, 6th. Digestive system and etc. 11. The factors affect OMTF are age, satisfaction for OMTF, current disease, religion, efficiency of Oriental Medicine, health condition and etc. This explained power of variable were 39.0%. 12. The satisfied factors for OMTF is correlate to educational level, and economical variables.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.50-61
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• 2000

This study on the visits of the oriental medical night clinic of patients, was made to be used as reference data by examining and analyzing statistically the many actual conditions of patients who had been visited in Semyung University Attached Oriental Medical Hospital during the period from April, 1998 to March, 1999. The purpose of this survey was to understand the characteristics of patients, to evaluate the roles of Night Clinic of oriental medical hospital, and contribute to the systemic and efficient management of night clinic service. The results obtained were as follows: I. Distribution of sex: male 53% (421 cases), female 47% (379 cases) 2. The age distribution of patients showed the highest in under ten, followed by the thirties and fifties, forties and twenties in order. 3. The monthly distribution of patients showed the highest in October 1998, followed by May 1998 and February 1999 in order. 4. The daily distribution of patients showed the highest in Sunday, followed by Saturday, Monday, Friday and Tuesday in order. 5. The regional distribution revealed the highest in Jecheon with 76% of all patients, followed by Danyang in order. 6. The distribution of arrival time showed the highest in 7:00 pm～0:00 am (27%), followed by 5:30 pm～7:00 pm (23%) in order. 7. The admission rate in patients was 17%. Among them direct visiting rate was 85%. Circulatory systemic disease was the highest. 8. The highest incidences by disease were of motor system with 48% (394cases), followed by diseases in circulatory system with 19% (l48cases). The majority of the patients 67% was connected with two diseases. 9. The chief complaint of pediatric diseases was febrile seizure with 64% (32cases), digestive disease was abdominal pain with 44% (90cases), circulatory diseases was motor disturbance with 43% (83cases), motor system disease was leg pain with 37% (l19cases), respiratory disease was fever with 46% ( 41 cases). 10. In the treatment method, a major portion of treatment methods was acupuncture treatment with 32% (373cases), followed by acupuncture & herbal medicine treatment with 23% (275cases). The most commonly used herbal medicines were Hangsapyunguisan(l6%) and Ojeoksan(l4%).

• Journal of Wellbeing Management and Applied Psychology
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.1-11
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• 2023

Purpose: This research aims to facilitate a smooth transition from KCD-8 to ICD-11 through the study of ICD-11. Research design, data and methodology: Skilled Health Information Managers (HIMs) in Korea performed manual mapping and conducted a study of the code structure of ICD-11 chapters 11 and 12. Results: When comparing the granularity between ICD-11 and KCD-8, 58.1% of ICD-11 codes showed higher granularity, and 38.6% had similar granularity. The granularity of the circulatory system was higher than that of the respiratory system. When comparing the KCD-8 codes mapped by ICD-11 with the total 924 KCD-8 codes, it was found that about 50% of KCD-8 codes were not mapped to ICD-11. This means that 50% of diseases in the KCD-8 do not have individual codes as they did in ICD-11. Conclusions: ICD-11 demonstrated high granularity, indicating its effectiveness in describing cutting-edge medical technology in modern society. However, we also observed that some diseases were removed from KCD-8, while others were added to ICD-11. To ensure smooth statistics transition from KCD8 to ICD-11, especially for leading domestic diseases, integrated management, including the preparation of KCD-9 reflecting ICD-11 and ICD-11 training, will be necessary through the analysis of new codes and the removal of codes.

• Proceedings of the KOSOMBE Conference
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• v.1991 no.11
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• pp.113-118
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• 1991

Hypertension is a medical problem with no permanent cure. Extended hypertension can cause various cardio vascular diseases, cerebral vascular diseases, and circulatory system trouble. Medical treatment at present does not consider circadian variation of blood pressure in patients ; therefore, the problem of over-reduction of blood pressure through drugs sometimes occurs. This paper presents a prediction model of circadian variation or moon blood pressure employing the endocrine grand and the autonomic nervous system.

• The Journal of Churna Manual Medicine for Spine and Nerves
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.1-9
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• 2014

Objectives : Many studies are being done in the method of experimental chuna science in China. The aim of this review is to understand and study the methods of experimental chuna science, focusing on the effects of chuna on circulatory system. Methods : We reviewed "實驗推拿學" and Chinese journals were searched using China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI). Korean journals were searched using 3 Korean web databases(OASIS, NDSL, RISS). Results : By experimental chuna science, effect of chuna on blood pressure, cardiovascular system, hemorheologic system, blood flow velocity, circulation and lymphatic system were proved. Conclusions : Experimental chuna science is necessary for improvement of chuna to a higher level. In Korea, not many experimental studies are being done, especially in chuna and it has very narrow target diseases. For this reason we need to learn and adapt the methods of experimental chuna science of China.

• 한국가시화정보학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2006.12a
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• pp.121-124
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• 2006

The arteries are very important in cardiovascular system and easily adapt to varying flow and pressure conditions by enlarging or shrinking to meet the given hemodynamic demands. The blood flow in arteries is dominated by unsteady flow phenomena due to heart beating. In certain circumstances, however, unusual hemodynamic conditions cause an abnormal biological response and often induce circulatory diseases such as atherosclerosis, thrombosis and inflammation. Therefore quantitative analysis of the unsteady pulsatile flow characteristics in the arterial blood vessels plays important roles in diagnosing these circulatory diseases. In order to verify the hemodynamic characteristics, in-vivo measurements of blood flow inside the extraembryonic arterial bifurcation cascade of chicken embryo were carried out using a micro-PIV technique. To analyze the unsteady pulsatile flow temporally, the (low images of RBCs were obtained using a high-speed CMOS camera at 250fps with a spatial resolution of $30{\mu}m\times30{\mu}m$ in the whole blood vessels. In this study, the unusual flow conditions such as flow separation or secondary flow were not observed in the arterial bifurcations. However, the vorticity has large values in the inner side of curvature of vessels. In addition, the mean velocity in the arterial blood vessel was decreased and pulsating frequency obtained by FFT analysis of velocity data extracted in front of the each bifurcation was also decreased as the bifurcation cascaded.