• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.113-124
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• 2006

Korean children reading Hangul was studied in children between 2 and 5 years of age. Subjects were 400 young children in each age group from kindergartens or day care centers in 6 cities of Jeon-buk Province. Teachers used a checklist based on Lee, Cha-Suk(2003) to assess children's reading ability. Data were analyzed by frequency, percentage, and $x^2$ using SPSS 10.0 program. Results showed age differences in young children's reading of Hangul. Developmental levels consisted of looking at pictures because of absence of linguistic awareness about words, skipping pages of text without pictures, pronouncing phonemes, being aware of phonemes and of the difference between pictures and print, and knowing that the same phonemes can be applied to different words.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.59 no.3
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• pp.227-232
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• 2016

Various operative techniques are available for the treatment of craniosynostosis. The patient's age at presentation is one of the most important factors in the determination of the surgical modality. Minimally invasive suturectomy and postoperative helmet therapy may be performed for relatively young infants, whose age is younger than 6 months. It relies upon the potential for rapid brain growth in this age group. Its minimal invasiveness is also advantageous. In this article, we review the advantages and limitations of minimally invasive suturectomy followed by helmet therapy for the treatment of craniosynostosis.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.130-145
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• 1991

The purpose of this study was to investigate parental authority by sex and age of child. The subjects of this study were 546 elementary school and middle school children in Seoul. The instrument was the Parent Authority Scale (김경희, 1991). Statistical analysis of the data was by two-way multivaliate analysis of variance, simultaneous confidence interval and structure coefficients. There were sex and age differences in children's perception of parental authority. There was a significant interaction effect between children's sex and age on parental authority.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.45-56
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• 2016

This study investigates: (1) children's proactive aggression according to age and the emotional condition of the counterpart child, (2) if children's intention attribution, emotional attribution (victim and perpetrator) and language ability influences proactive aggression according to age and the emotional condition of the counterpart child. The subjects were 68 3-year-old and 70 5-year-old children. Each child was individually interviewed with picture cards. Collected data were coded and analyzed in SPSS with frequencies, percentiles, means, standard deviations, repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA), t -tests, Pearson correlations and multiple linear regression. The results showed that 3-year-old children showed more proactive aggression and physical aggression than 5-year-old children. They showed more proactive aggression when counterpart child was in a happy condition than in a fear condition. Intention attribution, emotional attribution, and language ability partially affected a children's proactive aggression according to age and the emotional condition of the counterpart child. This study has practical implications for teachers in regards to children's proactive aggressive behavior at child care centers. Teachers use specific to develop advantages as the basis for developing aggression prevention programs that consider emotional and cognitive factors.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.205-216
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• 2005

This study investigated aspects of caregiver's input relating to the early development of nouns and verbs. Subjects were 34 Korean-Chinese children in Yanji, China. At 1 year of age each child's spontaneous speech during interaction with his/her caregiver was videotaped for about 30 minutes. The children's spontaneous utterances were transcribed and coded on the lexical level(nouns and verbs) and the pragmatic level. Children's speech was recorded, transcribed and coded again at 2 years of age. Results showed that children used more verbs when they were older; there were no differences between the two ages in mother's pragmatic utterances but when they were two-years-old children used more actionoriented utterances and object-described utterances. Mother's input was related to children's pragmatic utterances.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.147-164
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• 2015

