• Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.59 no.1
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• pp.171-192
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• 2022

For any category with a distinguished collection of sequences, such as n-exangulated category, category of N-complexes and category of precomplexes, we consider its Grothendieck group and similar results of Bergh-Thaule for n-angulated categories [1] are proven. A classification result of dense complete subcategories is given and we give a formal definition of K-groups for these categories following Grayson's algebraic approach of K-theory for exact categories [4].

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.309-322
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• 2016

This paper presents an analytical framework of Conceptual Understandings of Earth Systems (CUES) that shows a relationship between disciplinary knowledge of Earth systems and the specific thinking skills required to understand that knowledge. This framework is developed through an extensive literature review of students' and teachers' understandings of earth systems concepts and systems thinking in earth science context. This study first presents the categories of disciplinary knowledge of Earth systems, Earth System Knowledge (ESK). This study then illustrates a relationship between categories of ESK and the ontological categories (Matter, Process, Systems) that has been used to study students' conceptual understandings of Earth systems. Finally, this study presents the CUES framework to show the relationship between disciplinary knowledge and thinking skills. The implications of using this framework for curriculum development, assessment, and teacher education and ESS research are discussed.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems Conference
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• 2003.09a
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• pp.463-466
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• 2003

Fuzzy set expressing category in fuzzy rating, which is a kind of psychological scaling, is dependent on situations. This paper assumes that a mapping exists between fuzzy sets expressing categories in some situation and those expressing same categories in another situation. fuzzy sets expressing categories in some situation are obtained by fuzzy sets expressing categories in another situation and the mapping between them. The usefulness of the present method is confirmed by the experiments comparing fuzzy sets obtained by the presented method with those identified directly by fuzzy rating. The normalized distance is used to compare both fuzzy sets and the experimental results show that the normalized distances between both fuzzy sets are enough small and that the presented method is useful for psychological scaling.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.31-39
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• 2018

This paper aims to present a taxonomy of non-standard words (NSW) for developing a French text normalization system and to propose a method for evaluating this system based on a corpus. The proposed taxonomy of French NSWs consists of 13 categories, including 2 types of letter-based categories and 9 types of number-based categories. In order to evaluate the text normalization system, a representative test set including NSWs from various text domains, such as news, literature, non-fiction, social-networking services (SNSs), and transcriptions, is constructed, and an evaluation equation is proposed reflecting the distribution of the NSW categories of the target domain to which the system is applied. The error rate of the test set is 1.64%, while the error rate of the whole corpus is 2.08%, reflecting the NSW distribution in the corpus. The results show that the literature and SNS domains are assessed as having higher error rates compared to the test set.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.159-171
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• 2003

In this paper, same parts of a domestic automobiles and foreign automobiles are disassembled fur the evaluation of disassemblability, especially door trim and bumper. Influencing factors of disassembly are determined by the classification of bottleneck process in disassembly process. On the bases of disassembly sequence and structure of parts and subassembly, disassemblability is classified into aye categories. The influencing factors, which are related with the five categories are determined. By these relations, the checklist for disassembly evaluation is draw up and score tables of checked factors are established. For the establishing the disassembly score tables, the weighting values of each five categories are calculated by the disassembly test of automobiles and then, the weighting values of each influencing factors of five categories are calculated by the method of AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process). And the last, the weighting values are modified and recalculated from the disassembly test. Using these weighting values, the score of influencing factors are determined and then, the score tables are established based on the score of influencing factors.

• Korean System Dynamics Review
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.75-91
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• 2015

The price-volume in land by land categories is evaluated with dynamic approaches in the era of aging society This research tries to investigate in the respect of major factors such as real estate, macro-economics, and population that is simulated by land categories. The system dynamics approaches on price-volume in land are forecasted until 2020 using the data in the period of 2000-2014. In regard to methodologies, this research adopted system dynamics to evaluate the relationships between price-volume in land and aging society. The meaningful results have been found during the last over 10 year's analysis as the dynamic relations with major factors. Regarding land categories, this research tries to overcome former research limitations. As an implication from the price-volume in land, it confirmed that the multifaceted aspects show that system dynamics approach effectively simulated them by price-volume in land with the population of aging society.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.21 no.8
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• pp.858-863
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• 2018

In this paper, we propose and implement a multi-level convolutional neural network (CNN) algorithm to identify the sexually explicit and lewdness of various image files, and verify its effectiveness by using unauthorized image files generated in the actual military. The proposed algorithm increases the accuracy by applying the convolutional artificial neural network step by step to minimize classification error between similar categories. Experimental data have categorized 20,005 images in the real field into 6 authorization categories and 11 non-authorization categories. Experimental results show that the overall detection rate is 99.51% for the image files. In particular, the excellence of the proposed algorithm is verified through reducing the identification error rate between similar categories by 64.87% compared with the general CNN algorithm.

• Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.1-17
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• 2016

Let $\mathcal{W}$ be an additive full subcategory of the category R-Mod of left R-modules. We provide a method to construct a proper ${\mathcal{W}}^H_C$-resolution (resp. coproper ${\mathcal{W}}^T_C$-coresolution) of one term in a short exact sequence in R-Mod from those of the other two terms. By using these constructions, we introduce and study the stability of the Gorenstein categories ${\mathcal{G}}_C({\mathcal{W}}{\mathcal{W}}^T_C)$ and ${\mathcal{G}}_C({\mathcal{W}}^H_C{\mathcal{W}})$ with respect to a semidualizing bimodule C, and investigate the 2-out-of-3 property of these categories of a short exact sequence by using these constructions. Also we prove how they are related to the Gorenstein categories ${\mathcal{G}}((R{\ltimes}C){\otimes}_R{\mathcal{W}})_C$ and ${\mathcal{G}}(Hom_R(R{\ltimes}C,{\mathcal{W}}))_C$ over $R{\ltimes}C$.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.15-23
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• 2002

This paper reports an experiment on Broca's aphasics' comprehension of a class of English constructions involving empty categories. Based on Grodzinsky's (1986) account of chance-level performance of agrammatic understanding of movement constructions and their thematic role assignments. I show that Grodzinsky's notion of invisible empty categories can be further extended to include pronomical anaphors (PRO's) in Chomsky's (1981) sense and that the asymmetry in their poor comprehension of subject- and object-control constructions can be explained by the heuristic mechanism of the default thematic role assignment rule. eventually supporting Grodzinsky's claim that empty categories are not visible In agrammatic's syntactic representation.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.147-156
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• 2002

This study was conducted to compare and analyze the management status of internet homepage of catering companies in Korea for improving internet marketing. An evaluation tool with 6 categories consisting of contents, information update, user's convenience, design, provision of related information, and accessibility was developed and used for the analysis of 6 major catering companies. A five-point likert scale (1=very badly organized, 5=very well organized) was used for evaluating above six categories. The overall mean score for six categories was 2.91 out of 5, showing below the average. The categories received less than 3 points were information update (2.16), user's convenience (2.33), and provision of related information (2.83). The scores for design was the highest (3.66), followed by accessibility (3.33), and contents (3.16). These results suggest that the internet homepaee of the catering companies should be improved especially in the provision of enough information and its update in order to promote their internet marketing.