• 노동경제논집
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.135-167
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• 2021

본 연구는 긴급재난지원금을 현금으로 수급한 취약계층의 긴급재난지원금 사용행태를 분석하였다. 코로나 위기에 대응하여 전체 가구에 지급된 긴급재난지원금은 기초생활보장 생계급여, 기초연금, 장애인연금 수급가구에게는 현금으로 지급되었으며, 현금수급가구는 전체 수급가구의 12.9%로 적지 않은 비중을 차지한다. 현금수급가구 대상 설문조사 결과, 긴급재난지원금을 대부분 소비지출로 사용하였고, 평균 한계소비성향은 0.217로 코로나 위기로 경제적 어려움을 겪었을수록 높게 추정되었다.

• 한국정보보호학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보보호학회 1994년도 종합학술발표회논문집
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• pp.51-66
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• 1994

A divisible off-line electronic cash system based on cut-and-choose has first been proposed by [OO91] and recently more efficient single term divisible cash system was presented in [EO94] which is based on Brand's scheme [Bra93]. In this paper, we present a different type of single term divisible electronic cash system which is more efficient than previously proposed systems such as [OO91], [YLR93], and [EO94] in the standpoint of the amount of communication, the number of modular multiplications required in the payment transactions, and the storage requirement in the withdrawal protocol. Our scheme is a modified version of [LL93], where the major improvement has been made in its withdrawal transaction to introduce untraceability and multi-spendability. We have borrowed the idea of the withdrawal protocol of our scheme from [EO94] with minor modifications. Transferability in our scheme allows only a finite number of transfer. Our scheme satisfies an the desirable properties of an electronic cash system such as untraceability, divisibility and transferability. In addition, we present a n-spendable cash. The basic idea of extension to multi-spendability has been borrowed from [Bra93] with minor modifications.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.189-193
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• 2015

Calculating break-even price of calf production is closely associated with reproductive efficiency. To determine the price, we need data from reproduction records including number of claves weaned, number of cows exposed for breeding, and annual cash coast per cow, and average weaning or market weight of claves sold and retained. Unfortunately, the data were not available in Korea native cow (Hanwoo). To evaluate the performance and the price, we collected calving interval from about 60,000 cows for last 10 years and estimated reproductive performance. Calving interval was increased 4.3% and pregnancy rate was decreased about 1.4~2.8% year-on-year. Increases in growth rates of number of cow and semen per calf supported the low reproductive performance. Finally, break-even price was calculated using estimated percent calf crop and demonstrated that growth rate of break-even price is larger than that of annual cash per cow, suggesting cow-calf profitability and financial efficiency in Korea native cow (Hanwoo) is getting worse.

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.205-216
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• 2011

Unequal distribution of shares among children during intergenerational transference of assets has been prevalent in Korea. This study intends to examine whether parental contribution, in the form of a cash gift, is differentiated between the bride's side and the bridegroom's side at marriage and by age group. This pattern may also change according to the generation. Questionnaires were equally distributed to members of three previously delineated age groups: 20' s-30' s, 40's -50's, and 60's and above who are married or have been married at least once and reside in Seoul or Gyeonggi province. A total of 700 questionnaires were analyzed using SPSS and the data were sorted by age group. The results indicate an apparent difference between the husband's side and the wife's side in providing funding for housing at marriage in that a large portion of the funding is provided by the husband's side. Among various funding sources, a cash gift from the couple's parents appears to fund the largest portion of the total cost for housing and marriage. Results show that a cash gift from the couple's parents funds a larger portion of housing expenses for younger generations, a phenomenon that becomes more severe and apparent the younger the couple is.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제8권7호
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• pp.1537-1545
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• 2004

