• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.1-10
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• 2024

Objectives This study aimed to assess the reliability and validity of the Five-Visceral Weak Children Questionnaire (FWCQ) in childhood anorexia and to propose optimal cutoff values. Methods We conducted two surveys, spaced one month apart, targeting the parents of 366 children aged 2-9 years who had been diagnosed with anorexia for at least one month. To evaluate the reliability of the FWCQ, we calculated Cronbach's alpha coefficient and employed the test-retest method. Additionally, correlation analysis was performed between the FWCQ and each visceral question, and discriminant validity was assessed by comparing responses from the anorexic and normal groups. Furthermore, we determined the cutoff value of the spleen weak score, which is closely associated with appetite, for the anorexic group. Results The first survey yielded responses from 336 participants, followed by 171 responses in the second survey conducted one month later. The FWCQ demonstrated high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.776), and test-retest results were consistent. The correlation coefficients between the FWCQ and each visceral question were all statistically significant. Moreover, significant discriminant validity was observed between the anorexic and normal groups in the FWCQ score and the heart, spleen, and kidney weak scores. The optimal cutoff value for the spleen weak score in the anorexic group was found to be 5.5 points (with a sensitivity of 73.44% and specificity of 66.47%). Conclusions The FWCQ exhibited strong reliability and validity in children with anorexia.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.161-167
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• 2005

The study is to examine how facial EMG responses change when children experience a positive emotion(happiness) and a negative emotion(fear). It is to prove that the positive emotion(happiness) could be distinguishable from the negative emotion(fear) by the EMG responses. Audiovisual film clips were used for evoking the positive emotion(happiness) and the negative emotion(fear). 47 children (11-13 years old, 23 boys and 24 girls) participated in the study Facial EMG (right corrugator and orbicularis oris) was measured while children were experiencing the positive or negative emotion. Emotional assessment scale was used for measuring children's psychological responses. It showed more than $85\%$ appropriateness and 3.15, 4.04 effectiveness (5 scale) for happiness and fear, respectively. Facial EMG responses were significantly different between a resting state and a emotional state both in happiness and in fear (p<001). Result suggests that each emotion was distinguishable by corrugator and orbicularis oris responses. Specifically, corrugator was more activated in the positive emotion(happiness) than in the negative emotion(fear), whereas orbicularis oris was more activated in the negative emotion(fear) than in the positive emotion(fear).

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.123-131
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• 2018

This study investigated associations between attachment and friendship. This study also examined the mediating effects of empathy on the association between two variables. Participants consisted of $4^{th}$ to $6^{th}$ grade elementary school children including 173 boys and 141 girls. Two elementary schools were located in Seoul and Bucheon. Children participated in a peer nomination interview. They nominated their three most liked peers. Children's responses to the best friend of the peer nomination identified the children's best friends. A Friendship Quality Scale measured children's positive friendship quality and friendship satisfaction. Children completed the Inventory of the Parent and Peer Attachment Scale that assessed maternal and paternal attachment. In addition, they completed a children's version of the Empathy Quotient that measured empathy. Pearson's correlation and Structural Equation Modeling were used to analyse the data. The results indicated that attachment had a direct influence on friendship network. Children who had the high levels of attachment security had large friendship network. However, attachment did not have a significant effect on friendship quality. Moreover, empathy had mediating effects on the association between attachment and friendship quality as well as the friendship network. The results of this research highlight the importance of attachment and empathy on children's friendship.

• Proceeding of Spring/Autumn Annual Conference of KHA
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• 2000.11b
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• pp.155-158
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• 2000

This study was conducted to survey the requirements of parents residing in Kyeongsan City for the children's houses attached to universities. To collect information useful for establishing the children's houses having a close connection with community, this study was carrled out using questionnaires with 367 residents in Kyeongsan City. The result of this study showed that while Kyeongsan is a city for academic research its children-care was evaluated as the lowest, compared to other children-caring forms. In addition, the requirements of parents for the children's houses attached to universities accounted for 60.5％ which was higher than their negative responses.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.115-132
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• 1998

The present study investigated the construction of the moral concepts of 3-, 4-, and 5- year old Korean children. Instruments were the Maternal Behavior Research Instrument by Schaefer for mother and feather nurturing attitudes, and the Domain Distinctiveness Model for children's moral judgments. Maternal and teacher attitudes were categorized by the affection-rejection factor consisting of affection-affection, affection-rejection, rejection-affection, and rejection-rejection dimensions, and by the permissive, -control factor consisting of permissive-permissive, permissive-control, control-permissive, and control-control dimension. Children's data were collected with an individualized interview in which children were asked to judge moral and social conventional transgression events. 30 children were assigned to each of the maternal/teacher attitude dimensions; thus, there were 120 children for each factor. Results showed that (1) the affection-affection cohort was must strongly related to moral rules using both the seriousness criterion and deserved punishment criterion, and (2) the permissive-permissive cohort was most strongly related to reasoning and action. However, this cohort did not break out of children's structural limitation (limited responses to the intangible).

