• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.18 no.12
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• pp.1437-1442
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• 2009

Recent studies have shown that alum addition to litter results in many environmental and economic advantages, such as reductions in metal runoff, lower ammonia emission and improved poultry performance. However, no research has been conducted to evaluate the effects of different types of alum on soluble metals in poultry litter. The objective of this study was conducted to investigate changes in soluble metal from poultry litter with different types of aluminum sulfate (alum) under laboratory condition. The treatments used in this study, which were mixed in the upper 1 cm of litter or sprayed onto the litter surface, were 4 g alum, 8 g alum, 8.66 g liquid alum, 17.3 g liquid alum, 11.2 g A7 (high acid alum), and 22.4 g A7 (high acid alum)/100 g litter. Applying different types of alum to poultry litter reduced (P<0.05) concentrations of soluble Fe (9 to 54%), Cu (9 to 49%) and Zn (11 to 40%), relative to untreated litter, whereas it increased Ca and Mg (P<0.05). Mean soluble Fe and Cu levels in poultry litter from different types of alum decreased in the order: 22.4 g A7 (54% and 49%) > 17.3 g liquid alum (48% and 42%) > 8 g alum (48% and 31%) > 4 g alum (28% and 10%) > 8.6 g liquid alum (10% and 9%) > 11.2 g A7 (8.6% and 9%). Additionally, the high reduction in soluble Zn concentration was 4 g alum (40%), followed by 8 g alum (26%), 22.4 g A7 (25%), 17.3 g liquid alum (23%), 8.66 g liquid alum (18%), and 11.2 g A7 (11%), respectively. In conclusion, the current studies suggest that treating poultry litter with different types of alum can be applied to reduce soluble metal (Fe, Cu, and Zn) and to develop a production to merchandise for poultry litter that would result in reduction in pollutants from these materials. Furthermore, in order to improve environmental management in the poultry industry, the use of alum, liquid alum and high acid alum all should be provided a valid means of reducing negative environmental impact.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.101 no.2
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• pp.195-202
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• 2012

Three-season field study was conducted to investigate the distribution of monoterpene(10) and air anion in ambient air at five forests. ${\alpha}$-Pinene, camphene, sabinene, ${\beta}$-pinene, myrcene, terpinolene, limonene, 1,8-cineol, linalool, and camphor were quantified in the samples collected. The highest 4-hour mean concentration of total monoterpene were ${\beta}$-pinene+myrcene as 958 pptv at Juknokwon dominated by bamboo and ${\alpha}$-pinene (524 pptv), limonene (445 pptv) at Wood Land and Suncheon Bay, respectively. The seasonal means were observed to peak during spring with their maximum at Wood Land and Seonam Temple and during summer at Juknokwon and Suncheon Bay. The 24 hour concentration mean of atmosphere standards were found with much lower values than those by law. The highest concentrations of air anion were measured $400{\sim}3,000ea{\cdot}mL^{-1}$ through the sites. There is no significant correlation between the concentration of monoterpene and air anion.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.216-224
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• 1997

Porous silica ceramics were prepared(with HCI catalyst) using H2O/TEOS molar ratios of 2.6~59.0, with the EtOH/TEOS ratio fixed. After preparing 9 kinds of sol, the followings were investigated; measurement of the gelation time, thermal analyses by TG/DTA, property analyses of the intermediates by FT-IR and X-ray diffractometry with dried samples, analyses of SiO2 polymer by FT-IR, the investigation of specific sur-face area and pore size distribution by N2-adsorption isotherm, and structural change of SiO2 polymer and pore morphology by TEM observation, with samples heat-treated to 50$0^{\circ}C$. In the concentrations of in-vestigated compositions and catalyst, gelation time showed a minimum at ca. 11 moles of water per one mole of TEOS, the highest degree of polymerization at ca. 8-18 moles, and the largest specific surface area at ca. 11 moles, which means that the polymerization proceeded fastest at ca. 11 moles of water. In con-clusion, the more water used, the faster the polymerization reaction up to ca. 11 moles, but more than ca. 11 moles of water caused retardation of gelation and resultant reduction of specific surface area.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.69-78
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• 1994

