• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.62 no.2
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• pp.329-348
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• 2010

Following the welfare state typology well known, the typology in terms of individual system in welfare state has been widely examined and, pension which is the biggest and most important in welfare state has been classified into Beveridge and Bismarckian types based on their pension system design. Such typology focused on benefit type or size of private pension has been recently refined to add a new type - 'Bismarckian Lite' type - in addition to traditional Beveridge and Bismarckian types. Whereas the pension reforms in the developed countries has been changes within their pension regimes, the Korean pension reform in 2007 seems to have changed the existing social insurance type into the 'Bismarckian Lite' type. However, considering the immaturity of Korean pension regime, it is difficult to conclude the existing status of the Korean pension regime and, the Korean one can be classified into a multi-pillar one. Over the last decades the developed countries have increased the size of private pension regardless of their original pension regimes, which tends to converge into multi-pillar schemes. Accordingly, there is recently a new typology focused on the degree of regulation in terms of private pensions, which seems to be the better perspective. It will be more important how to regulate the (immature) occupational pension as well as the National Pension in Korea. Considering that old age income security in countries where the public regulation regarding private pension was absent has been deteriorated, it would be necessary to strengthen the role of government to effectively regulate private pension.

• 한국노년학
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.15-32
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• 2017

The current study aims to identify the heterogeneous changes of functional disabilities in old age rather than to identify an average longitudinal pattern and to explore the effect of health status and social status as risk factors in functional disability trajectories. The sample consisted of a representative sample of community dwellers aged 65 and older from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing (2006 - 2012) was the focus of the study. Latent Class Growth Analysis was used to identify the functional disability trajectory groups. Variables regarding health status and social status changes by class were identified using multinomial logistic regression. The results showed various change patterns in functional disability, which include independent (78%), stable high (4.4%), steeply increasing (7.1%), slightly increasing (5.5%), and moderate to low (4.7%). Aggravation in depressive symptoms and cognitive functions as well as decline in social participations and social engagements were significant predictors of membership in increasing group of functional disability. The findings provide important initial empirical information to target clinical practice and have implications in the importance of conducting research on groups with different characteristics.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.127-138
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• 2020

This study investigated the patterns of transition of consumption patterns in Korean households in 2010 and 2017, and the impact of the life cycle on the transition of consumption patterns between the two time points. Using information on 4,717 households from the 2010 and 2017 data of the Korean Labor Panel Survey, we examined the effect of the family life cycle on changes in consumption patterns. The results of the latent transition analysis on the change in consumption type showed that the change in consumption type between the two points of time at the household level was relatively active. The logistic regression models reported that the transition of consumption type varies depending on the life cycle, such as changes in marital status, birth and independence of children. These results provide the implication that it is necessary to consider from the perspective of the family life course how the transition between their consumption types occurs when the government establishes consumption policies and companies set marketing target groups.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.362-373
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• 2005

Purpose: this study was carried out to identify family environmental factors related to changes in sexual attitudes through a sexuality education based on correct sexual attitude for middle school students. Methods: The subjects were 141 students (67 boys and 74 girls) in 4 classes of the first grade of a coeducational middle school, in Seoul. The school nurse provided the sexuality education for 18 hours over 16 weeks. Results: After the sexuality education, there was a significant increase in sexual attitude(t=59.06, p<.001). For family environmental factors related to changes in sexual attitude,'relationship with parents' was a significant factor for both boys and girls. For the girls, there were many other related factors such as 'parents' openness', 'family structure', and 'economic status'. Significant factors were 'Family structure' for attitude to abortion and 'parents' openness' for attitude to intercourse before marriage. Conclusions: Based on these results, systematic sexuality education is needed to enhance correct sexual attitudes in youth. To increase the effect of sexuality education, it should include contents to improve relationships with patents. Also, for parents, programs to improve relationships with their children and to change the values such as openness may also be required.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.269-278
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• 2022

