ALGAE

The Korean Society of Phycology (한국조류학회(藻類))
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Growth Characteristics, Bio-chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activities of Benthic Diatom Grammatophora marina from Jeju Coast, Korea

  • Affan, Abu (Department of Oceanography, College of Ocean Sciences, Cheju National University) ;
  • Karawita, Rohan (Department of Marine Biotechnology, College of Ocean Sciences, Cheju National University) ;
  • Jeon, Yu-Jin (Department of Marine Biotechnology, College of Ocean Sciences, Cheju National University) ;
  • Kim, Bo-Young (Department of Oceanography, College of Ocean Sciences, Cheju National University) ;
  • Lee, Joon-Baek (Department of Oceanography, College of Ocean Sciences, Cheju National University)
  • Published : 2006.03.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Benthic diatoms are known as a good food for shellfish in nature and in commercial hatchery of Jeju Island, Korea. Grammatophora marina is commonly found as dominant benthic micro-algae in Jeju coastal waters throughout the year. To know the best growth conditions of this species, culture was done in terms of three parameters; water temperature, salinity and nutrients. Each parameter was controlled by temperature of 15, 20 and 25°C; salinity of 25, 30 and 35 psu; and nutrient concentrations of 50, 100 and 200%. F/2 media was used with artificial seawater for the culture, which was continued for two weeks with L:D cycle 12:12 by using fluorescent light. Maximum specific growth rate was recorded 1.68 d–1 at temperature of 25°C with salinity of 35 psu and nutrient concentration of 200% on 6th day during the culture period. Maximum biomass was also observed 4.9 × 105 cells mL–1 in the same condition. This species may belong to the euryhaline and eutrophic habitat with warm condition. For nutritional aspects of this species, protein, lipid and carbohydrate were measured. The value of protein, lipid and carbohydrate was 4.96%, 15.82% and 5.65%, respectively. The antioxidant activities of 80% methanolic extract were 46.7%, 23.7% and 23.8% on DPPH (1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylydrazy) radical, superoxide anion radical and hydrogen peroxide scavenging, respectively. Percentage metal chelating activity was 81.2%. Enzymatic extracts of Alcalase and Ultraflow showed remarkable scavenging activities on DPPH radical (86.5% and 57.2%, respectively), and superoxide anion scavenging activities were 45.3% and 41.4% from Kojizyme and Viscozyme extracts, respectively. Extract of Protomex revealed 24.8% activity on hydrogen peroxide and Neutase showed 30.8% on hydroxyl radical scavenging effects. Celluclast and Viscozyme extracts showed 33.2% and 32.1% activities on nitric oxide scavenging, respectively, while Alcalase showed 61.5% on metal chelating. This species contains higher lipids among the biochemical compounds and higher metal chelating activities from both 80% methanolic and enzymatic extracts.