The acidic deposition (wet) was collected at three different locations; representative industrial (Kun-Jang industrial areas), semiindustrial (Kunsan City) and nonindustrial (Daeya areas) region between March, 1991 and June, 1993. Samples were analyzed for major chemical components along with pH. Also the responses of Hypnum filunzaeforme to the acidic deposition adjusted to pH 4.6, 3.6 and 2.6 with 1:4 molar ratio of nitric to sulfuric acid were investigated. Seasonal variation of pH showed the lowest in early spring and the highest in summer. The annual mean concentrations of $S0_4^{2-},\;NO_3^{-}\;and\;NH_4^{+}$ were 2.94 (81.0%), 0.48 (13.2%) and 0.21 (5.78%) mg/l in industrial region and 0.61 (64.21%), 0.25 (26.3%) and 0.9 (9.5%) mg /I in nonindustrial region, respectively. $S0_4^{2-}$ contents of industrial region was 4 times higher than those of nonindustrial region. The ratio of $S0_4^{2-}\;to\;NO_3^{-}$ was 4.75~7.35 in industrial region and 0.69-6.36 in nonindustrial region. The acidic deposition near industrial region was associated with excess ions, expecially $S0_4^{2-}$. Nitrate reductase activity(NRA) of mosses was inhibited by acidic deposition in both regions. The time required for the maximum NRA induction by 2mM $KNO_3$ was shortened in mosses collected from industrial region. Photosynthesis of H. plumaejorme began to decrease with acidic deposition by pH below 4.6, and was completely inhibited at pH 2.6 in both regions. Water potential of mosses treated with acidic deposition was almost constant during 18 days, however after withholding the supply of acidic deposition, it was rapidly decreased.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.106-113
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• 2007

Biological characteristics of Philasteridies dicentrarchi (Ciliophora:Scuticociliate) isolated from the cultured olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus was determined out by culture, growth conditions, and in vitro relief effect of chemical compounds. The scuticociliate has an active propagation ability by utilizing organic matters obtained from cell strain, bacteria, assorted feed, brain tissue and rotifer tissue. The ciliate achieved population growth activity under the conditions of $5{\sim}45\;ppt$ in salinity and pH 6-9. The ciliate had survived and propagated under the water temperature ranging $10{\sim}30^{\circ}C$, but active growth was observed in the temperature ranges of $10{\sim}25^{\circ}C$. Therapeutic trials were performed with formalin and hydrogen peroxide. The extermination time of the parasites with formalin was in 30 minutes both at 300 and 400 ppm, 60 minutes at 200 ppm, 90 minutes at 100 ppm, and 120 minutes at 50 ppm, respectively. In hydrogen peroxide treatments extermination time was 60 minutes in 300 ppm, 90 minutes in 200 ppm, and 150 minutes at 150 ppm and 100 ppm concentrations.

• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.172-179
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• 2020

The impact of effective parameters on the electrodeposition rate optimization of Au-Cu alloy at high thicknesses on the silver substrate was investigated in the present study. After ensuring the formation of gold alloy deposits with the desired and standard percentage of gold with the cartage of 18K and other standard karats that should be observed in the manufacturing of the gold and jewelry artifacts, comparing the rate of gold-copper deposition by direct and pulsed current was done. The rate of deposition with pulse current was significantly higher than direct current. In this process, the duty cycle parameter was effectively optimized by the "one factor at a time" method to achieve maximum deposition rate. Particular parameters in this work were direct and pulse current densities, bath temperature, concentration of gold and cyanide ions in electrolyte, pH, agitation and wetting agent additive. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and surface chemical analysis system (EDS) were used to study the effect of deposition on the cross-sections of the formed layers. The results revealed that the Au-Cu alloy layer formed with concentrations of 6gr·L^-1 Au, 55gr·L^-1 Cu, 24 gr·L^-1 KCN and 1 ml·L^-1 Lauryl dimethyl amine oxide (LDAO) in the 0.6 mA·cm^-2 average current density and 30% duty cycle, had 0.841 ㎛·min^-1 Which was the highest deposition rate. The use of electrodeposition of pure and alloy gold thick layers as a production method can reduce the use of gold metal in the production of hallow gold artifacts, create sophisticated and unique models, and diversify production by maintaining standard karats, hardness, thickness and mechanical strength. This will not only make the process economical, it will also provide significant added value to the gold artifacts. By pulsating of currents and increasing the duty cycle means reducing the pulse off-time, and if the pulse off-time becomes too short, the electric double layer would not have sufficient growth time, and its thickness decreases. These results show the effect of pulsed current on increasing the electrodeposition rate of Au-Cu alloy confirming the previous studies on the effect of pulsed current on increasing the deposition rate of Au-Cu alloy.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.115-123
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• 2014

In the current study, wheat flour was mixed with high quality cassava flour (HQCF) in several ratios: 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, and 60:40, and used to prepare 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% National Root Crops Research Institute (NRCRI) cassava bread, respectively. 100% wheat bread was prepared as a control (100% wheat bread). Five bread samples were prepared per group. Antioxidant assays [i.e., 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) scavenging assay, reducing power assay] revealed that the bread samples had considerable antioxidant capacities. Substitution of wheat flour with HQCF at various concentrations resulted in dose dependent decreases in the mineral and protein contents of the resulting bread samples. The crude fiber content of the bread samples was minimal, while the carbohydrate content of the bread samples ranged from 43.86% to 48.64%. A 20% substitution of wheat flour with HQCF yielded bread samples with a general acceptability that was comparable to that of 100% wheat bread. The mean bacteria counts of the bread samples ranged from $2.0{\times}10^3CFU/mL$ to $1.4{\times}10^4CFU/mL$, while the fungal counts ranged from 0 CFU/mL to $3{\times}10^3CFU/mL$. There was a positive correlation between the DPPH antioxidant activities and the reducing powers of the bread samples ($R^2=0.871$) and a positive correlation between the DPPH antioxidant activities and the flavonoid contents of the bread samples ($R^2=0.487$). The higher microbial load of the NRCRI cassava bread samples indicates that these bread samples may have a shorter shelf life than the 100% wheat bread. The significant positive correlation between total flavonoid content and reducing power ($R^2=0.750$) suggests that the flavonoids present in the lipophilic fractions of the bread samples could be responsible for the reductive capacities of the bread samples.