Purpose: This study analyzed the retention factors of Korean community health practitioners who sustained over 20 years based on a multi-dimensional framework. This study suggests global implications for nurses working in rural or remote areas, even during a worldwide pandemic. Methods: The participants were 16 Korean community health practitioners who worked in rural or remote locations for over 20 years. This study identified nurses' key retention factors contributing to long service in rural and remote areas. This is a qualitative study based on the narrative method and analysis was conducted using grounded theory. A semi-structured questionnaire was conducted based on the following: the life flow of the participants' first experience, episodes during the work experience, and reflections on the past 20 years. Results: First, personal 'financial needs' and 'callings' were motivation-related causal conditions. The adaptation of environment-work-community was the contextual condition leading to intervening conditions, building coping strategies by encountering a lifetime crisis. The consequences of 'transition' and 'maturation' naturally occurred with chronological changes. The unique factors were related to the 'external changes' in the Korean primary health system, which improved the participants' social status and welfare. Conclusion: Considering multi-dimensional retention factors was critical, including chronological (i.e., historical changes) and external factors (i.e., healthcare systems), to be supportive synchronously for rural nurses. Without this, the individuals working in the rural areas could be victimized by insecurity and self-commitment. Furthermore, considering the global pandemic, the retention of nurses is crucial to prevent the severity of isolation in rural and remote areas.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.12
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• pp.6415-6421
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• 2012

Background: Canine mammary gland tumors (CMGTs) are the most common tumor found in bitches. Changes in HER-2/neu genes in human breast cancer (HBC) lead to decrease in disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival rate (OSR). Previous studies have demonstrated that the biological behavior of malignant mammary gland tumors (MMGTs) is similar to that of HBC. The present study aimed at evaluating the relationship between overexpression of HER-2/neu and clinicopathological features in MMGTs to represent a model of prognostic factors for HBC. Materials and Method: The clinicopathological data of 35 MMGTs were obtained. Immunohistochemical staining with HER-2, Ki-67 and CD34 markers was conducted with sections from paraffin-embedded blocks. According to standard protocols, histological type, grade, margin status, lymphovascular invasion (LVI), HER-2/neu score, proliferation rate and microvessel density (MVD) of tumors were determined and the association of HER-2/neu overexpression with these parameters was assessed statistically. Results: The IHC results showed that 12 (34.3%) cases were HER-2/neu positive. Statistical analyses indicated a significant relationship between HER-2 positivity and tumor grade (p=0.043), which also was demonstrated with cancer stage (p=0.035), tumor margin involvement (p=0.016), proliferation index (p=0.001) and MVD (p=0.001); however, there was no statistical relationship between LVI and tumor size. Overexpression of the HER-2/neu gene in MMGTs results in similar biological behavior as that of HBC; as a result, these tumors have can be considered to have important similarities in clinicopathological characteristics. Conclusions: MMGTs can be regarded as an HBC animal model. Further studies in this field would result in new treatments that could be beneficial for both dogs and humans.

• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.38-47
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• 2020

Purposes: The problem in the recent immigration policy and social policy changes for foreigners is that the preliminary analysis or research on the actual impact of the influx of foreigners has not been done enough in Korea yet.. This study is to examine the impact of the Korean health insurance finances on the influx of foreigners. Approach: This study analyzed the health insurance statistics for foreigners and overseas Koreans of the Health Insurance Corporation from 2013 to 2017. The data is the "Status of Health Insurance Premiums for Nationals, Foreigners, and Overseas Koreans from 2013 to 2017" submitted by the National Health Insurance Service to the Health and Welfare Committee during the 2018 National Audit Period. Findings: To summarize the analysis, first, the proportion of foreigners was only 1% of all subscribers (1.7% at work, 1.9% in regions) until 2017. Second, employees at work have a lower pay-to-pay ratio, and local subscribers have a higher pay-to-pay rate, regardless of nationality. Third, as immigrants are mostly concentrated in younger ages, they are healthy and use of hospitals is relatively low. Fourth, in terms of gender distribution, there are many women of childbearing age due to marriage immigration among foreign local subscribers, and more men use hospitals than workers who have a high proportion of males due to childbirth. In conclusion, the impact of immigration on health insurance finances is not large, and has a positive effect on finances. Practical Implications: If we simply consider the financial aspect, encouraging foreigners to subscribe to health insurance has a positive effect on finances. In particular, the more foreign workers are enrolled, the greater the financial gain. In particular, increasing the employment of foreign women through language education, vocational training, and employment support will help finance health insurance. One of the reasons foreign subscribers have a positive impact on health insurance finance is the low medical utilization rate. It can be said that young and healthy foreigners use fewer hospitals and clinics, but another aspect means that foreigners have difficulty using health insurance for various reasons. Therefore, various supports must be accompanied so that foreign subscribers can use medical services when necessary.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.485-495
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• 2013