인터넷이 상거래를 변환시키면서, 지불 방법이 인터넷을 통한 상거래를 성공적으로 이끄는 데에 중요한 요소가 되고 있다. 전자 화폐는 기존 실물 화폐가 가지는 모든 특성들을 가지면서 모든 거래에 대해 보안성을 보장해 준다. 따라서 전자 화폐를 기반으로 하는 인터넷 지불 시스템이 향후 전자 상거래에 있어서 안전하고 효율적인 지불 방법으로 기대된다. 디지털 상품과 같은 컨텐츠 상품은 상품의 전달과 대금 지불이 동일 네트워크에서 이루어질 수 있다는 특성을 가진다. 이것은 전자 상거래 시스템의 설계를 최적화하는데 도움이 된다. 본 논문에서는 인터넷을 통한 디지털 상품을 거래하기 위해 특별히 설계된 전자 지불 프로토콜을 제안한다. 제안된 프로토콜은 가상 ID를 사용하여 익명성을 보장하고 지불 단계를 최소화시켰다.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제32권E호
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• pp.80-87
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• 1990

Energy balance equations Were developed to describe the heat transfer mechanisms in a double layer plastic greenhouse with a water curtain system. Heat transfer variables were determined by using various temperature data measured in a conventional prototype semicircular cross-section greenhouse over a range of water temperatures and water flow rates. The heat transfer coefficient between flowing water and greenhouse air was independent of water flow rates. But the heat transfer coefficient between water surface and the stagnant air space within the double plastic layer was dependent on water flow rates. Substituting the heat transfer coefficients, determined from the energy balance equations in the heat transfer equations, demonstrated various relationships among ambient air temperature, greenhouse air temperature, water temperature, and water flow rates. The heating benefits were linearly related to not only the inside and outside air temperatures but also to the water temperature. The energy conservation effects of the water curtain system were found even initial water temperatures were considerably lower than the greenhouse setting temperatures. Sensitivity analysis for heat transfer coefficients demonstrated that the heat transfer coefficient between greenhouse air and the stagnant air within the plastic layers was the most significant coefficient in the estimation of heating effects.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.3870-3881
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• 2015

본 논문의 주제는 최근 국내 자본시장 내에서 거시적 혹은 재무적 측면에서 정부, 기업, 그리고 투자자의 견지에서 가장 활발한 논란이 되고 있다고 판단되는 국내 기업들, 특히 재벌그룹 소속 계열사들의 적정 현금유동성 수준에 대한 내용이다. 즉, 동 기업별로 현금 보유수준의 적정성을 탐구하기 위하여, 이와 관련된 재무적 측면에서의 결정요인을 분석하는 것이 본 연구의 주된 실행 동기이다. 다양한 계량경제적인 모델들을 활용하여, 국제금융위기 이후부터 최근의 자료 기간 동안(2009-2013년), 동 현금유동성 수준에 영향을 줄 수 있는 대용변수들을 분석하였으며, 다양한 설명변수들의 선정관련 현금유동성 수준의 사전적 재무이론의 국제적 근간이 되는 상충관계이론, 자금조달순서이론, 그리고 대리인비용이론 등이 중심적으로 사용되었다. 분석결과, 재벌기업들의 현금보유 수준에 영향을 준다고 판단되는 통계적 유의성 있는 설명변수들로서는 현금흐름, 시장가 대비 장부가 비율, 재투자비율, 그리고 대리인비용 등 4가지 변수들이었고 이 변수들은 다수의 통계적 모형들에서 일관성 있게 유의성을 나타내었다. 종속변수인 재벌기업들의 현금유동성 수준과 동 대용변수들의 관계적 분석과 이론적 암시 등이 본문 내용 중에 서술되었으며, 현재 활발히 진행되고 있는 국제간 투자협정들 (FTAs 혹은 TPPs) 체결 관련, 해외 투자가들의 국내 직접 혹은 간접 투자분야에서도 본 논문 결과가 해당 기업들의 현금유동성 적정성 분석에 유용하게 사용될 수 있기를 기대한다.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제61권
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• pp.273-302
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• 2014

