• Proceedings of the Korea Technology Innovation Society Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.45-57
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• 2002

Since a new entrant in the telecommunications market requires time in order to construct its own network, a requirement on the incumbent operator to implement carrier selection and pre-selection can enable a new entrant to immediately attract customers and earn revenue. Carrier selection can normally be accomplished in two ways, on a call-by-call basis or through carrel pre-selection. Call-by-call selection allows customers to choose a new entrant rather than the incumbent carrier using a specific code designated to the new carrier each time a call is made. Carrier Pre-Selection, on the other hand, allows customers directly connect to the network of one provider to have access automatically to another company's services when they pick up the phone to make certain types of calls. The carrier pre-selection option is generally considered to be a second regulatory step following the implementation of the call-by-call carrier selection option. Carrier pre-selection with the ability to override on a call-by-call basis for long distance, international, local, and fixed-to-mobile calls has now been implemented in many EU countries. This paper attempts to identify the issues in introducing CPS and to draw policy implications from other countries' experiences.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.27-30
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• 2003

The introduction of reseller In Australian Fixed Telecommunication Market resulted in the reduction of Telstra's local call market share by 13 percent and average fall rate was reduced. Thus, Telstra increased basic rate at 14.5 percent to compensate loss revenue in the local call market. With the deployment of carrier pre-selection of long distance and international calls, it reduced long distance rate at 23.5 percent and international tall rate at 53 percent, and increased the Churn rate. Therefore, the deployment of service-based competition brought efficient results for long distance and international call market. However, LM market created 13.4 percent reduction in call rates, complications in charge system, technical barriers and the preference of one-bill by customers.

• Electronics and Telecommunications Trends
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• v.18 no.3 s.81
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• pp.67-74
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• 2003

최근 국내에서는 후발사업자에 의해 시내전화 사업자가전선택제가 유선전화 시장개방 수단으로 제기되고 있다. 일본의 경우 2001년 5월부터 시내전화, 장거리전화, 국제전화 부분에서 사업자사전선택제를 도입하여 시행하고 있다. 이 제도의 도입으로 지배적 사업자인 동서 NTT의 시장 지배력은 약화되어 갔다. 뿐만 아니라 지나친 요금경쟁과 과대한 판매촉진 비용으로 신규기업들도 경상이익이 적자로 전화되었다.

• Electronics and Telecommunications Trends
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• v.19 no.4 s.88
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• pp.127-134
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• 2004

OFTEL은 1998년 7월 유럽위원회(EC)의 수정상호접속지침(amended ICD, 97/33/EC)에 의거 유선망의 지배적사업자인 BT, 그리고 Kingston Communications사를 제공의무사업자로 결정하고 사업자사전선택제를 도입하기로 결정하여, 2000년 4월부터 임시적 사업자사전선택제를 도입한 후 단계적으로 유선시장 전화서비스에 대해 multi-basket 유형으로 사업자사전선택제를 시행하고 있으며, 사업자들은 수시영업(marketing) 방식으로 가입자를 확보하고 있다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.662-666
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• 2002

Carrier Pre-Selection (CPS) was introduced to Japan in May 1, 2001. CPS reduced telephone charges from minimum of 3.4% to maximum of 12%. But due to competitive marketing by telecommunication companies like NTT, KDDI and Japan Telecom, resulted reduction of revenue.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.28 no.12B
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• pp.1124-1134
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• 2003

The recent intensification of competition in the LM market has become a major issue. In this research effort, a study is made to determine the expected social benefits that can be realized from the increase of competition in the LM market through CPS. Results from this study show that consumer benefits up to 144.8 billion won can be created through the boost in competition from CPS. However, a reduction of 207.9-438.7 billion won in revenues is expected for service providers. Depending on the existing service providers, revenues may fall by at least 264.4 billion won and up to 486.2 billion won. For newcomers to the market 30.2-89.1 billion won will be created.

• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.131-160
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• 2002

This article tried to find out the individual wage effect of training. This Article used 1998, 1999 KLIPS(Korea Labor and Income Panel Study) panel data. The size of the individual wage effect of training was twice of tenure's, and had significance. Training had a good effect on the job satisfaction and carrier development. To overcome self selection bias, this article regressed the first difference of wage equations, but we didn't get the significant results. Dividing sample into quitters and non-quitters in order to investigate the relation between training cost and benefit, we regressed separately the each first difference of wage equation. On quitters, the individual effect of training appeared significantly, but on non-quitters, it didn't. This results mean that employer does not raise wage rate according to upgraded skill originated in incumbent's training. And the results also mean that the upgraded skill of employee who quit pre-employer is recognized by new employer, and his wage rate rises in his new job.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.13-23
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• 2023

This study is an experimental study on the single group pre-post test design for the effects of the aroma inhalation method with roll-on on stress, pain, depression and blood pressure of the elderly. 33 elderly people who met the selection criteria participated among the elderly using the senior citizen clubs located in S city, Gyeonggi-do. The data collection period was from November 14, 2022 to December 19, 2022. A questionnaire consisting of stress, pain, depression, and blood pressure was measured before and after the aroma roll-on inhalation intervention. The components of aroma essential oil included Marjoram, Geranium, Peppermint and Orange sweet that were diluted in Jojoba oil which was the carrier oil. The aroma inhalation method with roll-on was carried out 3 times day for 4 weeks. In the result of this study, the aroma inhalation method with roll-on were statistically significant differences in stress(t=2.63, p=.013), pain(t=2.46, p=.019), and systolic blood pressure(t=3.01, p=.005) of the participants. Therefore, aroma roll-on therapy is expected to be available as a useful nursing intervention method for reducing stress, relieving pain, and managing blood pressure in the elderly using the senior citizen clubs.