• Natural Product Sciences
• /
• 제9권1호
• /
• pp.13-17
• /
• 2003

The hepatoprotective effect of the ethanolic extract of Coccinia indica fruits in rats treated with carbon tetrachloride. In hepatotoxic rats, liver damage was studied by assessing parameters such as aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (AlT), alkaline phosphatase (AIP) and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) in serum, and concentrations of total proteins, total lipids, phospholipids, triglycerides and cholesterol in both serum and liver. The effect of co-administration of ethanolic extract on the above parameters was further investigated. Histopathological study of the liver in experimental animals was also undertaken. Hepatic damage as evidenced by a rise in the levels of AST, AIT, AIP and GGT in serum, and also changes observed in other biochemical parameters In serum and liver showed a tendency to attain near normalcy in animals co-administered with the extract. The normal values for AST (IU/L), AIP (IU/I), protein (g/100 ml) and total lipids (mg/100 ml) in serum (i.e.,20.24, 70.04, 5.72 and 135.54 respectively) were found to alter towards values 32.61, 127.11, 3.83 and 265.91 in hepatotoxic rats. These parameters Attained near normal values (I.e.,22.82, 79.30, 5.22 and 151.24 for AST, AIP protein and total lipids respectively) in ethanolic extract co-administered rats. Profound steatosis, ballooning degeneration and nodule formation observed in the hepatic architecture of $CCl_4$ treated rats were found to acquire near-normalcy in drug co-administered rats, thus corroborating the biochemical observations. Thus the study substantiates the hepatoprotective potential of ethanolic extract of Coccinia indica fruits.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
• /
• 제24권5호
• /
• pp.373-384
• /
• 2020

Paeonol, quercetin, β-sitosterol, and gallic acid extracted from Moutan Cortex had been reported to possess anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor activities. This work aimed to illustrate the potential anti-oxidative mechanism of monomers in human liver hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells-induced by hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and to evaluate whether the hepatoprotective effect of monomers was independence or synergy in mice stimulated by carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄). Monomers protected against oxidative stress in HepG2 cells in a dose-response manner by inhibiting the generation of reactive oxygen species, increasing total antioxidant capacity, catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, and activating the antioxidative pathway of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2/Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Nrf2/Keap1) signaling pathway. We found that the in vitro antioxidant capacities of paeonol and quercetin were better than those of β-sitosterol and gallic acid. Furthermore, paeonol apparently diminished the levels of alanine transaminase and aspartate aminotransferase, augmented the contents of glutathione and SOD, promoted the expressions of Nrf2 and heme oxygenase-1 proteins in mice stimulated by CCl₄. In HepG2 cells, paeonol, quercetin, β-sitosterol, and gallic acid play a defensive role against H₂O₂-induced oxidative stress through activating Nrf2/Keap1 pathway, indicating that these monomers have anti-oxidative properties. Totally, paeonol and quercetin exerted anti-oxidative and hepatoprotective effects, which is independent rather than synergy.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
• /
• 제32권1호
• /
• pp.63-82
• /
• 2024

Objective : Saengkankunbi-tang (SKT) is used as a traditional Korean herbal formula for treatment of liver diseases. We investigated the hepatoprotective effects of SKT plus Epimedium koreanum Nakai (EKE) against arachidonic acid (AA) + iron-mediated cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells and carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄)-mediated acute liver damage in mice. Methods : The cyto-protective effects of SKT + EKE were determined by MTT assay, western blot and fluorescence activated cell sorting analysis. In mice, blood biochemistry and western blot were assessed in CCl₄-induced acute hepatic damage. The animal groups included vehicle-treated control, CCl₄, SKT (200 mg/kg/day), EKE (100 mg/kg/day), SKT (200 mg/kg/day) + EKE (100 mg/kg/day) and silymarin (200 mg/kg/day). Results : In HepG2 cells, pretreatment with SKT + EKE significantly suppressed cytotoxicity induced by AA + iron and reduced the expression of proteins related to apoptosis. In addition, pretreatment with SKT + EKE significantly prevented the increase in H₂O₂ production, GSH depletion, and lower mitochondrial membrane potential induced by AA + iron. In CCl₄-induced liver damage mice, the administration of SKT + EKE prevented the liver damage by inhibition of hepatocyte damage and expression of apoptosis proteins in liver. More importantly, in vitro and in vivo assay, SKT + EKE showed significant effect compare with SKT alone or EKE alone in all parameters. Conclusions : These results indicated that SKT + EKE could protect against oxidative stress-induced liver damage, and SKT + EKE is more effective than SKT alone or EKE alone.