Keywords

References

  1. Affan M.A. and Lee J.B. 2004. Seasonal characteristics of phytoplankton dynamics and environmental factors in the coast of Mara-do and U-do, Jeju Island, Korea. Algae 9: 235-245
  2. Bligh E.G. and Dyer W.Y. 1959. A rapid method of total extraction and purification. Can. J. Biochem. Physiol. 37: 911-917 https://doi.org/10.1139/o59-099
  3. Brand-Williams W. 1995. Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. Food Science Technology (London) 28: 25-30 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0023-6438(95)80008-5
  4. Brown M.R and Jeffreyi S.W. 1995. The amino acid and gross composition of marine diatoms potentially useful for mariculture. J. Appl. Phycol. 7: 521-527 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00003938
  5. Buyukokuroglu M.E., Gulcin I., Oktay M. and Kufrevioglu O.I. 2001. In vitro antioxidant properties of dantrolene sodium. Pharmacol. Res. 44: 491-495 https://doi.org/10.1006/phrs.2001.0890
  6. Cheeseman K.H. and Slater T.F. 1993. An introduction to free radical biochemistry. British Medical Bulletine 49: 481-493 https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a072625
  7. Chiang W.D., Shih C.J. and Chu Y.H. 1999. Functional properties of soy protein hydrolysate produced from a continuous membrane reactor system. Food Chem. 65: 189-194 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(98)00193-9
  8. Chung S.K., Osawa T. and Kawakishi S. 1997. Hydroxyl radicalscavenging effects of spices and scavengers from black mustard (Brassica nigra). Biosci. Biotech. Biochem. 61: 118-123 https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb.61.118
  9. Decker E.A. and Welch B. 1990. Role of ferritin as a lipid oxidation catalyst in muscle food. J. Agric. Food Chem. 38: 674-677 https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00093a019
  10. Fridovich I. 1995. Superoxide radical and superoxide dismutases. Ann. Rev. Biochem. 64: 97-112 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bi.64.070195.000525
  11. Garrat D.C. 1964. The Quantitative Analysis of Drugs. Vol. 3. Chapman and Hall, London
  12. Gulcin I., Oktay M., Kufrevioeglu O. and Aslan A. 2002. Determination of antioxidant activity of lichen Cetraria islandica (L). Ach. J. Ethnopharmacol. 79: 325-329 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(01)00396-8
  13. Halliwell B. 1991. Reactive oxygen species in living systems: Source, biochemistry, and role in human disease. Am. J. Med. 91: 14-19
  14. Halliwell B. and Gutteridge J.M. 1989. Free Radical in Biology and Medicine. Clarendon Press, Oxford
  15. Harris P. H. 1986. Phytoplankton Ecology. Chapman and Hall, London
  16. Heo S.J., Lee K.W., Song C.B. and Jeon Y.J. 2003. Antioxidant activity of enzymatic extracts from brown seaweeds. Algae 18: 71-81 https://doi.org/10.4490/ALGAE.2003.18.1.071
  17. Hoshiai G., Suzuki T., Kamiyama T., Yamasaki M. and Ichimi K. 2003. Water temperature and salinity during the occurrence of Dinophysis fortii and D. acuminate in Kesennuma Bay, northern Japan. Fisheries Sci. 69: 1303-1305 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0919-9268.2003.00760.x
  18. Hotta H., Nagano S., Ueda M., Tsujino Y., Koyama J. and Osakai, T. 2002. Higher radical scavenging activities of polyphenolic antioxidants can be ascribed to chemical reactions following their oxidation. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1572: 23-132
  19. Kitada M., Igarashi K., Hirose S. and Kitagawa H. 1979. Inhibition by polyamines of lipid peroxidase formation in rat liver microsomes. Biochem. Bioph. Res. Co. 87: 388-394 https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-291X(79)91808-4
  20. Kotaki Y., Koike K., Yoshida M., Thuoc C.V., Huyen N.T.M., Hoi N.C., Fukuyo Y. and Kodama M. 2000. Domoic acid production in Nitzschia sp. (Bacillariophyceae) isolated from a shrimp-culture pond in Do Son, Vietnam. J. Phycol. 36: 1057-1060 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1529-8817.2000.99209.x
  21. Liang S., Liu X., Chen F. and Chen Z. 2004. Current micoralgal health food R and D activities in China. Hydrobiol. 512: 45-48 https://doi.org/10.1023/B:HYDR.0000020366.65760.98
  22. Liu F. and Ng T.B. 2000. Antioxidative and free radical scavenging activities of selected medicinal herbs. Life Sci. 66: 725-735 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-3205(99)00643-8
  23. Lund J.W.C. 1949. Studies on Asterionella. The origin and nature of the cells producing seasonal maxima. J. Ecol. 37: 389-419 https://doi.org/10.2307/2256614
  24. Mabeau S. and Kloareg. 1987. Isolation and analysis of the cell of brown algae: Fucus spiralis, F. ceranodies, F. serratus, Bifurcaria bifuracata and Laminaria digita. J. Exp. Bot. 194: 1573-1580
  25. Muller N.J. Rice-Evans C.A., Bolwell P.G., BramLey P.M. and Pridham J.B. 1995. The relative antioxidant activities of plant-derived polyphenolic flavonoids. Free Radical Res. 22: 375-383 https://doi.org/10.3109/10715769509145649
  26. Nagai T. and Suzuki N. 2000. Isolation of collagen from fish waste material-skin, bone and fins. Food Chem. 68: 277-281 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(99)00188-0
  27. Nagai T., Inoue I., Inoue H. and Suzuki N. 2003. Preparation and antioxidant properties of water extract of propolis. Food Chem. 80: 29-33 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(02)00231-5
  28. Pirt S.J. 1975. Principle of Microbe and Cell Cultivation. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford
  29. Ramos E.A.P. and Xiong Y.L. 2002. Antioxidant activity of soy protein hydrolysates in a liposomal system. J. Food Sci. 67: 2952-2956 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2002.tb08844.x
  30. Reynolds C.S., Dokulil M. and Padisak J. 2000. Understanding the assembly of phytoplankton in relation to the trophic spectrum: where are we now? In: Reynolds C.S., Dokulil M. and Padisak J. (eds), The Trophic Spectrum Revised: the Influence of Trophic State on the Assembly of Phytoplankton Communities. Development in Hydrobiology 150. Kluwer Academic Publishers, London. pp. 147-152
  31. Romay C., Armesto J., Remirez D., Gonna'lez R., Ledon N. and Garcia I. 1998. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of C-phycocyanin from blue-green algae. Inflamm. Res. 47: 36-41
  32. Shahidi F. and Wanasundara P.K.J.P.D. 1992. Phenolic antioxidants. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 32: 67-103 https://doi.org/10.1080/10408399209527581
  33. Sherwin E.R. 1990. Antioxidants. In: Branen R. (ed.), Food additives. Marcel Dekker, New York. pp. 139-193
  34. Shim J.H.1994. Illustrated Encyclopedia of Fauna and Flora of Korea. Vol. 34. Marine Phytoplankton. Ministry of Education, Republic of Korea
  35. Soares J.R., Dins T.C.P., Cunha A.P. and Almeida L.M. 1997. Antioxidant activity of some extracts of Thymus zygis. Free Radical Res. 26: 469-478 https://doi.org/10.3109/10715769709084484
  36. Talling J.F. 1955. The relative growth rates of three planktonic diatoms in relation to underwater radiation and temperature. Ann. Bot. N.S. 19: 329-341 https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a083432
  37. Taylor K.A.C.C. 1995. A modification of the phenol sulfuric acid method of total sugar determination. App. Biochem. and Biotec. 53: 207-214 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02783496
  38. Thessen A.E., Michael Q. and Mossison L.P.W. 2005. Effect of salinity on Pseudo-nitzschia species (Bacillariophyceae) growth and distribution. J. Phycol. 41: 21-29 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.04077.x
  39. Thomas A.D. and Sommerfeld M.R. 1998. Effects of environmental conditions on growth and lipid accumulation in Nitzschia communis (Bacillariophyceae). J. Phycol. 34: 712-721 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1529-8817.1998.340712.x
  40. Tomas J. H. 1996. Effects of temperature and illuminance on cell division rates of three species of tropical oceanic phytoplankton. J. Phycol. 2: 17-22