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.122-128
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• 2010

This study examined several dyeing properties, physiological responses and comfort sensation of cotton knit underwear dyed with bamboo charcoal. The cotton knit underwear dyed with bamboo charcoal and treated with chitosan showed 99.9% antibacterial property and improved deodorization, and colorfastness. Eight children with atopic dermatitis worn underwear dyed with bamboo charcoal during 4 months. Their parents reported fewer itches of children. Wearing cotton knit underwear dyed with bamboo charcoal and non-dyed with bamboo charcoal respectively, these eight children rested for 20 minutes, then exercised for 10 minutes, and then rested for 30 minutes in the room maintained $28{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ and $50{\pm}5%R.H.$ Children's rectal temperature, skin temperature and microclimate inside garment of two types of cotton knit underwear were compared. As a result, the rectal temperature and skin temperature were higher when children were wearing underwear dyed with bamboo charcoal than non-dyed underwear. The microclimate temperature and microclimate humidity at the back of children were lower when children with underwear dyed with bamboo charcoal exercised and recovered.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.19-32
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• 1997

This study explored an alternative activity for the assessment of young children's literacy in Korea; namely, the evaluation of children's ability to construct meaning independent of decoding skill. The subjects were 78 children 4 to 5 years of age in Seoul. Instruments were the researcher's revised form of the Story Construction from a Picture Book, TRSR (Teachers' Ratings of Students' Reading) designed by van Kraayenoord & Paris (1996), and the revised form of the WLAT (Written Language Awareness Test, Kim, 1995). The assessment scores and oral responses of the children were analyzed by Pearson's r, MANOVA and one-way ANOVA, using repeated measures. The findings showed that (1) the story construction total scores were significantly correlated with WALT scores and the subcategory scores were intercorrelated with each other. (2) The story construction total scores differed by age, and (3) the 2 phase scores were higher than the 1 phase scores.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.15-28
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• 1990

The purpose of this study was (1) to investigate and order the levels of parental authority concepts established by Damon, and (2) to investigate the relationship between the development of parental authority concepts and the child's age and sex. The subjects of this study were 120 children from an elementary school in Seoul. There were 40 subjects (20 males and 20 females) in each of three age groups: 8-, 10-, and 12- year-olds. The subjects were interviewed individually using Damon's(1977) open-ended questions concerning family rules. Responses to the assessment questions were coded as positive or negative, and responses to the judgement concept questions were coded into 6 levels. Statistical analysis of obtained data was by percentage, Spearman correlation using an ordinal scale, two-way analysis of variance, and Duncan test. The results showed that (1) the developmental levels of parental authority concepts established by Damon conformed to an ordinal scale, and (2) the development of parental authority concepts was related to child's age but not to child's sex.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.125-138
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to explore the types of mother's language and literacy information as they collaborated to write a letter during a 10-minute session. Subjects of the study consisted of 60 mothers and their children 10 boys and 10 girls each at the age of 3,4 and 5 The mothers' teaching language was analyzed on the basis of hoffman(1987)'s study and the types of information thant mothers and children exchanged during writing letters was analyzed by Burns and Casbergue (1992)'s categories. Frequency percentages and χ2 tests were used to analyze the data. The resuls of this study were as follows. 1. The types of the mothers' teaching language from the most to the least were mother-initiated statements mother-initiated questions and mother's responses to child's efforts. There were significant differences according to children's age in mothers' language. In the mother-initiated questions request questions were used most frequently and followed by interrogation questions and invitation questions next. The statements initiated by mothers were directive comments informative comments supportive comments insistence comments and invitation comments in order. Mothers' responses to child's efforts were corrects/controls additional cues confirmation promotion and praise in order. In all three types of the teaching language significant promotion and praise in order. In all three types of the teaching language significant differences were found according to children's age. 2. The types of information about writing were spelling content off task/preparation mechanical conventions and conceptual meaning of writing in order. Significant differences were found according to children's age. In the age group of 4-and 5-year-olds the mothers exchanged more information about spelling than the mothers of 3-years-olds who frequently used information about content and off task or preparation of writing the letter.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.15-29
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• 2013

In the children's market, characters are applied to products to stimulate children to buy a product directly or to implore their parents to buy it for them. To sell characterized products, marketers consider both parents and children. This research was designed to identify which parenting style factors affect the evaluation of characterized children's fashion products and to test how parenting style affects the evaluation of value importance of characterized children's fashion products. The parenting style factors studied were first categorized as communication, children's social acceptance, educational involvement, and media exposure. Responses from 259 parents residing in Woodbury, MN, and Ellicott City, MD, were used for data analysis. A factor analysis and canonical correlation analysis were conducted. Parents with high "Susceptibility to child peer pressure" attached importance to "Social Value" when buying characterized products. On the other hand, parents who were highly involved in their child's life and frequently intervened in their "Child's TV-viewing" attached importance to educational value. Educational value was a unique contributor to the evaluation of characterized products as compared to other fashion products. Marketers can therefore leverage both the social and educational value of characterized products.