Project finance ("PF") is a method of raising long-term debt financing based on lending against the cash flow generated by the project alone. Project finance is a nonrecourse or limited recourse financing structure against the sponsors(or the investors). The debt terms in a project finance are not based on the creditor's credit support or on the value of the assets of the project. Lenders rely on the future cash flow to be generated by the project for debt repayment and interest, rather than the value of the project or the credit ratings of the sponsors. The non-recourse or limited recourse financing usually prompt potential project finance lenders to assess carefully all possible risks that might arise in a project to ensure that those risks are mitigated and controlled. In this respect, project finance is a opposite financing method of corporate finance. Project finance has rapidly grown over the last 20 years due to the worldwide process of privatization of public sector and development of natural resources. Global project finance volume reached the record USD 406.5 billion in 2011. In 2012, however, Global project finance volume dropped 6% to USD 382.3 billion. Infrastructure overtook Energy to lead all sectors with USD 113.6 billion. It is generally recognized that there are more and higher risks in project finance compared with corporate finance. Project finance is exposed to commercial risks as well as political risks. The main commercial risks are completion risks, environmental risks, operating risks, input supply risks, revenue risks, etc, and the main political risks are currency convertibility and transfer risks, expropriation risks, war and civil disturbance risks, risks of breach of government concession agreement, etc. Completion risks include permits risks, risks relating to the EPC Contractor, construction cost overrun, delay in completion, inadequate performance on completion, etc.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2011년도 학술발표회
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• pp.20-20
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• 2011

The purpose of this research aims to evaluate the emergence of new business mode in the Chinese water market since the mid-2000s - Transfer-Operate-Transfer(TOT) Projects. The study pays special attention to the case of the Hefei Wangxiaoying Wastewater Treatment TOT Project, which was awarded to the consortium of Berlin Water International and its Chinese partner in late 2004. The consortium secured an exclusive operating right for 23 years on the basis of a TOT scheme and would take responsibility of all the profits and losses in the operation of the plant. The total investment for the transfer amounted to RMB 491 million(US$70 million). The price was more than 288% of the original value, RMB 170 million (US$24 million). The project can be regarded as a successful case because of the following three causes. First, the Hefei government followed a series of standardized procedures in the international bidding, which ignited best-performed international players' competition for the project. Second, the project will bring in cutting-edge operation skills and management know-how. Third, the government succeeded in raising public asset values, and thanks to this, the government is able to consider other similar projects not only in the water sector but also other sectors in public utility services. Nevertheless, Berlin Water's point of view, there are several challenges. First, the company took a risk to pay such a large amount of cash to the Hefei government. Although such premium can be recouped in the operation period of 23 years, whether or not the company would be able to recover the initial investment and realize profits is in question due to an uncertainty of socio-political circumstances in China. Second, Berlin Water should expect a steep rise of water tariffs over the contract period in order to get the investment back. Water pricing is still a sensible matter to Chinese authorities, and therefore, it is uncertain if such rise of water tariffs would be possible. Third, the TOT mode leads to creation of a large amount of cash to government officials, which might have caused corruption between those who are involved in TOT deals. Then, the final contract fee would soar, which often results in the burden of normal customers. As discussed, the TOT mode has drawn much attention of foreign investors as a new alternative to enter into the Chinese water market. But it is important to note that foreign investors should be aware of possible risks in water TOT projects, which reflects some features of the Chinese political economy landscape and social norms. The Hefei case indicates that benefits can overshadow risks in TOT projects, which will continue to attract foreign investors that are dedicated to establishing their strongholds in the Chinese water market.

• 정보관리연구
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.54-71
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• 2001

본 고는 기술을 거래대상으로 보고 대표적 방식인 라이센싱 거래에서 기술가치평가가 갖는 의미를 살펴보고, 기술가치에 대한 평가정보의 분석기법을 라이센싱과 관련하여 고찰한다. 기술가치 평가정보 분석기법을 크게 비용기반 가치평가기법, 시장기반 가치평가기법, 할인현금흐름법, 경제적 분석기법 등으로 구분하여 각 방법론의 개념과 구체적인 운형, 그리고 실제 적용방법 등을 살펴본다. 지금까지 다양한 기술가치 평가기법이 논의되고 있으나 기술의 라이센싱과 관련하여 그 기법들을 적용할 경우에는 특히 거래당사자간의 예상이익을 어떻게 나눌 것인가를 명확히 고려해야 한다는 사실이 확인된다.