• Wind and Structures
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.83-96
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• 2000

Due to their high corrosion and chemical resistance, fiber reinforced plastics (FRP) are becoming widely used as the main structural material for industrial chimneys. However, no national code currently exists for the design of such type of chimneys. The purpose of this study is to investigate analytically the response of FRP chimneys to wind loads. The classical lamination theory is used to substitute the angle-ply laminate of a FRP chimney with an equivalent orthotropic material that provides the same stiffness. Dynamic wind loads are applied to the equivalent chimney to evaluate its response to both along and across wind loads. A parametric study is then conducted to identify the material and geometric parameters affecting the response of FRP chimneys to wind loads. Unlike the across-wind response, the along-wind tip deflection is found to be highly dependent on the angle of orientation of the fibers. In general, the analysis shows that FRP chimneys are very vulnerable to across-wind oscillations resulting from the vortex shedding phenomenon.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.281-294
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• 2014

There are several parameters affecting the response of industrial reinforced concrete (RC) chimneys, i.e., the severity of wind and earthquake loads acting to the structure, structural properties such as height and cross section of the chimney, the slenderness property of the structure etc. One of the most important parameter that should be considered while understanding the wind response of industrial RC chimneys is slenderness property. Although there is no certain definition for slenderness effect on these structures, some standards like ASCE-7 define slenderness from different aspects of the structural properties. In the first part of this study, general information about the definition of slenderness in the well-known standards and ten selected industrial RC chimneys are given. In the second part of the study, brief information about wind load standards that are used for calculating wind loads namely ACI 307/98, CICIND 2001, DIN 1056, TS 498 and Eurocode 1 is given. In the third part of the study, calculated wind loads for selected chimneys are represented. In the fourth part of this study, the internal forces obtained from load combinations that are applied to chimneys and some graphs presenting the effect of slenderness on chimneys are given. In the last part of the study, a conclusion and discussion part is taking place.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.449-457
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• 2001

In the design of industrial chimneys and towers, structural engineers must assume a level of the inherent damping in the structures. In order to better estimate the dynamic response of those structures, actual damping was measured from wind-induced vibration signals of chimneys and towers and its characteristics with respect to the response levels, the structural systems, and the wind direction were discussed. Damping ratio and natural frequency for three chimneys and two towers were calculated using random decrement technique.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.477-490
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• 2013

This paper presents results of calculations performed according to our own semi-empirical mathematical model of critical vortex excitation. All calculations are carried out using own computer program, which allows the simulation of both the across-wind action caused by vortices and the lateral response of analysed structures. Vortex excitation simulations were performed in real time taking into account wind-structure interaction. Several structures of circular cross-sections were modelled using a FEM program and calculated under the action of critical vortex excitation. Six steel chimneys, six concrete chimneys and two concrete towers were considered. The method of selection and estimation of the experimental parameters describing the model are also presented. Finally, the results concerning maximum lateral top displacements of the structures are compared with available full-scale data for steel and concrete chimneys.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.553-570
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• 2005

Dynamic and static analyses of existing structures are very important to obtain reliable information relating to actual structural properties. For this purpose a series of material test, dynamic test and static collapse test of the existing two brick chimneys, in Tokoname, are carried out. From the material tests, Young's modulus and compressive strength of the brick used for these chimneys are estimated to be 3200 MPa and 7.5 MPa, respectively. The results of static collapse test of the existing two brick chimneys are discussed in this paper and composed with the results from FEA (Finite Element analysis). From the results of dynamic tests, the fundamental frequencies of Howa and Iwata brick chimneys are estimated to be about 2.69 Hz and 2.93 Hz, respectively. Their natural modes are identified by ARMAV (Autoregressive Moving Average Vectors) model. On the basis of the static and dynamic experimental tests, a numerical model has been prepared. According to the European code (Eurocode n. 8: "Design of structures for earthquake resistance") non-linear static (Pushover) analysis of the two chimneys is carried out and they seem to be vulnerable to earthquakes with 0.25 to 0.35 g.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.35-54
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• 2022

A comparative study of aeroelastic vibrations of spring-mass cylinder and chimneys, with the help of a few wake oscillator models available in the literature, is presented. The models include those proposed by Facchinetti, Farshidian and Dolatabadi method-I, Farshidian and Dolatabadi method-II, de Langre, Skop and Griffin. Besides, the linear model proposed by Simiu and Scanlan is also incorporated in the study. For chimneys, the first mode oscillation is considered, and the top displacements of the chimneys are evaluated using the considered models. The results of the analytical model are compared with those obtained from the numerical solution of the wake-oscillator coupled equations. The response behavior of the cylinder and three chimneys of different heights are studied and compared with respect to critical parametric variations. The results of the study indicate that the numerical analysis is essential to capture the effect of non-linear aeroelastic phenomena in the solutions, especially for small damping. Further, except for the models proposed by Farshidian and Dolatabadi, other models predict nearly the same responses. The non-linear model predicts a much higher response as compared to the linear model.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제12권5호
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• pp.559-567
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• 2017

