• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.329-344
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• 1973

The purpose of this study is to find how the mother's rearing patterns and attitudes influence on a child's social personality development. Many contemporary psychologists insist that mother's rearing attitudes and methods before age of six influence on child's social personality development a great deal. Freud divided the child's developmental stages into three : oral, anal, and phallic period. According to his assumptions the way of mother's feeding and weaning has very important relationship with the personality development through ora period and how to handle toilet training will greatly influence through anal period. In addition to this, Symonds declares that a mother's rearing attitudes will influence the establishment of social characteristics of the child. The moderate attitude-not too overprotective or rejective or submissive or dominate-is desirable. If mother's attitude declines to one aspect among these four kinds too much, the child would have chances to develop maladjusted social characteristics such as aggressiveness , submissiveness, dependency, and dominativeness. The hypotheses of this study were based on Freud and Symonds theory and tested by correlation and the difference of percentage. The results of the study were as follows : I. The relationship between rearing pattern and social characteristics 1. When the child has too strictly scheduled feeding time, he will have aggressive attitudes. 2. The longer the feeding period, the more dependency the child will have. 3. In case the toilet training was taken place too early or strictly, the child will withdraw into his shell. 4. When the child failed to perform the toilet training and was punished because of that, the child's personality will likely to be too submissive or aggressive. II. The relationship between mother's attitudes and social personality 1. When the mother's attitude is too overprotective the child showed withdrawn characteristics (r = 89) or dependency ( r = 24). 2. The child whose mother has too rejective attitude also showed withdrawn characteristics ( r = 31). As Sears insisted self-demanding schedule is recommendable and the weaning supposed to be started after age of one and a half years and finished around age of two. The toilet training which has rather severe consequences than the feeding methods should be started when the child is able to understand what is expected to him. Sears says that about two years after birth would be proper but individual difference should be considered. As a conclusion, Flexible and understanding attitudes and rearing methods is necessary for a sound establishment of social personality.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.79-89
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• 2008

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the attitude of fathers of preschool children to child rearing and to provide basic data to develop parent education programs. Method: The participants were 84 fathers of preschool children and the measurement tool was the Korean Parent As A Teacher Inventory self-report questionnaire and data were collected from 1 kindergarten and 1 child care center located in Gyeonggi Province. Results: 1) Child-rearing attitudes of the fathers was above average at $2.80({\pm}0.19)$. 2) There were significant difference statistically according to father's occupation (F=3.14, p=0.03) and child characteristics (F=4.87, p=0.01). 3) There were significant correlation between child rearing attitudes of the fathers and their age (${\tau}=-0.16$, p=0.04), and child characteristics (${\tau}=0.21$, p=0.02). Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that attitudes of fathers to child rearing are important and it is necessary to develop a systemic parenting education program.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.97-111
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to explore the typology of child care, investigate the characteristics of child care types, and analyze the differences in time deficit as well as time satisfaction by the types of child care for dual-earner couples with preschool children. The data source for this research was the 2009 Time Use Survey conducted by the Korea National Statistical Office. Dual-earners aged 20 to 59 years completed 1,568 time diaries, which were analyzed using chi-square, cluster analysis, and ANOVA analysis. Child care time was classified into three types in the three categories of child care, household work sharing and leisure sharing for both males and females respectively. Three types for husbands were named "vulnerable", "household work child care predominant" and "leisure predominant". The three types for wives were named "vulnerable", "household work child care oriented" and "household work child care". The characteristics of each type depended on age, education, weekly working hours, gender role of husbands and age, weekly working hours of wives. The vulnerable type of wives showed the highest level of time deficit. Based on the results, implications for Public policy on child care and various types of education as well as programs were suggested.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.808-817
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• 2016

This study aims at reviewing differences of awareness toward speech-language therapy according to background variables of child-care teachers, and establishing a basic data necessary for special education support programs afterwards based on child-care centers and its characteristics with the results. Researcher carried out a survey by objecting child-care teachers of Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea, and looked into existence of some differences through SPSS 20.0 for Window, independent sample t-Test, ANOVA, Scheffe post verification on background characteristics such as level of education, working career, license grade, whether or not to have objects of speech-language objects in the class. Research results are same as follows. First, significant differences in awareness of child-care teachers toward speech-language therapy appeared from license grade among characteristics like level of education, license grade, whether or not to have objects of speech-language therapy in the class. Second, significant differences were displayed from whether or not to have objects of speech-language therapy in the class among characteristics such as level of education, working career, license grade, and whether or not to have objects of speech-language therapy. When putting these results together, a conclusion could be made such like awareness of child-care teachers toward speech-language therapy and therapists is able to be different a little according to background variables of teachers.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.191-211
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• 1997