• 한국식품과학회지
• /
• 제40권1호
• /
• pp.106-110
• /
• 2008

굼벵이 유래 밀리타리스 동충하초 열수추출물(CMPD extract)의 안전성 자료를 확보하기 위하여 단회경구투여 독성시험을 실시하였으며, $CCl_4$의 경구투여로 유도된 간손상 실험동물모델로부터 시험물질(CMPD extract)의 간보호효과를 확인하였다. 단회경구투여 독성시험결과, 시험물질(CMPD extract)의 최고농도(2,000mg/kg body weight)에서 독성을 나타내지 않아 $LD_{50}$ 값을 그 이상으로 결정하였다. 또한 독성물질($CCl_4$)로부터 간손상이 유발된 SD rat에 시험물질(CMPD extract)을 투여한 후 혈청으로부터 간손상과 관련한 지표물질인 GOT, GPT, TG, TC, LDL 및 HDL 활성도를 측정하였으며, 이와 함께 병리조직학적 소견을 확인하였다. 혈청 GOT는 손상군(G2)에 비해 G4, G5 시험물질투여군에서 유의한 감소를 나타내었으며, GPT의 경우 고용량 시험물질 투여군(G4)에서 유의한 감소를 나타내었다(p < 0.05). 또한 LDL 및 HDL 활성도는 손상군(G2)에 비해 유의하지는 않지만 시험 물질투여군(G4, G5, G6)에서 어느 정도 회복기미를 보였다. 병리조직학적 소견에서도 손상군(G2)의 경우 심각한 세포독성을 보였으나, 시험물질 고용량 투여군(G4)에서는 손상된 세포가 감소하였음을 확인하였다. 이상의 결과들은 굼벵이 유래 밀리타리스 동충하초 열수추출물(CMPD extract)이 $CCl_4$ 투여에 의해 유발된 급성간 손상에 대하여 간조직의 보호와 간세포의 기능유지에 유효한 물질임을 제시 하고 있다.

• 분석과학
• /
• 제12권1호
• /
• pp.1-6
• /
• 1999

구리(II)이온과 피페리딘 디티오카바메이트(Pipdtc)의 반응에서[$Cu(Pipdtc)_2$]를 합성하였다. 이 착물은 디메틸포름아미드, 디메틸술폭시드의 극성 유기용매에 잘 녹는다. 원소분석, 몰전도도, 적외선 흡수스펙트럼, 전자흡수스펙트럼 및 핵자기공명스펙트럼에서 부터 평면 사각형의 구조를 가짐을 알 수 있었다. 수용액에서 부터 사염화탄소에 의한 Cu(II)-Pipdtc착물의 추출은 pH가 6.0~10범위에서 이루어졌다. 구리(II)의 피페리딘 디티오카바메이트 용액은 pH 9.0에서 ${\sim}8.0{\times}10^{-5}M$까지 Beer의 법칙에 따랐다.

• 한국환경독성학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국환경독성학회 1991년도 춘계학술대회 학술대회 프로그램
• /
• pp.8-12
• /
• 1991

탈질 박테리아를 이용한 사염화탄소의 분해 실험에서 electron donor의 공급이 중단되면 사염화탄소의 제거율이 낮아지고, 반면 electron acceptor의 주입이 중단되면 제거율이 높아졌다. 사염화탄소의 제거시 클로로폼이 생산되어 사염화탄소가 환원되고 있음을 보여 주었다. 이 결과는 사염화탄소가 일종의 electron acceptor로 작용하면서 전자를 얻기 위해 세포 내의 다른 electron acceptor와 경쟁한다는 가설을 뒷받침한다. 호기성 박테리아에 의해서도 실험조건하에서 상당량(25∼30%)의 사염화탄소가 제거되었다. Electron acceptor의 공급중단에는 영향을 받지 않았다. 그러나 사염화탄소의 제거와 함께 클로로폼이 형성되므로써 사염화탄소의 환원분해가 호기성 상태에서도 진행될 수 있음을 보여 주었다.