As rural life has shifted with the long term changes in the internal and external conditions of rural communities, this study aims to investigate the living conditions and life satisfaction of rural women. 70 questionnaires in health, clothing, food, shelter, economic conditions and child-rearing fields were used for a survey of 393 rural women from five rural areas in the northern region of Gyeongsangbuk-Do. Statistical techniques of frequency analysis, descriptive statistics, ANOVA, t-test and regression analysis were employed through 'SPSS Statistics 21'. Participants were divided into 3 groups, with Group A with income less than 15 million won, Group B with income of at least 15 million won and less than 30 million won, and Group C with at least 30 million won. For the life satisfaction and health conditions, Group C showed higher scores than Group A. The food security status of rural women in the research area was worse than that in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, and food consumption by Group C was higher than that of Group A and Group B. For the satisfaction of kitchen, bathroom facilities and heating system, the income of 15 million won seemed to be the divisive value where richer groups were more satisfied. Job satisfaction seemed more related with the income amount rather than with the job itself. The parenting efficacy and child-rearing satisfaction were higher for Group C than for Group A. Determinants of life satisfaction turned out to be health conditions, heat susceptibility, fruit consumption, kitchen unit satisfaction, job satisfaction and parenting efficacy.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.59 no.3
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• pp.59-73
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• 2007

The compensation system in industrial accident insurance is systemized with "either receiving all or no benefits at all" according to "admited or denied as an industrial accident". Therefore, they are centered on the decision as "industrial accident" or "non-industrial accident", but judging between the two is very complicated, and has inherent conflicting factors. In the early stage of industrialization, industrial accident compensation was based on the indemnity liability for employer's faults. In order to be compensated any damage, the injured worker should prove that the accident was not due to his or her faults. However it was very difficult for injured worker or his or her family to prove the employer's faults, so it was almost impossible to get compensation. Thereafter industrialization progress and improvement of workers' political status lead to conversion from principle of liability with employer's faults to principle of liability without employer's faults. In addition to that, coverage of industrial accident compensation was also expanded. This improvement strengthened the benefit payment principle of "All or Nothing". Even though the "All or Nothing" principle provokes tremendous criticism, the reason why it's difficult for industrialized countries to adopt partial compensation system, is that partial compensation system worsens the administrative hardship, therefore industrialized countries overcome the restrictions of the "All or Nothing" principle with making balance in provisions for any risk to some extent. However, in Korea because the general compensation system for covering medical cost and income loss from accidents, is not equipped, it could be possible to cause acute conflicts with regard to coverage of industrial accidents. Therefore it is required to improve the industrial accident insurance with the acceptance of the significance and logic of discriminated compensation, and create the integrated compensation system in the long run.

• 한국노년학
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.781-800
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• 2020

This study aims to categorize the daily time use of older adults into different types, examine the factors influencing them and the differences between them by type, and verify the effect of each type on life satisfaction. From the 6th wave of the Korea Retirement and Income Study (KeRIS), analysis was conducted on 3,963 older adults aged 65 (n=3,963). Using Latent Profile Analysis (LPA), three types of daily time use for older adults were identified: basic life maintenance type (16%), free-leisure oriented type (26%), and social activity type (58%). From the results of multinomial logistic regression analysis to identify the factors influencing each type of daily time use, it was found that the main factors influencing free-leisure oriented type, when compared with basic life maintenance type, were the presence of spouse (p<.01) and psychological health status (p<.001). The main factors influencing social activity type, when compared with basic life maintenance type, were age (p<.05), economic activity (p<.001), and chronic disease (p<.001). The life satisfaction seen during free-leisure oriented time and social activity time was higher than that during basic life maintenance time. From these findings, practical and policy proposals were suggested to improve life satisfaction of older adults during basic life maintenance time by pursuing changes in the use of that time.