This study investigated the characteristics of children perceived as difficult by their mothers and compared these characteristics with the "difficult temperament" from the NYLS. The subjects were 36 mothers who have more than one child between 3 and 6 years of age. The descriptions from in-depth interviews were analyzed qualitatively. The results showed that (1) Korean mothers perceived the difficult temperament of their child as low adaptability, low rhythmicity in sleep habits, negative mood, and high activity. High response sensitivity was perceived as both a positive and a difficult characteristic. (2) The temperament of their children mothers perceived as most difficult for child rearing were negative mood and low manageability. (3) The activity, adaptability, rhythmicity, response sensitivity, mood and manageability characteristics of Korean children's difficult temperament was different from the difficult temperament of the Nyls.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.699-710
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• 2007

The study purposes to explore the effects of individual characteristics and home environments of children on their bilingual language aquisition, that is, to examine whether their English language competency is different from their Korean language competency depending on those variables. Thus English or Korean language competency of children who had had early exposure in English learning were studied in terms of child's individual characteristics such as age, gender, exposure period to English, intelligence, and experiences of visiting English-speaking countries, and home environments such as parental age, educational level, income level, their perceived English competency, their perceived significance of English and Korean language, and the frequency of using English at home. 72 children who went to English kindergarten were tested with Peabody Pictures Vocabulary Test-Revised (PPVT-R) in Korean version and in English version respectively. The results show that child's intelligence and experiences of visiting English-speaking countries influence their Korean language competency. Also child's age, exposure period to English and experiences of visiting English-speaking countries influence their English language competency. Moreover their mother's educational background, father's English fluency, mothers' English fluency, and the frequency of using English at home influence child's English language competency, whereas any variables did not influence child's Korean language competency. Accordingly, child's English and Korean language competencies are related to each other.

• Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.162-172
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• 2015

Purpose: This study was to explore factors affecting musculoskeletal symptoms of the child care centers' teachers in Korea. Methods: This study was a descriptive research, using a cross-sectional survey. Convenience samples of 230 child care centers' teachers aged 20 to 65 were selected. A self-administered questionnaire was used to measure general characteristics, job-related characteristics, exercise habit, fatigue and musculoskeletal symptoms of the body parts. The data were analyzed with the SPSS/WIN 21.0 program. Results: Shoulder pain (73.5%), low back pain (72.6%) and wrist/hand pain (57.8%) were the most common musculoskeletal symptoms. Shoulder pain significantly differed depending on the age of children in charge at the child care center (p<.047). The exercise habit was related to low back pain (p<.028) and the career was linked to wrist/hand pain (p<.046). The logistic regression analysis revealed exercise habit and fatigue were the risk factors on musculoskeletal symptoms of many body parts. Conclusion: These results suggest that interventions targeting the child care centers' teachers should be considered job-related characteristics and fatigue in order to prevent musculoskeletal disorder. Thus, there continues to be a need to develop exercise program for the child care centers' teachers.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.44 no.1 s.215
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• pp.115-129
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate factors related to the parental role in satisfaction and parenting behaviors. The subjects were 102 employed mothers and 110 unemployed mothers of 5-year-old children living in Seoul, Korea. The measures were questionnaire, the Parental Role Satisfaction Scale and the Parenting Behaviors Scale. The data were analyzed by Cronbach's ${\alpha}$, frequency, percentile, mean, correlation, multiple regression and Chow-test. Consistent with Belsky's model of the determinants of parenting, the parental role satisfaction and parenting behaviors of both employed and unemployed mothers were influenced by child characteristics, parent characteristics, and family factors. Results showed that the parental role satisfaction of both employed and unemployed mothers was correlated to child's birth order, temperament and health of child, mothers' and fathers' age, fathers' educational level, and family income. Parenting behaviors were also correlated to sex of child, child's birth order, temperament of child, parental educational level, and family income for employed mothers and to health of child, mothers' and fathers' age, mothers' educational level, and family income for unemployed mothers. Especially, father's age for employed mothers, and child's temperament for unemployed mothers, were the most strongly related variables for parental role satisfaction. On the other hand, family income for employed mothers, and fathers' age for unemployed mothers were the most strongly related variables for parenting behaviors.

• Transactions of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering
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• v.15 no.5 s.98
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• pp.542-549
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• 2005

Impact sounds, such as those created by footsteps, the dropping of an object or the moving of furniture, can be a source of great annoyance In residential buildings. Running and jumping impact sound by child are one of the most irritating noises in an apartment buildings. It's necessary to know that the impact power characteristics of real impact source in an apartment buildings. This study aims to Investigate the impact power characteristics and impact power time of running and jumping by child. This study carried out investigation through the 159 children in school. The results of this study is that jumping impact power is greater than running impact power.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.265-268
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• 2004

Impact sounds, such as those created by footsteps, the dropping of an object or the moving of furniture, can be a source of great annoyance in residential buildings. Running and jumping impact sound by child are one of the most irritating noises in an apartment buildings. It's necessary to know that the impact force characteristics of real impact source in an apartment buildings. This study aims to investigate the impact force characteristics and impact force time of running and jumping by child. This study cud out investigation through the 155 children in school. The results of this study is that jumping impact force is greater than running impact force but impact force time is lower than that.