• 대한화학회지
• /
• 제15권6호
• /
• pp.312-317
• /
• 1971

아닐린, o-톨루이딘, o-에틸아닐린, o-클로로아닐린등과 $I_2$사이의 상호작용을 자외선 분광광도법으로 조사한 결과 $CCl_4$ 용액내에서 아닐린 또는 상기 o-치환 아닐린과 $I_2$ 사이에 1:1 착물이 형성됨을알았다. 이들 착물의 실온에서의 형성상수를 구한 결과 다음과 같은값을 얻었다. $C_6H_5NH_2{\cdot}I_2,\;12.8lmole^{-1};\;o-CH_3C_6H_4NH_2{\cdot}I_2,\;9.31l mole^{-1};\;o-C_2H_5C_6H_4NH_2{\cdot}I_2,\;3.15l mole^{-1};\;o-ClC_6H_4NH_2{\cdot}I_2,\;0.576 l mole^{-1}$. 본 실험결과를 전 실험의 결과와 비교하면 $I_2{\cdot}$아민 착물의 안정도가 다음 순으로 감소함을 알 수 있다. $C_6H_5N(C_2H_5)_2 >C_6H_5N(CH_3)_2 >C_6H_5NH_2 >o-CH_3C_6H_4NH_2 >o-C_2H_5C_6H_4NH_2 >o-ClC_6H_4NH_2$ 이들 착물의 상대적 안정도는 치환기의 유발효과와 입체효과에 의하여 설명될 수 있다.

• 대한본초학회지
• /
• 제22권4호
• /
• pp.213-218
• /
• 2007

Objectives : Effects of Fructus Foeniculi extract on liver function were investigated in carbon tetrachloride(CCl4) intoxicated rats. Methods : Thirty two male Sprague-Dawley rats with mean weight of $227.28{\pm}7.92g$ were used in these experiments and housed with food and water ad libitum. Fructus Foeniculi extract was administerd at dose 100mg/kg/day and 200mg/kg/day p.o. for 2 weeks after that CCl4 was treated 3 times at dose of 2.5ml/kg, p.o. in alternate day basis. Then serum AFP(${\alpha}$-Fetoprotein), Total protein, Albumin, Triglyceride, Total cholesterol concentrations and ALP (Alkaline phosphatase), AST(Aspartate Aminotransferase), ALT(Alanine Aminotransferase), ${\gamma}$-GT( ${\gamma}$-Glutamyl transferase), LDH(Lactate Dehydrogenase) activities were determined with commercial kit by autoanalyzer. Results : Plasma ${\alpha}$-fetoprotein and total protein concentration showed a tendency to decrease in Fructus Foeniculi extract-treated groups. However, plasma albumin concentration showed no significant differences in all treatment groups. Activity of plasma aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase in Fructus Foeniculi extract-treated groups showed a lower value than that of control group. Alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase activities showed a tendency to decrease in Fructus Foeniculi treated groups. However, ${\gamma}$-glutamyl transferase activity showed no significant difference in all treated groups. Concentration of plasma triglyceride and total cholesterol showed a high level in CCl4 intoxicated rats but not in Fructus Foeniculi treated groups. Conclusion : Reviewing these experimental results, it appears that Fructus Foeniculi extract have recovering effect against liver injury.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
• /
• 제9권1호
• /
• pp.231-250
• /
• 2001

In order to determine the effects of annexing bile extracts of bears on the anti-fibrotic effect of Injinhotang. Mix compound of Injinhotang and bile extracts of bears were administered to the carbon tetrachloride ($CCl_4$)-induced cirrhotic rats during 20 days and the changes of serum levels of GOT (glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase), GPT (glutamic pyruvic transaminase), LDH (lactate dehydrogenase), ALP (alanine phosphatase), GGT (gamma glutamyl transpeptidase) and T-BIL (total bilirubin) were monitored with comparison to the results of Injinhotang administered group. The results were summarized as follows. 1. A significant (p<0.01) increase of serum GOT levels were observed in control group compared to those of normal group but these increased levels were dramatically decreased in Injinhotang and Injinhotang with Fel Ursi-administered group. In addition, a significant (p<0.05) increase were also detected In Injinhotang with Fel Ursi-administered group compared to that of Injinhotang-administered group. 2. A significant (p<0.01) increase of serum GPT levels were observed in control group compared to those of normal group but these increased levels were dramatically decreased in Injinhotang and Injinhotang with Fel Ursi-administered group. Although significances were not recorded, increase of serum GPT levels were also detected in Injinhotang with Fel Ursi-administered group compared to that of Injinhotang-administered group. 3. A significant (p<0.01) increase of serum LDH levels were observed in control group compared to those of normal group but these increased levels were dramatically decreased in Injinhotang and Injinhotang with Fel Ursi-administered group. Although significances were not recorded, increase of serum LDH levels were also detected in Injinhotang with Fel Ursi-administered group compared to that of Injinhotang-administered group. 4. A significant (p<0.01 or p<0.05) increase of serum ALP levels were observed in control group compared to those of normal group but these increased levels were dramatically decreased in Injinhotang and Injinhotang with Fel Ursi-administered group. In addition, a significant (p<0.05) increase were also detected in Injinhotang with Fel Ursi-administered group compared to that of Injinhotang-administered group. 5. A significant (p<0.01) increase of serum GGT levels were observed in control and Injinhotang-administered group compared to those of normal group but these increased levels were dramatically decreased in Injinhotang with Fel Ursi-administered group. 6. A significant (p<0.01) increase of serum T-BIL levels were observed in control group compared to those of normal group but these increased levels were dramatically decreased in Injinhotang and Injinhotang with Fel Ursi-administered group. Although significances were not recorded, increase of serum T-BIL levels were also detected in Injinhotang with Fel Ursi-administered group compared to that of Injinhotang-administered group. In conclusion, it is considered that bile extract of bears has some additional effect to the anti-fibrotic effect of Injinhotang but to know the exact mechanism of suitable dose and duration of administration, further studies such as pharmacokinetics and dose-dependent pharmacological studies were needed