The purpose of the present study was to examine the trajectories of children's negative emotionality and mother's social parenting over a 3-year period (for children at ages 1-3) and to then analyze the bidirectional effects between the two variables. The longitudinal casual relationship among children's negative emotionality, mother's social parenting and peer interaction at age 3 was also examined. The data, taken from the Panel Study on Korean Children, were analyzed using latent growth modeling. The results were as follows. First, the level of negative emotionality was seen to have increased by 2 years of age, whereas the level of mother's social parenting decreased by this point. Second, higher initial negative emotionality predicted decreases in mother's social parenting, However, higher initial mother's social parenting predicted increases in children's negative emotionality. The initial level and slope of mothers' positive parenting predicted peer interaction at age 3, while only the slope of negative emotionality predicted peer interaction. These findings suggest that temperament and parenting predict changes in each other and peer interaction.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.36 no.11
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• pp.103-117
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships of home environments, personal factors on prosocial behaviors through analysis on children's sex and age. The data were collected by questionnaire method from 190 elementary school and 102 middle school children in Pusan. The instruments used are the child's prosocial behavior test on the basis of the self report scale by Yang, Jean Sook(1991). Frequency and regression analysis were applied for data analyses. The main results of the study were as follows; (1) Prosocial behaviors were directly influenced by home environments and personal factors on children's prosocial behaviors. Personal factors were stronger than home environments in influencing on children's prosocial behaviors. (2) Girl's prosocial behaviors were influenced by home economic level, parent's educational level, leaderships, the sphere of peer relations, popularity, prosocial behavior experience and maturity of prosocial motive. Boy's prosocial behaviors were influenced by leaderships, the sphere of peer relations, popularity, prosocial behavior experience and maturity of prosocial motive. (3) The effects of home environments and personal factors for prosocial behavior differed accoring to children's age. The more children aged, the less home environment & effective factors influenced.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.46 no.9
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• pp.125-135
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of young children's age and information processing style in understanding spatial coordinates. For sampling the subjects of this study, Korean version K-ABC Intelligence Test(Moon, Soo-Back, 1997)was conducted with 165 children aged 5-6 who were attending I and G kindergarten in D city. From this pool 30 children who possessed sequential processing style and 30 children who possessed simultaneous processing style were sampled. In order to analyze the understanding of spatial coordinates, a test tool was formulated according to methodology of Blades & Spencer(1989) which was modified. Acquired data was subjected to descriptive and comparative statistical analysis. The following conclusions were arrived at: Firstly, there was significant difference between 5-year-olds and 6-year-olds in understanding spatial coordinates. The 6-year-old group got statistically higher grades than the 5-year-old group in locating a point on the coordinate plane and reading the coordinate numbers. Secondly, there was significant difference between children's information processing style in understanding spatial coordinate. Children with high simultaneous-low sequential processing showed higher performance in locating a point on the coordinate plane and reading coordinate numbers than children with high sequential-low simultaneous processing. Thirdly, after verifying statistical significance of interactivity between young children's age and children's processing strength, there was significant interactive effects in both tasks.

• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.59-77
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to extend our understanding of the developmental antecedents of delay of gratification in infancy. The first goal was to examine direct effects of one feature of an infants’ temperament and of positive and negative parenting assumed at age one on children’s delay of gratification six months later. The second goal of the study was to test the interactive effect of early infant temperament and parenting on children’s delay of gratification. It was hypothesized that 1) less negative infants at 12 months would delay gratification longer six months later, 2) children of parents who provided more positive and sensitive feedback would delay gratification longer than children with parents who were more negative and less sensitive, and 3) there would be differential prediction of parenting for children who scored high and low in negative emotionality as infants. Toward this end, 81 infants were observed interacting at one year of age with their mothers and fathers during laboratory assessments to obtain measures of parenting and infant negative emotionality. At 18 months of age, the child’s capacity to delay touching attractive objects was measured. The main effects of infant negative emotionality and of mothering on children’s delay of gratification were not detected at standard levels of significance. Differential effects of parenting on children’s delay of gratification for infants with low or high negative emotionality, too, were not detected. However, the anticipated effect of fathering on delay of gratification was found in some analyses, indicating that the more positive fathering children received, the longer they could delay gratification in the laboratory six months later.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.551-561
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• 2006

The purpose of the study is to examine the influence of children's familiarity with a task and teachers' feedback on their problem solving performances. It was assumed that children's' problem solving performance would be different depending on the children's familiarity with a task and the feedback from teachers. The study also examined whether children's' problem solving competence would be different depending on their gender and age. The experiment was conducted with two experimental tools. The subjects were 58 children who were 5 to 6-year-old, enrolled in kindergartens in Koyang city in Kyunggi province. The collected data were processed with SPSS 11.0 program to get the average and the standard deviations, and with one-way ANOVA and two-way ANOVA with repeated measures. The results of the experiment are as follows; First, children's' problem solving competence was different depending on their age. Older children showed higher performance than younger children, while there's no difference in children's performance depending on their gender. Second, the teachers' feedback didn't influence children's problem solving performance. Third, children showed higher performance when familiar tasks were provided, compared to when typical tasks were provided. Finally, this study found that children's task familiarity has an influence on their problem solving performance.