Cited by

  1. OPTIMAL GROWTH CONDITIONS AND ANTIOXIDATIVE ACTIVITIES OF CYLINDROTHECA CLOSTERIUM (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE)1 vol.45, pp.6, 2009, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2009.00763.x
  2. GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS AND ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES OF THE BENTHIC DIATOMNAVICULA INCERTA(BACILLARIOPHYCEAE) FROM JEJU ISLAND, KOREA1 vol.43, pp.4, 2007, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2007.00367.x
  3. Determining the bioavailability of contaminants and assessing the quality of sediments vol.8, pp.2, 2008, https://doi.org/10.1065/jss2008.02.275.2
  4. Factors governing phytoplankton biomass and production in tropical estuaries of western Taiwan vol.118, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2016.02.015
  5. The Potential of a Brown Microalga Cultivated in High Salt Medium for the Production of High-Value Compounds vol.2017, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/4018562
  6. Protective Effect of Enzymatic Extracts from Microalgae Against DNA Damage Induced by H2O2 vol.9, pp.4, 2007, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10126-007-9007-3
  7. Effects of UV radiation on five marine microphytobenthic Wadden sea diatoms isolated from the Solthörn tidal flat (Lower Saxony, southern North Sea) – Part I: growth and antioxidative defence strategies vol.49, pp.1, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1080/09670262.2014.889214
  8. Long-term microphytoplankton variability patterns using multivariate analyses: ecological and management implications vol.21, pp.19, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3009-2
  9. sp. growth by flow cytometry pp.2159-8347, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.2018.1523231