Slender structures like reinforced concrete (RC) chimneys are severely damaged or collapsed during severe wind storms or strong ground motions all over the world. Today, with the improvement in technology and industry, most factories need these slender structures with increasing height and decreasing in shell thickness causing vulnerable to winds and earthquakes. Main objectives in this study are to make structural wind and earthquake analysis of RC chimneys by using a well-known international standard CICIND 2001 and real recorded time history accelerations and to clarify weak points of these tall and slender structures against these severe natural actions. Findings of this study show that maximum tensile stress and shear stress approximately increase 103.90% and 312.77% over or near the openings on the body of the RC chimneys that cause brittle failure around this region of openings.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제43권6호
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• pp.835-845
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• 2012

This paper focuses on the stochastic response analysis of industrial masonry chimneys to surface blast-induced random ground motions by using a three dimensional finite element model. Underground blasts induce ground shocks on nearby structures. Depending on the distance between the explosion centre and the structure, masonry structures will be subjected to ground motions due to the surface explosions. Blast-induced random ground motions can be defined in terms of the power spectral density function and applied to each support point of the 3D finite element model of the industrial masonry system. In this paper, mainly a parametric study is conducted to estimate the effect of the blast-induced ground motions on the stochastic response of a chimney type masonry structure. With this purpose, different values of charge weight and distance from the charge centre are considered for the analyses of the chimney. The results of the study underline the remarkable effect of the surface blast-induced ground motions on the stochastic behaviour of industrial masonry type chimneys.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제1권3호
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• pp.255-269
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• 1998

Second-order moments of considerable magnitude arise in tall and slender RC chimneys and towers subject to along-wind loading, on account of eccentricities in the distributed self-weight of the tower in the deflected profile. An accurate solution to this problem of geometric nonlinearity is rendered difficult by the uncertainties in estimating the flexural rigidity of the tower, due to variable cracking of concrete and the 'tension stiffening' effect. This paper presents a rigorous procedure for estimating deflections and second-order moments in wind-loaded RC tubular towers. The procedure is essentially based on a generalised formulation of moment-curvature relationships for RC tubular towers, derived from the experimental and theoretical studies reported by Schlaich et al. 1979 and Menon 1994 respectively. The paper also demonstrates the application of the proposed procedure, and highlights those conditions wherein second-order moments become too significant to be overlooked in design.

• 지구물리
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.207-215
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• 2004

오호츠크해는 동해와 연결된 바다로 세계에서 가장 유망한 가스하이드레이트 부존지역 중 하나이다 오호츠크해의 가스하이드레이트 퇴적층의 지구물리 구조를 규명하기 위해 2003년 8월과 10월 두차례에 걸처 사할린 북동 대륙사면지역에서 오호츠크해 가스하이드레이트 국제공동연구(CHAOS) 탐사가 수행되었다. 이번 탐사에서는 고해상도 천부지층 탄성파 수중음향(hydroacoustic) 자료 등을 획득하였다. 스파커 음원을 이용하여 얻은 탄성파 단면도에는 가스하이드레이트 BSR이 뚜렷하지 않지만 BSR 깊이 부근에 분산적으로 나타나는 진폭이 강화된 반사층들이 관찰되었다. 따라서 사용하는 음원의 주파수에 따라 BSR의 반사특성이 다르게 나타남을 알 수 있다. 또한 BSR깊이에서 해저면으로 상승한 좁은 폭의 가스기둥 (gas chimney)들이 다수 발견되었다. 이 기둥들은 내부음향특성이 전혀 보이지 않는 (wipe-out : WO)그룹과 주변에 비해 상대적으로 강한 반사특성(enhanced reflection; ER)을 보이는 그룹으로 나누어진다. 이런 반사특성 차이는 기둥내에 가스 또는 가스하이드레이트 중 어떤 물질이 집중적으로 충적되었는지에 따라 구별되는 현상으로 해석된다. 수중음향자료에는 지층으로부터 해수중으로 수백 의 높이까지 뿜어져 오르는 많은 가스분출기둥들이 관찰되었다. 가스분출기둥들은 가스하이드레이트 안정영역에 해당하는 상대적으로 깊은 수심에서 관찰된다. 이는 지층의 가스기둥 주변을 둘러싼 가스하이드레이트 퇴적층이 가스가 스며들지 못하는 차단벽을 형성하면서 심부에서 공급되는 가스의 대부분이 가스기둥을 따라 해저면까지 운반되며 이에 따라 가스기둥 위의 표층에서 해수중으로 분출하는 가스분출기둥이 형성된다.