• Applied Microscopy
• /
• 제37권1호
• /
• pp.11-21
• /
• 2007

가열공정이 없는 생식은 화식과 달리 대사효소가 보존되어 있어 체내에서 유익한 작용을 할 것으로 예측되고 있다. 생식 시장의 확대에도 불구하고 아직까지 생식의 효과에 대한 과학적 연구가 미흡한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구는 수컷 ICR 생쥐를 일반사료 섭취 후 올리브오일을 투여한 대조군, 사염화탄소$(CCl_4)$를 투여한 실험군 1 (Exp 1), 생식을 급이한 후 사염화탄소를 처리한 실험군 2 (Exp 2)로 나누어 간내 효소, 단백질 및 조직학적 분석을 통하여 생식의 간보호 효과를 확인하고자 하였다. 혈청 AST 수치는 대조군에서 $135.50{\pm}121.84\;IU/L$, 실험군 1에서 $4808.07{\pm}1492.94\;IU/L$, 실험군 2에서 $1799.20{\pm}1182.27\;IU/L$로 나타났으며, ALT 수치는 대조군에서 $27.60{\pm}15.04\;IU/L$, 실험군 1에서 $7317.60{\pm}2137.51\;IU/L$, 실험군 2에서 $2902.20{\pm}2302.71\;IU/L$로 나타났다(p<0.01). ALP는 대조군에서 $279.90{\pm}38.32\;IU/L$, 실험군 1에서 $329.7{\pm}50.65\;IU/L$, 실험군 2에서 $427.80{\pm}85.36\;IU/L$로 나타났다. 이는 실험군 2와 실험군 1, 실험군 2와 대조군 사이에서 각각 유의한 차이가 있었다(p<0.01). 또한 조직학적인 관찰에서도 실험군 1과 실험군 2 사이에 뚜렷한 차이가 관찰되었다. 사염화탄소를 처리한 실험군 1은 육안관찰과 광학현미경 관찰에서 심한 조직괴사가 관찰되었지만 실험군 2에서는 육안검사 상 정상조직과 거의 차이를 보이지 않았고 광학현미경 관찰에서는 중심정맥 주위로 약간의 괴사와 심한 호중구 침윤현상을 보여주었다. 생식에 함유된 저분자량의 생리활성 물질은 다양한 페놀 화합물(phenolic compounds)로 구성되어 있으며, 항산화작용으로 대표되는 수많은 생리활성기능을 가지고 있다. 곡류 원료의 대표적인 식물성 생리활성물질(phytonutrients)로서 곡류에는 phytoesterogen, lignan, phytic acid, 콩에는 phytoesterogen (isoflavon), phytosterol, saponiu, 과채류에는 carotenoid, flavonoid, 유기황 복합체 (organosulfur compounds), 버섯류에는 alkaloid, polypeptide, nucleoside가 다량 함유되어 있다. 모든 곡류에는 arabinoxylan과 ferulic acid와 같은 식물성 생리활성물질들이 다량 함유되어 있어 생식은 곡류의 phytochemical의 활성을 높이는 가장 효과적인 섭취방법이라고 할 수 있다. 이번 연구 결과는 생식이 직접적인 간보호 효과를 보임으로써 건강기능성식품으로서의 가능성을 제시하였다. 앞으로 생식의 효과에 대한 다양한 후속 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각된다.