• ALGAE
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.141-148
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• 2006

Benthic diatoms are known as a good food for shellfish in nature and in commercial hatchery of Jeju Island, Korea. Grammatophora marina is commonly found as dominant benthic micro-algae in Jeju coastal waters throughout the year. To know the best growth conditions of this species, culture was done in terms of three parameters; water temperature, salinity and nutrients. Each parameter was controlled by temperature of 15, 20 and 25°C; salinity of 25, 30 and 35 psu; and nutrient concentrations of 50, 100 and 200%. F/2 media was used with artificial seawater for the culture, which was continued for two weeks with L:D cycle 12:12 by using fluorescent light. Maximum specific growth rate was recorded 1.68 d–1 at temperature of 25°C with salinity of 35 psu and nutrient concentration of 200% on 6th day during the culture period. Maximum biomass was also observed 4.9 × 105 cells mL–1 in the same condition. This species may belong to the euryhaline and eutrophic habitat with warm condition. For nutritional aspects of this species, protein, lipid and carbohydrate were measured. The value of protein, lipid and carbohydrate was 4.96%, 15.82% and 5.65%, respectively. The antioxidant activities of 80% methanolic extract were 46.7%, 23.7% and 23.8% on DPPH (1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylydrazy) radical, superoxide anion radical and hydrogen peroxide scavenging, respectively. Percentage metal chelating activity was 81.2%. Enzymatic extracts of Alcalase and Ultraflow showed remarkable scavenging activities on DPPH radical (86.5% and 57.2%, respectively), and superoxide anion scavenging activities were 45.3% and 41.4% from Kojizyme and Viscozyme extracts, respectively. Extract of Protomex revealed 24.8% activity on hydrogen peroxide and Neutase showed 30.8% on hydroxyl radical scavenging effects. Celluclast and Viscozyme extracts showed 33.2% and 32.1% activities on nitric oxide scavenging, respectively, while Alcalase showed 61.5% on metal chelating. This species contains higher lipids among the biochemical compounds and higher metal chelating activities from both 80% methanolic and enzymatic extracts.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.170-175
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• 2008

To verify suitability of the developed nutrient solution for fertigation culture of cucumber, chemical changes of soil, growth characteristics and yield of cucumber as affected by conventional fertigation method (Control), the developed nutrient solution for fertigation culture (DNF) and Yamasaki cucumber recipe (YCR) were investigated. At 48 days after transplant, photosynthetic and transpiration rate of cucumber leaves were the highest in 3/2 strength of DNF and 1/2 strength of YCR, but not different with the Control, in the later growing period photosynthetic rate was the highest in 3/2 strength of DNF and YCR and was clearly different with the Control, transpiration rate was the highest in 3/2 strength of DNF and 1/2, 1 strengths of YCR. The growth and yield of cucumber, nutrient elements of cucumber leaves except for calcium were more in DNF and YCR than in the Control. Compared with pre-treated loam soil, pH of the soil was low and electric conductivity was high in all treatments, amounts of accumulated phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium were much in the higher concentrations per the kinds of nutrient solutions. From the above results, it was considered that the developed nutrient solution has suitability as nutrient solution for fertigation culture of cucumber.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.263-271
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• 2017

The application of mass spectrometry to polymer science has rapidly increased since the development of MALDI-TOF MS. This review summarizes current polymer analysis methods using MALDI-TOF MS, which has been extensively applied to analyze the average molecular weight of biopolymers and synthetic polymers. Polymer sequences have also been analyzed to reveal the structures and composition of monomers. In addition, the analysis of unknown end-groups and the determination of polymer concentrations are very important applications. Hyphenated techniques using MALDI-tandem MS have been used for the analysis of fragmentation patterns and end-groups, and also the combination of SEC and MALDI-TOF MS techniques is recommended for the analysis of complex polymers. Moreover, MALDI-TOF MS has been utilized for the observation of polymer degradation. Ion mobility MS, TOF-SIMS, and MALDI-TOF-imaging are also emerging technologies for polymer characterization because of their ability to automatically fractionate and localize polymer samples. The determination of polymer characteristics and their relation to the material properties is one of the most important demands for polymer scientists; the development of software and instrument for higher molecular mass range (> 100 kD) will increase the applications of MALDI-TOF MS for polymer scientists.